EENT (Opthalmic Conditions) Study Guide PDF

EENT ( Opthalmic Conditions)  EYE Available for external examination Anatomy is more accessible than other organs  RETINA OPTIC NERVE OPTIC CHIASM OPTIC TRACKS LATERAL GENICULATE BODIES OPTIC RADIATIONS VISUAL CORTEX ...

EENT ( Opthalmic Conditions)  EYE Available for external examination Anatomy is more accessible than other organs  RETINA OPTIC NERVE OPTIC CHIASM OPTIC TRACKS LATERAL GENICULATE BODIES OPTIC RADIATIONS VISUAL CORTEX  Inflammation of the conjunctiva Commonly known as "pink eye" Definition of Caused by: – Infections (bacterial, viral) Conjuctivitis – Allergies – Irritants  Anatomy and Physiology of Conjuntivitis Anatomy: – Conjunctiva: Covers the eye and lines eyelids – Tear glands: Produces tears – Lymphatic system: Involved in immune response Physiology: – Barrier function of conjunctiva – Secretes mucus and tears for lubrication and protection Signs and Symptoms of Conjunctivitis Redness in the eye Increased tear production Itching or burning sensation Gritty feeling Eye discharge Swelling of the conjunctiva/eyelids Sensitivity to light (photophobia)  Diagnosing Conjunctivitis A healthcare provider can usually diagnose conjunctivitis by examining your eyes and reviewing your medical history and symptoms. In some cases, a sample of the eye discharge may be taken for laboratory analysis (culture) to determine the specific cause (viral, bacterial, or allergic) and guide treatment. This is particularly important if symptoms are severe or if a more serious underlying condition is suspected  Treatment and Management of Conjunctivitis Bacterial Conjunctivitis: – Antibiotic eye drops/ointments (e.g., ciprofloxacin) Viral Conjunctivitis: – Supportive care (artificial tears, cold compress) Allergic Conjunctivitis: – Antihistamine eye drops / oral antihistamines General Relief: – Warm compresses – Eye hygiene and avoiding contact lenses  Nursing Care Management of Conjunctivitis Teach about the cause, symptoms, and duration of conjunctivitis. Provide guidelines for medication administration, including dosage and schedule. Inform about proper handwashing techniques. Advise against touching or rubbing eyes. Recommend avoiding contact lenses until resolution. Symptom Management: Instruct on the use of warm/cold compresses to alleviate discomfort. Encourage frequent use of artificial tears for lubrication. Monitoring: Monitor for signs of complications (e.g., increased redness, vision changes). Assess the effectiveness of treatments and patient adherence. Definition of Keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea caused by infection, injury, or autoimmune disorders. Keratitis Types: Infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal) and non-infectious.  Anatomy and Physiology of Keratitis The cornea is the transparent, avascular structure covering the anterior eye. Functions: Refraction and protection. Composed of five layers: Epithelium, Bowman’s layer, Stroma, Descemet’s membrane, and Endothelium.  Cause of Keratitis Infectious Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites  Non-Infectious Dry Eye Contact Lenses Cause of Foreign Body Keratitis Chemical Burns Trauma  Signs and Symptoms of Keratitis Pain, redness, photophobia, tearing, blurred vision. Severe cases: Corneal ulceration or perforation. Diagnosing of Keratitis Visual Acuity Slip Lamp Examination Corneal Staining Culture and Sensitivity Testing  Phototherapeutic Keratectomy Treatment and Management of Keratitis Medical: Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, corticosteroids (specific to cause). Surgical: Corneal transplant (for severe damage). Corneal Transplant  Nursing Care Management of Keratitis Monitor vision and pain levels. Administer prescribed medications. Educate on proper eye hygiene and infection prevention.  Definition of Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions causing optic nerve damage, often linked to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Anatomy and Physiology of Glaucoma Aqueous humor dynamics maintain IOP. Pathology: Blocked drainage (open- angle or angle- closure glaucoma).  Causes of Glaucoma Glaucoma primarily occurs due to a buildup of pressure inside the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). This pressure can damage the delicate optic nerve fibers The primary cause of increased IOP is a blockage or dysfunction in the eye's natural drainage system, the trabecular meshwork Age Family History Race Other Medical Condition Medications Eye Injury  Signs and Symptoms of Glaucoma Open-angle: Gradual peripheral vision loss. Angle-closure: Severe pain, nausea, and blurred vision with halos.  Diagnosing Glaucoma Early detection is crucial for preventing irreversible vision loss. Followingexams are done: Tonometry Opthalmoscipy Visual Field Test Gonioscopy Pachymetry Treatment and Management of Glaucoma Medical: Eye drops (beta- blockers, prostaglandins), oral medications. Surgical: Trabeculectomy, laser therapy.  Nursing Care Management of Glaucoma Educate on medication adherence. Monitor for side effects. Assist with follow-up appointments for IOP checks. Definition of Cataract A cataract is the clouding of the lens, leading to vision impairment.  Anatomy and Physiology of Cataract Lens anatomy: Transparent, biconvex, and focuses light onto the retina. Pathophysiology: Protein clumping reduces lens transparency.  Cause of Cataract The most common cause of cataracts is aging. After age 40, the proteins in the eye's lens naturally begin to break down. Other factors that can increase the risk of cataracts include: A family history of cataracts Diabetes Serious eye injury Eye surgery (e.g., for glaucoma) Long-term use of steroid medications Radiation treatment for cancer Signs and Symptoms of Cataract Blurred vision, glare sensitivity, faded colors, and double vision.  Diagnosing of Cataract Visual Test (Visual Acuity) Eye Structure Exam (Slit-lamp exam) Retinal Exam  Treatment Medical: Non-surgical management limited to early stages. and New eyeglasses or contact lenses Anti-glare sunglasses or lenses Management Magnifying glasses of Cataract  Treatment and Management of Cataract Surgical Treatment Cataract Surgery  Nursing Care Management of Cataract Pre-op: Assess patient understanding and compliance. Post-op: Monitor for infection, ensure correct medication use, and provide patient education. Definition of Retinal Detachment Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the underlying tissue, disrupting vision.  Anatomy and Retina: Thin, light-sensitive layer. Physiology of Pathophysiology: Traction or fluid Retinal Detachment accumulation beneath the retina.  Causes of Retinal Detachment Vitreous Fluid Eye Trauma Eye Surgery Other Eye Condition Family History  Signs and Flashes of light, floaters, shadow over vision. Symptoms of Emergency: Total loss of vision if Retinal Detachment untreated.  Diagnosing of Retinal Detachment Visual Acuity Slit-lamp Exam Opthalmoscopy Ultrasound  Treatment and Management of Retinal Detachment Medical Treatment used to manage in early stages ofretinal detachmentor surgery is not necessary Laser Treatment Cryotherapy Pneumatic retinopaxy  Surgery is often necessary to reattach the Treatment and retina in cases of more advanced detachment or when medical treatment is Management of ineffective. Retinal Detachment Scleral buckling Vitrectomy Nursing Care Educate on early symptom recognition. Management Provide post-op care: Positioning of Retinal and medication adherence. Support coping with potential vision Detachment changes.  ASSIGNMENT/ACTIVITY Create a table about Strabismus and Refractory Errors, include definitions, signs and symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment (medical and Surgical)  Definition of Refractive Errors Refractive errors occur when the eye cannot focus light properly on the retina. Types: Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.  Anatomy and Physiology of Refractive Errors Eye structures: Cornea, lens, retina, and refractive index. Pathophysiology: Abnormal curvature or lens elasticity. Signs and Symptoms of Refractive Errors Blurred vision, eye strain, headaches. Difficulty with near or distant vision.  Treatment and Management of Refractive Errors Medical: Glasses, contact lenses. Surgical: LASIK, PRK, or lens replacement.  Nursing Care Management of Refractive Errors Perform vision screening. Educate on corrective options and follow-up care.  References 1. Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 2. American Academy of Ophthalmology Guidelines 3. Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions in Patient Care (2024)