English Primary School S5 PDF

ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH ENGLISH PRIMARY SCHOOL S5 Prof. dil Youssef Sayeh  ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH LANGUAGE Quantifiers Quantity expressions – people & things Using quantity...

ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH ENGLISH PRIMARY SCHOOL S5 Prof. dil Youssef Sayeh  ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH LANGUAGE Quantifiers Quantity expressions – people & things Using quantity expressions for people: singular or plural? Quantity expressions can help you to write about groups of people. To use quantity expressions accurately, you need to know whether an expression takes the singular or plural form of the verb. Look at these two common quantity expressions: a. Nearly everyone in Oman is Muslim. Quantity expression third person singular verb form b. Most people in Oman own a car Grammar note Quantity expression third person plural verb form — much/many/a lot of: In informal English, it is common to use a lot of in positive sentences: Exercise 1 We've got a lot of homework. Correct the subject-verb agreement in the following sentences 1. Nearly everyone in the UK own a car. In academic English, however, you should avoid using a lot of. In positive 2. Most people in the UK has a television. sentences, it is possible to use many with countable nouns: 3. Most people in Europe studies English at school. The report raises many questions. 4. Nearly everyone at university are worried about money. With uncountable nouns, although much is grammatically correct, it is Quantity expressions for large numbers of people more common to use an expression like a large quantity of or a great deal A quantity expression with the word everyone takes a singular verb. of: A quantity expression with the word people takes a plural verb. They need a large quantity of equipment. Exercise 2 Exercise 5 Circle the correct verb form to go with the underlined quantity Look at some words used in academic writing and decide whether they are expressions. countable or uncountable. 1. The majority of students do not like / does not like homework. accommodation advice air behavior book computer damage equipment 2. Most couples in China only have / has one child. essay evidence food help homework information language machinery meat 3. Nearly everyone feel / feels nervous when he or she starts a new job. minute money news oilpaper permission petrol pollution problem progress 4. Many elderly people does not like / do not like going out in the question research solution student time traffic evenings. 5. The majority of Chinese people do not eat / does not eat with a knife and fork; they use chopsticks. 6. Many people in Saudi Arabia thinks / think that petrol is cheap. Countable Uncountable 7. Almost all international students are / is a little homesick at first. 8. People is / are always in a hurry in big cites. Exercise 3 Look at the underlined expressions and circle the correct verb form to go with each one. 1. Not many children enjoy / enjoys doing homework. Exercise 6 2. Some students arrive / arrives late every day. Underline the correct option in each sentence. 3. Few students have / has the opportunity to speak English at home. 1. Students write some essays /some essay every term. 4. A few students always arrive / arrives late to lessons. 2. They studied the behaviours / behaviour of lions over four years. 5. Not many English people is / are able to use chopsticks. 3. Paper was / Papers were very expensive in the 12th century. Grammar note: 4. University accommodations are / accommodation is very basic. Few is used to emphasize how small the number is. 5. Marco went to the library to get more information / informations for his A few is used to mean a small number of. It can have a similar project. meaning to some. 6. This issue still require many researches / requires much research. 7. The news was / were very depressing. Exercise 4 8. The traffic is / are heavy in the town centre. Correct the errors in the bold. 9. One of the students needed some advice / some advices about her essay. 1. A little people travel to the Arctic; 10. Some students do not have much homework / many homeworks to do. 2. A small part of students cook together. 3. The way of life for great part people in Oman is farming, the oil Exercise 7 industry and coconut planting. Complete the sentences with a countable or uncountable noun from Task. 4. Large people In Oman are under the age of 15. 1. The World Wide Web is useful for finding out new ___________. 5. Most of peoplein Oman speak Arabic. 2. In today's busy world, people do not have much ___________. 6. China has many of farmers. 3. Sometimes, students need to do some ___________ to find out the answer 7. People in Taiwan is Han Chinese. to a question. 8. Nearly everybody in the UAE own a mobile phone. 4. There are many ___________ in the library. 9. A few farmers in Eritrea own cars because they are so expensive. 5 In the town centre, ___________ is often a problem. 10. Many of people in Qatar come from other countries. 6. Students do not need ___________ to use the photocopier, but they need their student card. Countable & Uncountable Nouns 7. It is important to gather as much ___________ as possible to solve a An uncountable noun is considered to be a mass that we cannot divide crime. into separate elements. We cannot 'count' nouns like this. For example, we can count cans of petrol or liters of petrol, but we cannot count petrol itself. Therefore, an uncountable noun always goes with a singular verb. A countable noun, however, such as mosque, has a singular and a plural form and can be used with a singular verb and a plural verb (e.g., Mosques are places of worship). 1 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH READING SKILLS READING STRATEGIES Becoming an Effective Student Effective reading Survey the material to decide whether it is useful: Learning how to study effectively is an essential skill for students Look at the title, headings, pictures, or graphs. Look at the style of the text and where it has come from. in any discipline. There are six areas which are crucial to developing good study habits. Work on these and you will become Skim the text to see how the information is organized and an effective student. to get a general idea: Read the title and any headings. Targets Read the first sentence of a few paragraphs. Always set a realistic work target. Don't try to do too much. For example, plan to read one chapter of a book each evening rather Scan the text to find specific pieces of information: than think about reading the whole book over the weekend. This Use what you learnt from surveying and skimming the kind of detailed, planned target is more effective than a vague text to locate the information you need. Move quickly through the text. Do not read every word. commitment. It is sometimes helpful to tell your friends about Stop when you come to the information you want. your plan. This is a good incentive to keep you on target because they will know if you fail! Exercise 1 Look at the text answer the questions. 1 What is the title of the text? Rewards 2 Is the text formal or informal? Develop a system of small rewards for your work. For example, 3 What is the text about? stop for a cup of coffee or tea, or listen to a favourite piece of music after one hour's study. Rewarding yourself for keeping to Exercise 2 your work plan will make you feel good about yourself. Look at the text. Answer the questions 1 How many parts are there? Timing 2 Is there an introduction? Make sure you choose a suitable time to study, i.e. when it is quiet 3 Is there a conclusion? and when you are most alert. Try to make this a regular, time- Exercise 3 tabled part of your day. If you plan to start work at a certain time, Read the text quickly. Answer the questions. say 7pm, do not find reasons to put off getting started. You can 1 Which is better: a planned target or a vague commitment? watch a DVD later, and your emails are not urgent! 2 What two rewards are mentioned? 3 What two reasons are given for delaying starting work? Quantity 4 What is a more effective way of revising? A large task such as researching a new topic for an essay can be daunting - so daunting, in fact, that it can be difficult to sit down Exercise 4 and make a start. Break the larger task down into several smaller What different ways did you read the texts to answer the questions in... ones. For example, make a list of questions that you will have to 1 exercise 1? deal with in your essay, and then approach each question 2 exercise 2? separately. This makes the work more manageable. 3 exercise 3? Notes and learning styles Exercise 5 The books you are studying won't always present information in a Look at the words in the table from the text. Write the part way that suits your learning style. It is, therefore, worthwhile of speech. Match the words with their meanings. spending time making notes and organizing them in a way that Word Part of speech Meaning suits you best. It is also a good idea to keep your notebooks neat and well organized. This will make it much easier to retrieve a crucial adj 1 producing a successful result information later. b effective 2 awake/able to concentrate c vague 3 find (information) again Revision Don't leave revision until the last moment. When you set your d incentive 4 frightening or worrying study targets, allow regular revision time. This is much more e alert 5 something that encourages you effective than trying to cram before an exam. f put off 6 study hard in a short time g daunting 7 extremely important h worthwhile 8 delay doing something i retrieve 9 not clear or definite j cram 10 useful Exercise 6 READING STRATEGIES Read the text again. Write answers to the questions. Understanding Details 1 How does the writer think you can develop good study You will often need to understand the details in a text. This is intensive habits? reading. To do this effectively: 2 Why is it a good idea to tell other people about your work Think about why you are reading, and what you need from the text. plans? Skim the text to get an overview. 3 Why does the writer believe it is useful to reward yourself? Underline words and phrases which occur frequently and are 4 What makes one time to study better than another? important to know. 5 How can a large or complicated piece of work be made If a particular part of the text is more difficult, read it again, asking easier? yourself questions about it. 6 What is the main benefit of keeping good class or lecture look up any words you need to understand in a dictionary. notes? 7 How does the writer suggest you could improve your revision? 2 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH READING SKILLS The UK education system Exercise 7 A By law in the UK, all children between 5 and 16 years of age must receive Skim the text The UK education system. Which paragraph a full-time education. The vast majority, over 90%, of these children attend 1 describes the school year? state schools. The education systems in Wales, Northern Ireland, and 2 gives an overview of education in the UK? England are similar, whereas the education system in Scotland differs in a 3 describes secondary education from 11 to 16? number of ways. This description will generally refer to the English state 4 describes primary education? system. 5 describes secondary education from 16 to 18? B The school year runs from September to July and is usually divided into Exercise 8 three terms of approximately 13 weeks each. Students attend school from Read the text again and choose the correct heading for each about 9.00 am to 3.30 pm, Monday to Friday, with a morning break and a paragraph break for lunch. Some students eat lunch in the school cafeteria, but many 1. A Glimpse into Extracurricular Activities in UK Schools bring food from home. 2. Continuation of Education: Choices and Specialization 3. Alternative Paths After Secondary Education: A C Most children in England go to primary school from the age of 5 to 11. Growing Trend These schools are largely co-educational, that is, boys and girls attend 4. Transition to Secondary School and Examinations together. All schools follow the National Curriculum. The core, or main 5. Revolutionizing the Workday: Flexible School subjects, are English, mathematics, and science. Other subjects include Schedules history, geography, physical education, music, and art. In Wales, the Welsh 6. Primary Education in England: A Foundation for language is a subject in Welsh-speaking schools. In the same way, in Learning Northern Ireland, the curriculum includes the Irish language in Irish- 7. Overview of the UK Education System speaking schools. 8. Innovative Approaches to Primary Education 9. Structure of the School Year and Daily Routine D At the age of 11 students move to a secondary school. Most students go to large comprehensive schools which teach children of varying abilities. At Exercise 9 the age of 16, most students take exams (GCSEs) in about ten different Underline the content words in sentences 1-3 from the text. subjects. At this point, just over 30% leave school and start other training or 1. The school year runs from September to July and is work. usually divided into three terms of approximately 13 weeks each. E Students who remain in education can choose to continue at their school 2. These schools are largely co-educational, that is, boys for up to two years, or go to a special college. Wherever they study, students and girls attend together. specialize in three or four subjects, and there are further exams at the age of 3. Most students go to large comprehensive schools which 17 (AS Levels) and again at 18 (A Levels). Good results in these are teach children of varying abilities. required to go to university. Exercise 10 Use the content words to answer the questions on education. 1 Are the education systems in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland similar? education system/Republic of Ireland/different/Northern Ireland 2 What schools do some 9-year-olds go to? parts/England/children/leave/primary school/aged nine/go/middle school 3 How many young people go on to further education? 60%/young people/go/further education Exercise 11 Divide the first paragraph from the text into sense groups. Read the paragraph aloud to a partner. READING STRATEGIES By law in the UK / all children between 5 and 16 years of Reading Intensively age / must receive a fulltime education. / The vast majority, You will have a large amount to read for your studies, so you need to be able over 90%, of these children attend state schools. The to read quickly. education systems in Wales, Northern Ireland, and England The first time you read a text intensively: are similar, whereas the education system in Scotland differs Focus on content words (usually nouns, verbs, adjectives). in a number of ways. This description will generally refer to It is easy to read this by looking at the content words. the English state system. Think about which parts of the text are relevant. While reading texts: Concentrate on parts of the text which are relevant. Read in sense groups of two or more words. Sense groups can be: subject + verb + object A t the age of 16 / most students take exams / in about ten different subjects. phrases with a preposition At the age of 16/ most students take exams/ in about ten different subjects. 3 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH WRITING SKILLS LANGUAGE FOR WRITING Exercise 1 Comparing and contrasting 1 Look at the underlined expressions in the sentences from the text on page 6. Do they show that things are similar or different? The education systems in Wales, Northern Ireland, and England are similar, whereas the education system in Scotland differs in a number of ways. In Wales, the Welsh language is a subject in Welsh-speaking schools. In the same way. in Northern Ireland, the curriculum includes the Irish language in Irish-speaking schools. Exercise 2 Underline other words and phrases in the sentences which show a similarity or a difference. 1 The school year in the UK runs from September to July. In Australia, on the other hand, students go to school from late January to December. 2 Both Sweden and France have a compulsory national curriculum. 3 Japanese schools are different from schools in many other countries in that they usually have an entrance exam. 4 Malaysian schools have two terms a year. In contrast, Australian schools have four terms. 5 School students all over the world are similar in that they have to take exams. Exercise 3 Add the words and phrases which you have underlined in exercise 2 to the correct part of the table. Make a note of the punctuation. similarity difference In the same way,......, whereas... Exercise 4 Use a word or phrase from the table to complete the sentences. 1 ________ Wales __________ Ireland include their own language in the curriculum. 2 State and private schools ____________________________ all their students take school-leaving exams. 3 Northern Ireland and Wales have a similar education system to England. Scotland,_____________________, has its own system. 4 In the UK, education is compulsory for children until the age of 16, ______________________ in Brazil children can leave school at 14. 5 Students in Japanese schools often eat school lunches. ______________________, students in France also often eat in school. Exercise 5 Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 Schools and universities are similar in that ________________ 2 Both boys and girls ________________ 3 Literature is an arts subject. In contrast, ________ 4 English students take A Levels, whereas students in my country ________________ 5 Primary school is different from _____________ in that ____________ Exercise 6 Read the two long sentences from an essay comparing the education systems of Japan and England. Divide each sentence into two shorter ones. 1 By law, Japanese children have to attend school from the age of 6 to 15, on the other hand, English children start compulsory school at the age of 5 and continue until they are 16. 2 The Japanese and English education systems are similar in that it is necessary to take an exam to enter university however, Japan is different from England because each university sets its own entrance exam, whereas all English universities accept students with good A level results. Exercise 7 Read the pairs of short sentences from the essay. Rewrite each pair to make one sentence, using words or phrases to show similarity or difference. 1 The Japanese school year starts in April. The English school year starts in September. 2 English schools have three terms. Japanese schools have three terms. 3 Japanese students eat a school lunch. Many English students take food to school for lunch. 4 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH LANGUAGE Present Time Some verbs only refer to subjects: Present simple What happens/occurs? For personal routines and habits, often with a frequency Negatives are formed by using do + not + infinitive without to or be + not adverb (always, sometimes, etc): + present participle: I always get to work by 9.00. I don't always get to work by 9.00. In winter we usually go skiing most weekends. We aren't having problems with the new equipment. For statements of fact, generalizations, or things that always Exercise 1 happen: Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence. This train goes to Milan. A new approach to traffic control All cars, except electric ones, cause air pollution. As our city streets (I) become/becoming more congested with traffic, A wave transfers energy from one place to another. planners (2) begin/are beginning to wonder whether previous attempts to control this traffic through parking and stopping restrictions, traffic lights For technical or scientific facts and definitions: and so on are in fact part of the problem rather than part of the solution. Inflation is an economic process in which prices increase Now as part of a European Union project, in some parts of Europe local and money loses value. authorities (3) remove/are removing all traffic signs in city centres. The planners behind this idea (4) want/are wanting drivers and pedestrians to To describe what something does, and how things happen: cooperate, and they (5) believe/are believing that taking away all road signs, An espresso coffee maker forces water through the line markings and railings etc generally (6) encourages/is encouraging road coffee grounds using the pressure of heated water. When users to be more responsible towards each other. Nowadays people (7) the water boils, it rises up a tube, through the coffee lose/arc losing the habit of being considerate to each other,' one traffic grounds, and into the container at the top. expert (8) explains/is explaining. 'Generally speaking. when there are so many signs telling everyone what to do, any sense of responsibility (9) Present continuous disappears/is disappearing.' Recent research (10) also shows/is also showing For actions happening at the moment of speaking and that most drivers (11) generally ignore/are generally ignoring the majority of unfinished: road signs in any case, so this new approach probably (12) makes/is snaking Jean is using the computer at the moment. sense. Initially, seven cities and regions (13) take part/arc taking part in the project. The centre of Makkinga, in the Netherlands, for example. (14) no For actions that continue for some time: longer contains/is no longer containing any stop signs, direction signs, We're having a lot of problems with the new equipment. parking meters or stopping restrictions. And one interesting result so far is that the number of reported accidents (15) goes down/is going down. With some verbs, e.g. read, write, work, the action is generally ongoing, but not happening at the moment of Exercise 2 speaking: Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form I'm working on a new project. of the verb in brackets. 1 Hello, (you/wait) __________________ are you waiting for me? For changing states, especially with e.g. increase, change, get 2 (the price of the room/include) _______________breakfast? + adjective: 3 The word physics (come) _______________from the ancient Greek term Most scientists agree that the world is getting hotter. for nature. In some countries the birth rate is falling year on year. 4 (this laptop/belong) ____________ to you? 5 It (get) ______________cold. Shall I turn on the heating? Types of verb 6 Look, a lot of people (get on) ________________that bus. Is that one Some verbs are more commonly found in the simple form. ours? Typical examples are 7 I (think)_______________ we'd better check the figures again. Feelings and emotions: like/dislike, mean, value 8 I'm sorry it (take) _____________ so long, but I haven't had a reply from Believing, thinking, knowing: assume, believe, consider, head office yet. estimate, expert, recognize, regard, suppose 9 I'm not sure I want to go to university. I (have) ____________second Preferring: prefer, want, wish thoughts. Sensing: distinguish, observe 10 The word 'it' in line 12 (refer) _______________ the decision. Being, having, seeming, owning: appear to be, belong to, come from, comprise, consist of, contain, cost, equal, Exercise 3 exist, include, involve doing, own, mean doing, possess, Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form prove, represent, resemble, result from, sound, tend to, of the verbs in brackets. weigh Working from home 1 Nowadays more and more people (choose)_______________ to work from Other verbs have different meanings in the simple and home. continuous forms: 2 In some companies employees (have) ____________the option of spending What do you think? Tell me your opinion. part of the week working out of the office. What are you thinking? = Tell me your thoughts. 3 But in a changing economy, the number of people who run their own businesses from home (increase) ________________ How much does this weigh? = its weight. 4 Of course, homeworkers (depend)______________ heavily on using the I'm weighing myself. = finding my weight. Internet and email. 5 According to Karen Holmes, a financial consultant, it (become) Question and negative forms ______________ easier and easier to run your own business from home. Questions may be formed using do + infinitive without to or 6 'Working at home obviously (save) _______________ a lot of time, and be + present participle: you can concentrate on what you (work) _______________ on when you Do you do skiing most weekends? really feel like it. Does this train go to Milan? 7 'I (sometimes/find)______________myself popping out to the shops or Questions may also be formed by inverting the verb and doing housework, but on the whole I think it (suit) ___________certain subject/object: kinds of job. Is Jean using the computer? 8 This sounds like a great idea but (it/have) ______________ any Are they here yet? disadvantages? What forces the water through the coffee? (subject) 9 'At the moment I (work) ________________on a project with three other What does the pressure do? (object) colleagues in different parts of the world. 10 Emails are fine, but we also (feel)_____________ it is necessary to have video- conferences, just to know that we (all/head) _____________ in the right direction, and also to keep in touch on a personal level. 5 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH READING SKILLS STUDY SKILLS TEXT 1 Predicting content Music used as a healing therapy Predicting the content of a text will help you understand it. To predict the content, survey and skim the text. 1 A recent study funded by the Wellcome Trust has investigated the connection between the use of music and the recovery of patients suffering Exercise 1 from a variety of medical conditions. The study has brought together 1 Where could the text 1 come from? musicians, health workers, and researchers to find evidence of the beneficial 2 Who is the text for? effects music has on health. a musicians b general readers c medical specialists 2 Music has long been used to treat patients suffering from different STUDY SKILLS problems. In 400 BCE, its healing properties were documented by the Topic sentences ancient Greeks. More recently, in both world wars in the last century, Many paragraphs contain a topic sentence which gives the medical workers used music therapy with people suffering from trauma. subject of the paragraph. The topic sentence is often the Currently, it is used as a treatment for many diseases, such as cancer and first sentence, but it can also be later in the paragraph. Alzheimer's disease, and it has also been used with patients with long-term pain and learning disabilities. Exercise 2 Read text 1 and underline the topic sentences in paragraphs 3 There is growing evidence that music can cause physical changes to the 3-6. body which can improve our health. In the Wellcome Trust study, which 1 A recent study funded by the Well come Trust has took place over three years at the Chelsea and Westminster hospital in investigated the connection between the use of music and the London, patients were asked to listen to musical performances. As a result, recovery of patients suffering from a variety of medical it was found that stress levels were significantly reduced, recovery times conditions. The study has brought together musicians, health were improved, and fewer drugs were needed. workers, and researchers to find evidence of the beneficial effects music has on health. 4 These very positive results are partly due to general well-being. It is already accepted that when people feel happy and have a positive approach Exercise 3 to life, they are more likely to feel better and recover from disease quickly. Read the questions. Use the topic sentences to locate the Music increases this feeling of joy nd adds to the recovery process. answers to the questions from text 1. 1 Is there any clear proof that music can heal? Paragraph 6 5 However, not all these benefits can be attributed to an increase in general 2 For which diseases is music currently used? well-being. Music has other effects which have not yet been understood. 3 What effects does music have on people? According to Professor Robertson, a scientist and musician, some effects of 4 Do we know how music therapy works? music are mysterious and are, therefore, being investigated further. It has 5 What effects does feeling good have on our health? been suggested that the sounds and rhythms of music help stimulate the brain and send electrical messages to the muscles and limbs. Exercise 4 Scan text 1 and answer the questions in exercise 6. 6 Science, however, demands facts and hard evidence. Many in the medical profession have not yet recognized the healing benefits of music, since Exercise 5 reports have been based mainly on anecdotal evidence. These new studies Highlight the information which develops the topic could provide proof to medical practitioners that music is a suitable sentences in paragraphs 3-6 in text 1. Look at the example in treatment for many conditions. One day doctors may even 'prescribe' music, paragraph 2 first. but that could be a long time in the future. STUDY SKILLS TEXT 2 Keywords Promising results from cancer study To get the gist of the text, skim the text from keywords. A A new experimental vaccine has shown promising results in the fight Exercise 6 against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by Read the title of the article from a medical journal. What is scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA cured lung the article about? cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others. Exercise 7 B Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study. Use the key words in the box to predict what each paragraph Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials. is about. Use a dictionary if necessary. Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the A vaccine cured advanced stages of the disease. They were injected with the vaccine every B involved trials early stages advanced stages spread two weeks for three months, and were carefully monitored for three years. C stimulates immune system cells harmful In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer, the disease D further studies disappeared and in the others, it did not spread for five to twenty-four months. However, no great difference was seen in the patients in the early Exercise 8 stages of the illness. Skim the article. Were your predictions correct? C This new vaccine uses the patient's own immune system. It is made Exercise 9 specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates Scan the article. Are the statements true (T) or false (F)? the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are 1 The investigation cured all of the participants in the trial. harmful, and attacks and destroys them. 2 About forty people participated in the study. 3 Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more D The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers quickly. great hope for the treatment of cancer in general, although further studies 4 Every patient was given the same vaccine. are needed before such treatment can be widely used. 5 The vaccine activates the immune system. 6 This treatment may be useful for treating other cancers. 6 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH WRITING SKILLS LANGUAGE FOR WRITING RULES Indicating reason or result Reason or result 1 Look at the underlined words in the sentences from the Look at the words and phrases used to show reason or result. and the text. Do they indicate reason or result? structures which follow them. 1 In Qin's time, the ancient Chinese believed that their so. so that. because. since. as + subject + verb ‘afterlife’ was very similar to their life on earth. because of + noun clause Consequently, when they died and were buried, objects which in order to + Infinitive would be useful to them in the next life were buried As a result. Consequently. and Therefore are often used at the beginning of a with them. second sentence. 2 In addition, the emperor ordered an army to be built so that his palace would be protected. Exercise 5 3 The roofs of the buildings collapsed and fell onto the Link the pairs of sentences twice, using the words and phrases of addition in soldiers and horses. As a result, not one of the statues brackets. remained complete or undamaged. 1 Museums need extensive funding for research. Money is required to exhibit the objects properly and safely. (Furthermore/Moreover) Exercise 1 2 Machu Picchu is Peru's most important ancient monument. It is one of Find more words and phrases which show reason or result in the new seven wonders of the world. (also/as well as) the sentences. 3 The Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg has over three million objects 1 Venice is sinking because of the rising level of the sea. which visitors can admire. The collection can be seen on the museum's 2 Archaeologists study ancient objects in order to learn website. (What is more/In addition) about ancient cultures. 3 The fire in the museum resulted in extensive damage. STUDY SKILL Collocations 4 Visitors to the art exhibition are not permitted to use flash Collocations can be formed by: photography since this can cause damage to the pictures. verb + adverb, e.g. damage extensively 5 Historic monuments are expensive to maintain, so it is adverb + adjective. e.g. completely different often necessary to charge an entry fee. 6 A new museum is being built as the collections are too Exercise 6 large for the present museum. Read the sentences from the text on page 46. Identify three verb + adverb 7 The construction of the Aswan dam and lake would have collocations. destroyed the ancient temple of Abu Simbel. Therefore, it As a result, not one of the statues remained complete or undamaged. Many, was decided to move the temple to a new site. in fact, were damaged extensively and some were destroyed completely. Skilled workers search methodically through hundreds of thousands of Exercise 2 fragments to find the right piece to complete each figure. Read the rules. Match the beginnings and ends of the sentences. Then join the two parts, using a word or phrase showing reason or result. 1 Large numbers of people from all over the a it is important for them to learn about the world visit Petra. in Jordan, because history of their country. 2 Children are encouraged to visit museums because of b the ancient buildings are hidden below 3 Historians are often required to learn modern buildings. so languages such as Latin c its beauty. 4 Some cities, like Rome, have been inhabited for As a result, d the city was particularly well preserved. thousands of years in order to e read ancient manuscripts and 5 In 79 CE Pompeii was covered by a thick layer inscriptions. of volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius. Exercise 7 Adding information Underline the adverb or adverbial phrase which collates with the verb. Use Exercise 3 a dictionary to help you. Look at the sentences. Underline the words which add 1 The committee felt strongly/powerfully that visitors should not be charged information. an entrance fee to the museum. 1 One of his greatest achievements was the building of the 2 If I remember perfectly/correctly, it was the Nabataeans who built Petra. first Great Wall of China to protect China from its enemies. 3 The city of Leptis Magna expanded significantly/importantly in the Not all of his achievements were military, however, as he second century CE. also introduced a common form of writing throughout the 4 Many ancient objects are discovered by luck/by chance. country. 5 The economy can benefit largely/enormously from the revenue produced 2 More than 700,000 workers and craftsmen took 38 years by visitors to historic sites and museums. to complete the huge imperial palace, offices, and halls, all 6 It is impossible to describe precisely/truly how an ancient people lived, but surrounded by a wall. In addition, the emperor ordered an archaeologists endeavour to give as accurate a picture as possible. army to be built so that his palace would be protected. Exercise 8 Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with an adverb + adjective collocation from the Find and underline other words which add information. box. Make a note of the punctuation. actively encouraged further complicated clearly illustrated 1 Museums are important centres for research. Moreover, fully equipped cautiously optimistic widely available many have laboratories for preserving ancient objects. 1 The curator is _____ that the exhibition will be ready on time. 2 Petra is of major historic significance as well as being a 2 The museum guide book is _____ with photographs and drawings. place of great beauty. 3 Most modern museums have _____ research laboratories. 3 Studying history helps us to understand the past. 4 These days school children are _____ to visit museums, which put Furthermore, it can help our understanding of the present. on special displays to educate and inform them. 4 Archaeological excavations often take a long time to S The professor's new book is _____ in school and university libraries. complete. What is more, they can be very expensive. 6 The controversial research was _____ by the resignation of the chief scientist. 7 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH LANGUAGE Past Time 7 As office workers watched/were watching in amazement, he managed/was Past Simple managing to make a perfect landing on the water dose to Manhattan just six To describe finished events in the past with a definite time, minutes after take-off. or a past time context: 8 The passengers followed/were following the safety instructions given by the In 1684 Newton published his theory of gravity. crew, and with their assistance all left/were leaving the aircraft, including During a storm, the bridge collapsed. one passenger who travelled/was travelling in a wheelchair. 9 Nearby boats quickly rescued/were quickly rescuing the passengers from To describe past conditions, routines and habits: the freezing water and from the wings of the plane, which slowly filled/was Women and children worked in the mines hauling coal slowly filling with water. along narrow tunnels. 10 All the passengers and crew survived/were surviving without serious My father took the 8.15 train every morning for thirty injury, and the crew later received/were receiving awards for their conduct. years. Whenever they went shopping together, they always had Exercise 2 coffee at the same café. Complete each sentence by writing the past simple or past continuous form of the verb in brackets in each space. Many common verbs have irregular past forms: 1 When I (hear) __________ the noise I (look) __________ out of the A hundred candidates took the test. window, but I couldn't see what (happen) __________ What events led to the American Revolution? 2 We (wait) __________ in a queue for nearly an hour, but after that we (decide) __________ to complain because it (take)__________ so long to get Past tense forms without past time meaning the tickets. Past tense forms also appear in conditional sentences, but do 3 The accused (drive) __________ home after a party when he (lose) not refer to past time: __________ control of his car on a roundabout and (collide) __________ If I knew the answer, I would tell you. with another vehicle. 4 The injured man (not carry) __________ any form of identification, and Past continuous nobody could understand exactly what he (say) __________ In a narrative context with events in past simple, past 5 1 (find) __________ myself in a rather difficult situation. It (start) continuous describes continuing unfinished actions: __________ to rain, and the temperature (fall) __________ rapidly, I The ship was sinking, and there weren't enough lifeboats (wear)__________ only light summer clothes and it was a long way back to for all the passengers. the road. 6 An archaeological rescue dig (cause) __________ further delays to the Continuing unfinished actions describe the background to a projects, as engineers (come) __________ unexpectedly upon the remains of sudden event: a 34 century palace while work on the site (get) __________ under way. While they were getting into the lifeboats, the ship suddenly went down. Present Perfect For everyday events connected to the present, without a definite past time. Past continuous verbs can describe a number of activities Events may be recent, or part of the current situation: used as background: What has happened? We looked out across the sea. Passengers were floating in The lights have failed! the water and sailors were trying to pull them into the Astronomers have discovered three more moons orbiting the planet. lifeboats. The time can be all time up to the present and need not have a time It is possible to describe two continuing events happening at reference: the same time: No one has proved that intelligent life exists on other planets. While the passengers were beginning to lose hope, rescue ships were approaching. Time references The use of some time expressions is linked with the present perfect simple: Describing a changing situation: Recently the number of car owners has risen dramatically. The weather was getting worse by the hour. The situation has worsened since the end of 2001. This is the first time researchers have found this insect in the Antarctic. Participle clauses The authorities have already taken measures to deal with the problem. Clauses with past continuous are often made into participle time clauses: Present Perfect While (they were) waiting, the passengers filled in the Present perfect simple or past simple? forms. Indefinite and definite time In this sentence the action has happened in a period up to the present, and Exercise 1 may well continue: Underline the most suitable verb form In each sentence. This company has produced some excellent products. (present perfect The 'Miracle on the Hudson simple) 1 First Officer Jeffery Skiles piloted/was piloting the Airbus A320 when it took off/ was taking off from La Guardia In this sentence the action is finished. The company may no longer exist. airport at 3.25 pm on Jan 159 2009. The events are in a period of time not connected to the present: 2 While It still climbed/was still climbing, and below 1,000 The ABC company produced some very successful products. (past metres, he noticed/was noticing a flock of birds which simple) came/was coming towards the aircraft. 3 A few minutes later the plane collided/was colliding with Compare these time references: the birds and the engines lost/were losing power. So far/Up until now the ABC company has produced... (present perfect 4 The Captain, Chesley Sulknberger, took over/was taking simple) over the controls at this point, and Skiles tried/was trying to At that time/Once/In the past the ABC company produced... (past simple) restart the engines. 5 Sullenberger got/was getting permission from La Guardia Present perfect continuous control tower to land back at the airport, but since the plane For recent continuing activities, emphasizing the length of the activities, and rapidly lost/was rapidly losing height, it soon became/was suggesting that the activity will continue. becoming clear that this would not be possible. They have been investigating the same problem for many years. 6 With no power in the engines, Sullenberger made/was making an instant decision, and decided/was deciding to land the plane on the Hudson River, the only free space available. 8 ADIL YOUSSEF SAYEH LANGUAGE Present perfect continuous or present perfect simple? Exercise 2 With verbs which describe a continuing state, e.g. live, work, Complete the text by writing a suitable form of the verb in brackets in each there is little contrast: space. How long has Tom worked here? Is a best friend good for your health? How long has Tom been working here? When we (1) ____________ (consider) how many thousands of years The team has been working on this project for the past humans (2) ____________ (live) with dogs, it is surprising that the serious six months. scientific study of the interaction between animals and humans (3) ____________ (only recently begin). There (4) ____________ (always be) With verbs which describe events, present perfect simple plenty of anecdotal evidence, but serious research into this relationship is emphasizes completion: relatively recent. The question is whether (5) ____________ (there be) any They've found some interesting results. (completed) real health benefits in owning a dog. Recently researchers (6) ____________ They've been finding some interesting results. (during a (look) at this in more detail, and results (7) ____________ (seem) to suggest recent period - not completed) that dogs can indeed help to improve our health Dog-owners (8) Use depends on context, and on the choice of the user. ____________ (recover) more rapidly from stress and have lower heart rates and blood pressure. Taking the dog for a walk is good exercise, as you will Present perfect simple and continuous uses know if you (9) ____________ (ever own) a dog, and the social connections To describe recent trends and developments: made through having a dog are beneficial to older people. As one subject The political situation has now improved. comments in the report, Since I got my dog, my life has (10)____________ A series of poor harvests has led to a rise in migration (change) out of all recognition. I (11) ____________ (meet) new people, and away from the countryside. as far as my health is concerned, I (12) ____________ (never feel) fitter. I Over the past decade, the amount of water consumed (13) ____________ (never think) a dog could make so much difference!' has increased twofold. Some researchers (14) ____________ (also investigate) links between health In recent years, the area has been experiencing something and other types of pet, and some (l5) ____________ (believe) their results of a renaissance. prove that even a pet snake or rat is good for the health. Present continuous or present perfect continuous? In many cases, when we describe uncompleted actions, we can use either present continuous, to show what is happening now; or present perfect continuous, to show that is has been happening for a period of time up to now. In these examples, each tense describes the actions of the scientists, but with a different emphasis. Using present continuous emphasizes that they are currently studying the data: Scientists are studying the data, and hope to publish their results soon. Using present perfect continuous emphasizes the period of time during which they have been studying the data: Scientists have been studying the data, and hope to publish their results soon. Exercise 1 Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence. Water on Mars 1 Scientists have recently discovered/recently discovered that there are traces of water beneath the surface of Mars. 2 Instruments carried by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) which has been circling/was circling the planet since 2006, have detected/detected large quantities of ice beneath the surface at the bottom of meteorite craters. 3 The MRO has found/found the new craters in August last year. 4 As the ice has quickly melted/quickly melted on the planet's surface, the discovery has been/was fortunate. 5 Although the research programme has found/found traces of water at the poles during its early stages, this is the first time it has detected/it detected ice half way between the planet's north pole and its equator. 6 This suggested that there has been/was a lot more water below the surface than previously supposed. 7 Scientists have also believed/also believed they understood the origins of this ice. 8 Their theory has been/was that the climate of Mars was more humid up until a few thousand years ago, and that the water in this ice has come from/is coming from this earlier period. 9 Since its arrival in Mars orbit, the MRO has been monitoring/was monitoring surface and weather conditions. It has also studied/It has also been studying potential landing sites for future Mars programmes. 10 According to experts, this latest discovery has shown/has been showing that the MRO is well worth the $720million it has cost/cost to build. 9