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Eye Anatomy and Accessibility

• The eye is available for external examination
• The anatomy is more accessible than other organs

Orbit Bones

• Frontal bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Maxilla
• Palatine bone

Eye Muscles

• Superior rectus
• Inferior rectus
• Lateral rectus
• Superior oblique
• Inferior oblique

Eye Components

• Eyebrow
• Upper eyelid
• Lower eyelid
• Eyelashes
• Meibomian glands
• Eyelid crease
• Lacrimal gland
• Lacrimal canals
• Lacrimal sac
• Tear duct
• Nasolacrimal duct
• Tarsal plate
• Orbicularis oculi muscle

Conjunctiva

• Palpebra conjunctiva
• Bulbar conjunctiva
• Conjunctiva fornix

Eye Anatomy

• Cornea is the clear, curved front of the eye
• Iris is is the colored part of the front of the eye
• Pupil is the black part in the center of the eye, which controlled by the iris and it controls the amount of light that enters the eye
• Conjunctiva is clear mucous membrane that covers the white part of the eyeball and the inside of the eyelid

Visual Pathway

• Retina
• Optic Nerve
• Optic Chiasm
• Optic Tracks
• Lateral Geniculate Bodies
• Optic Radiations
• Visual Cortex

Conjunctivitis

• Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva
• Commonly referred to as "pink eye"
• Caused by infections (bacterial, viral), allergies or irritants

Conjunctivitis Anatomy and Physiology

• The conjunctiva covers the eye and lines eyelids
• Tear glands produce tears
• The lymphatic system is involved in the immune reponse
• The conjunctiva acts as a barrier
• Mucus and tears are secreted for lubrication and protection

Conjunctivitis Symptoms

• Redness in the eye
• Increased tear production
• Itching or burning sensation
• Gritty feeling
• Eye discharge
• Swelling of the conjunctiva/eyelids
• Light sensitivity (photophobia)

Conjunctivitis Diagnosis

• Conjunctivitis is usually diagnosed by a healthcare professional through eye examination, including reviewing your medical history and symptoms
• Sometimes a sample of eye discharge is taken for laboratory analysis (culture) to determine the specific cause (viral, bacterial, or allergic) to help guide treatment, especially with severe symptoms

Conjunctivitis Treatment

• Bacterial Conjunctivitis treatment includes Antibiotic eye drops or ointments (e.g., ciprofloxacin)
• Viral Conjunctivitis treatment includes supportive care (artificial tears, cold compress)
• Allergic Conjunctivitis treatment includes Antihistamine eye drops or oral antihistamines
• General Relief treatment includes Warm compresses and eye hygiene, as well as avoiding contact lenses

Conjunctivitis Nursing Management

• Educate about the cause, symptoms, and duration of conjunctivitis
• Provide guidelines for medication administration, including dosage and schedule
• Educate on proper handwashing techniques
• Advise against touching or rubbing eyes
• Recommend avoiding contact lenses until resolution
• Symptom management includes instruction on the use of warm/cold compresses to alleviate discomfort, and encourage frequent use of artificial tears for lubrication
• Closely monitor for signs of complications (e.g., increased redness, vision changes)
• Assess the effectiveness of treatments and patient adherence

Keratitis Definition

• It is an inflammation of the cornea caused by infection, injury, or autoimmune disorders
• Types: Infectious (bacterial, viral, fungal) and non-infectious

Keratitis Anatomy and Physiology

• The cornea is transparent, avascular structure covering the anterior eye
• Function: Refraction and protection
• The cornea is compose of five layers: Epithelium, Bowman's layer, Stroma, Descemet's membrane, and Endothelium

Keratitis Causes

• Infectious keratitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites
• Non-infectious keratitis can be caused by dry eye, contact lenses, foreign body, chemical burns or trauma

Keratitis Symptoms

• Pain, redness, photophobia, tearing and blurred vision
• Severe cases: Corneal ulceration or perforation

Keratitis Diagnosis

• Diagnosed with Visual Acuity, Slip Lamp Examination, Corneal staining and Culture and Sensitivity Testing Diagnostic

Keratitis Treatment and Management

• Medical treatment include Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, corticosteroids (specific to cause)
• Surgical treatment include Corneal transplant (for severe damage)

Keratitis Nursing Management

• Monitor vision and pain levels
• Administer prescribed medications
• Educate on proper eye hygiene and instruction prevention

Glaucoma Definition

• Glaucoma includes a group of eye conditions causing optic nerve damage which linked to increased intraocular pressure (IOP)

Glaucoma Anatomy and Physiology

• Aqueous humor dynamics maintain IOP
• The disease pathology is blocked drainage (open-angle or angle-closure glaucoma)

Glaucoma Causes

• Due to a buildup of pressure inside the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP), can damage the delicate optic nerve fibers
• Increased IOP is caused by a blockage or dysfunction in the eye's natural drainage system, the trabecular meshwork
• Risk factors: Age, family history, race, other medical conditions, medications or eye injury

Glaucoma Signs and Symptoms

• Open-angle: Gradual peripheral vision loss
• Angle-closure: Severe pain, nausea, and blurred vision with halos

Glaucoma Diagnosis

• Early detection is crucial in order to prevent irreversible loss of vision
• Tests include tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, visual field test, gonioscopy and pachymetry

Glaucoma Treatment and Management

• Medical: Eye drops (beta-blockers, prostaglandins) and oral medications are given
• Surgical: Trabeculectomy, laser therapy

Glaucoma Nursing Management

• Educate on medication adherence
• Monitor for side effects
• Assist with follow-up appointments for IOP checks

Cataract Definition

• A cataract is the clouding of the lens, leading to vision impairment

Cataract Anatomy and Physiology

• Lens anatomy is Transparent, biconvex, and focuses light onto the retina
• Pathophysiology occurs due to Protein clumping which reduces lens transparency

Cataract Causes

• The most common cause of cataracts is aging because after age 40, the proteins in the eye's lens naturally begin to break down
• Related factors include a family history of cataracts, diabetes, serious eye injury, eye surgery (e.g., for glaucoma), long-term use of steroid medications and radiation treatment for cancer

Cataract Signs and Symptoms

• Blurred vision, glare sensitivity, faded colors, and double vision

Cataract Diagnosis

• Exams include Visual Test (Visual Acuity), Eye exam (Slit-lamp exam), as well as a Retinal exam

Cataract Treatment and Management

• Nonsurgical management limited to early stages includes new eyeglasses or contact lenses, Anti-glare sunglasses or lenses or magnifying glasses
• Surgery is a treatment option

Cataract Nursing Managment

• Pre-op: Assess patient understanding and compliance
• Post-op: Monitor for infection, ensure correct medication use, and provide patient education

Retinal Detachment Definition

• Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from the underlying tissue, disrupting vision

Retinal Detachment Anatomy and Phisiology

• The Retina is a thin, light-sensitive layer
• Pathophysiology: Traction or fluid accumulation beneath the retina

Retinal Detachment Causes

• Vitreous Fluid
• Eye Trauma
• Eye Surgery
• Other Eye Condition
• Family History

Retinal Detachment Signs and Symptoms

• Flashes of light, floaters, shadow over vision, and vision loss if untreated

Retinal Detachment Diagnosis

• Visual Acuity
• Slit-lamp Exam
• Ophthalmoscopy
• Ultrasound

Retinal Detachment Treatment and Management

• Medical Treatment used to manage in early stages of retinal detachment or surgery is not necessary: laser treatment, cryotherapy, pneumatic retinopaxy
• Surgery is often necessary to reattach the retina in cases of more advanced detachment or when medical treatment is ineffective and includes: Scleral buckling or a Vitrectomy

Retinal Detachment Nursing Management

• Educate on early symptom recognition
• Provide post-op care, including positioning and medication adherence
• Support coping with potential vision changes

Refractive Errors Definition

• Refractive errors occur when the eye cannot focus light properly on the retina
• Types: Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia

Refractive Errors Anatomy and Physiology

• Eye structures: Cornea, lens, retina, and refractive index
• Pathophysiology: Abnormal curvature or lens elasticity

Refractive Errors Signs and Symptoms

• Blurred vision, eye strain, headaches, difficulty with near or distant vision

Refractive Errors Treatment and Management

• Medical: Glasses, contact lenses
• Surgical: LASIK, PRK, or lens replacement

Refractive Errors Nursing MAnagement

• Perform vision screening
• Educate on corrective options and follow-up care