ESP Compiled Tables + Baker & Swales PDF

ESP Key Concepts and Topics - Compiled Tables Chapter 2: Key Concepts in ESP Question Answer What is Register Analysis, and why is it Register Analysis examines grammar, important in English for Specific Purposes syntax, and vocabulary used in specific (ESP)...

ESP Key Concepts and Topics - Compiled Tables Chapter 2: Key Concepts in ESP Question Answer What is Register Analysis, and why is it Register Analysis examines grammar, important in English for Specific Purposes syntax, and vocabulary used in specific (ESP)? professions or disciplines. It helps create tailored ESP courses by identifying relevant linguistic features and vocabulary. What are some limitations of Register Focuses mainly on vocabulary and Analysis in ESP? grammar, ignoring social, rhetorical, or cultural contexts of language use. This led to the development of holistic approaches like discourse and genre analysis. How does discourse analysis benefit Helps learners understand language learners in ESP contexts? beyond sentence level, improving communication skills in specific contexts like negotiating, arguing, or establishing authority. What is genre analysis, and how is it used Genre analysis studies patterns in in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) communicative events like research and EBP? articles or business reports, enabling learners to understand structure and conventions for academic/professional effectiveness. What is the purpose of needs analysis in Identifies learners' specific language and ESP? communication needs based on their goals and contexts. Involves assessing abilities, future situations, and the learning environment. How has technology impacted the Technology has created new language development of ESP? demands in fields like engineering and IT, emphasizing technical vocabulary and skills. Tools like corpus linguistics enable precise language analysis for course design. Chapter 3: EAP and ESAP in ESP Question Answer What is EAP, and what does it focus on? EAP stands for English for Academic Purposes, focusing on providing non- English speakers with the skills and knowledge needed in academic environments where English is the main language. What is the key element of EAP? Whether or not the subject is taught in English. What is EGAP, and what does it focus on? EGAP stands for English for General Academic Purposes, focusing on foundational academic skills and language needed for a variety of academic settings. What are the four main areas that EGAP Academic skills, language proficiency, study focuses on? techniques, and academic conventions needed for various disciplines. What is ESAP, and what does it focus on? ESAP stands for English for Specific Academic Purposes, focusing on skills and language needed for specific academic purposes. What are the four key aspects of ESAP? Disciplinary vocabulary, academic genres, contextual skills, and research methods. How does Widdowson differentiate Training develops specific skills and between training and education? familiarity with particular schemata, while education focuses on a general capacity to handle a wide range of needs. Name the three ways EAP engages with Through cooperation, collaboration, and disciplines. team teaching. To what extent does ESAP contribute to ESAP enhances understanding of academic improving students' skills and language texts, improves academic language needs? production, and supports engagement with disciplinary content for successful academic participation. Chapter 4: Needs Analysis and Cultural Sensitivity in ESP Question Answer What are the two core elements for needs Target Situation Analysis (TSA): analysis according to Pilbeam (1979)? Establishes a profile of language skills for activities participants need to carry out. Present Situation Analysis (PSA): Evaluates current proficiency. Why are flexibility and adaptability Business English classes vary greatly in important for a Business English teacher? student needs, learning goals, and workplace contexts, requiring flexible and adaptable teaching approaches. What is the importance of cultural Understanding cultural values and sensitivity in ESP? behaviors avoids misunderstandings, as language reflects and shapes culture. Which four aspects of cultural sensitivity Neutral vs. Emotional, Individualism vs. are relevant to Business English teaching? Collectivism, Specific vs. Diffuse, Universalism vs. Particularism. What are the materials of ESBP courses? Selections from published books, framework materials, and specially written activities relevant to learners’ business contexts. What are the conceptual differences EAP: Focuses on knowledge acquisition. between EAP and EBP? EBP: Emphasizes transactional communication in a professional context,  impacting various stakeholders. What is the main difference between New NRN: Politeness strategies preserve Relationship Negotiation (NRN) and Old professional face. ORN: Politeness Relationship Negotiation (ORN)? strategies relax, focusing on preserving personal face in established relationships. Chapter 5: Grammar in ESP Question Answer What are the misconceptions about ESP teaching is often wrongly assumed to grammar in ESP? exclude grammar. Grammar is critical for accuracy, especially in scientific/academic contexts. Which grammatical difficulties should be Address difficulties that hinder productive addressed? skills (speaking, writing) or receptive skills (listening, reading), depending on the learner's focus on accuracy or fluency. Which tenses should be taught in ESP? Present simple (active and passive) and modal verbs are key tenses for scientific and technical English. When do writers use the active and passive Active: To describe their choices. Passive: voice? To describe standard procedures or contrast findings with prior studies. What is the importance of logical Logical connectors (e.g., 'moreover,' connectors in EAP? 'however') help understand relationships in texts but can be overused, hindering communication. What are the key grammar areas in ESP? Verb forms (tense and voice), modals (certainty), and verbs of saying/reporting. Chapter 6: Vocabulary and Genre in ESP Question Answer Why is vocabulary training important for Vocabulary training enables learners to ESP? understand and use field-specific terminology, critical for accurate and effective communication in professional contexts. What is the focus of genre analysis in ESP? Examines structural regularities in texts, helping learners understand communicative purposes and conventions within specific discourse communities. What strategies can be used to deal with Introduce and explain terms before usage, non-cognate technical vocabulary? and facilitate translation through learners’ first language (L1) for better comprehension. What role should a language teacher play in Adopt a questioning role, assess learners' situations without a subject specialist? understanding of technical terms, and guide them in using resources like technical dictionaries. What are the six defining characteristics of Common goals, intercommunication, a discourse community according to information sharing, use of genres, specific Swales? lexis, and expertise among members. What is the difference between Comprehension: Understanding comprehension and production in vocabulary. Production: Using vocabulary vocabulary learning? effectively in communication.  Chapter 7: Skills in ESP Question Answer What are the two levels at which the term Macro-skills (e.g., reading, listening, ‘skills’ operates in the context of language speaking, writing) and Micro-skills (e.g., learning? Can you provide an example of a revising a first draft in writing). micro-skill related to writing? What does TAVI stand for, and how does it TAVI: Text as a Vehicle of Information differ from TALO? (focuses on extracting information). TALO: Focuses on linguistic elements. What is the significance of balancing skills Requires both linguistic comprehension and language knowledge in ESP reading and reading skills for effective information instruction? extraction and application. What are some key skills that ESP learners Selecting relevant info, skimming, scanning, should develop or transfer in reading? identifying organizational patterns, and using cohesive markers. What principles should effective reading 1. Purposeful material use. courses adhere to? 2. Encouragement of good reading skills. 3. Follow-up language work for skill transfer. How do features such as speed of delivery Fast delivery hinders comprehension. and note-taking impact listening Effective note-taking requires comprehension in EAP and EOP? simultaneous language processing and integration with existing knowledge. What is the main criticism of the product Simplistic copying can occur but is useful approach in writing skills for ESP, and how with reading integration for real-world can it be practices. valuable when integrated with reading instruction? What are the key aspects that ESP courses Focus on structure (clear beginning, may focus on to enhance effective oral middle, end) and visuals (e.g., slides, presentations? charts) to complement spoken content. What are the key elements of the process Includes drafting, feedback, and revision approach to writing in ESP ? for improvement. How does the social constructionist Combines context, audience, and genre approach differ from the product and analysis to align with specific discourse process approaches in writing skills for community norms. ESP? What are the proposed teaching stages in 1. Rhetorical awareness by analyzing the advocated approach for writing skills in modeling texts ESP? 2. Practicing genre features. 3. Writing tasks considering reader needs. 4. Peer review or reformulation. Chapter 8: Needs Analysis in ESP Question Answer How is 'Needs Analysis' defined? Examines what learners already know and what they need to learn, ensuring course content is relevant and useful. What principles influence the quality of 1. The quality of asked questions. 2. The information elicited about learners' needs? quality of interpretations and analyses of their answers. According to Hutchinson and Waters Necessities: What learners must know for (1987), what are the three sub-parts of tasks. Lacks: Aspects learners are missing 'needs'? (via Present Situation Analysis). Wants: What learners wish to learn. What do we want to determine through Professional information, personal needs analysis in ESP? information, current English skills, learners' lacks, effective learning strategies, professional communication, and course goals. What are the two types of analysts who can Outsiders: Provide objective viewpoints conduct needs analysis? but may miss details. Insiders: Familiar with context but may lack objectivity or expertise. Chapter 9: Course Design and Implementation in ESP Question Answer What are some key parameters of course Intensity, assessment, focus on needs, role design? of the teacher, course focus, timing, material specificity, group composition, and the design process. What are two advantages and two Advantages: Focused learning, immersion. disadvantages of intensive ESP courses? Disadvantages: Skills may not be retained without reinforcement, artificial environment. What are some advantages and Advantages: Flexibility, relevance to real- disadvantages of extensive ESP courses? world applications. Disadvantages: Lack of continuity, self-contained sessions may limit depth. What are immediate and delayed needs in Immediate needs: Skills needed during the ESP courses? course. Delayed needs: Skills required later in academic/professional contexts (e.g., dissertation writing). What roles can teachers play when Provider of Input: Structured guidance. designing courses? Facilitator/Consultant: Collaborative learning through negotiation and responsive instruction. What is the difference between common- Common-core: General foundational skills core and specific materials? for diverse audiences. Specific materials: Tailored to academic/professional contexts (e.g., case studies). Categories of Vocabulary (Baker, 1988: 92) Category Description Examples General Notions Concepts universally time, place, size applicable across specialized disciplines. Specialized Meanings General words that acquire field (agriculture/physics) specific meanings within disciplines. Discipline-Specific Terms specialized to matrix (math/biology) Meanings disciplines, possibly with varying meanings. Restricted Meanings General words with limited, scale (measurement/music) context-dependent meanings. Descriptive Language Terms used to describe or occur (instead of happen) comment on technical processes. Intentional Language Words signaling the suggest, argue, indicate writer's intentions or evaluations. Characteristics of a Discourse Community (Swales, 1990: 24-27) Characteristic Description Common Goals Shared and broadly agreed public objectives. Intercommunication Mechanisms that enable communication among members. Information Sharing Methods for providing information and feedback. Genres Use of one or more specific genres to fulfill goals. Specific Lexis Specialized vocabulary relevant to the community. Expertise A threshold level of content and discourse expertise among members.