English Q2 GR8 Notes PDF

English Q2 GR8 Notes Pages + summary Romeo and Juliet summaries - R&J Summaries Anthology(currently incomplete) - On Learning: p.43-45 - Haiku: p.50 Worktext - Adjective clauses: p.67 - Restrictive clauses, non-restrictive clauses: p.78 - Uses of Semicolon: p.293...

English Q2 GR8 Notes Pages + summary Romeo and Juliet summaries - R&J Summaries Anthology(currently incomplete) - On Learning: p.43-45 - Haiku: p.50 Worktext - Adjective clauses: p.67 - Restrictive clauses, non-restrictive clauses: p.78 - Uses of Semicolon: p.293 - Uses of the Colon: p.302 - Haiku: p.141 - Aphorisms: p.111 - Paraphrasing: p.112 - Allegories: p.144 - Identifying imagery in poems (p.145) - When to use Illustration: p.127 - Thesis Statement in Illustrative Essay: 138 - 3 ways to illustrate a point: p.147-148 - Documenting Sources of examples: p.159 - Identifying Imagery in Poems: p.145 Grammar Adjective Clauses An adjective clause describes the noun or pronoun that it follows. It starts with either a relative pronoun or a relative adverb. This is why adjective clauses are also called relative clauses. Study the examples below. Relative pronouns (whom, who, which, and that) - Mr. Delos Reyes, whom the company appointed as operations manager, was given a free trip to South Africa last night.  - The animal rescue center, which surveys tag as the number one in the country, continues to innovate their services and projects. - I found the certificate that the training center gave my father a few years ago. Relative adverbs (when and where) - The family visited the park where the statue of the hero stands. - The tourist guide shared historical events during the time when the tyrants oppressed the people. As you can see, the adjective clauses above have the following form: Relative subject predicate pronoun/adverb whom The company Appointed as operations manager where The statue of the hero stands Now, you will see the other forms of adjective clauses which you will encounter and use in writing your own compositions. Study the sentences below. - Jared, who loves to travel, enjoys reading about the exciting adventures of Sinbad. - Ms. Sally was surprised to see a campsite which has all the amenities she was thinking of. - The two boys plan to share the new experiences that are memorable for them. In the sentences above, the relative pronouns also act as the subject in the adjective clause. It must be noted that these pronouns represent the nouns that precede them Subject (relative pronoun) predicate Who (refers to Jared) Loves to travel Which (refers to the campsite) Has all the amenities she was thinking of That (refers to the boys’ experiences) Are memorable for them Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective clauses Restrictive clause Nonrestrictive clause Uses that Uses which Essential to the entire meaning of the Not necessary to the main point of the sentence sentence When removed from the sentence, When removed from the sentence, the message becomes incomplete message is not compromised provides details that point to a specific Enclosed by commas noun/pronoun Adverb Clause - Dependent clause that modifies verb, adjective, or another adverb - Begins with a subordinating conjunction and it contains a subject and predicate - Usually adds information (when, why, how, where, etc.) Examples of adverb clauses (adv. clause, word being modified) 1. They left because it was raining. Answers: why’d they leave? 2. He was thrilled when he heard the news. Answers: when was he thrilled? 3. She runs faster than he does. Answers: how much faster? Types of Adverb Clauses Adverb of Time Subordinating conjunctions: Until, before, since, when, as soon as, after, while Example: While you were playing, I was working. Adverb of Place Subordinating conjunctions: wherever, where example: You will find the treasure where the old oak tree stands. Adverb of Manner Subordinating conjunctions: As, as if, as though example: He acts as though it’s a joke. Adverb of Reason Subordinating conjunctions: As, because, since Example: We adopted the cats because we felt bad. Adverb of Condition Subordinating conjunctions: If, provided that, unless Example: If I like it, I will buy it. Adverb of Degree Subordinating conjunctions: Than, that Example: it was cheaper than the old one. Adverb of Concession Subordinating conjunctions: Although, though, even though Example: although it rained, it was a success. Adverb clauses (subject + verb) vs Adverbial phrase (no subject and verb combination) Uses of Semicolon ( ; ) The different functions of the semicolon are detailed below. - Used to join two independent clauses that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction. Example: The team won the championships; they were still not satisfied. - Used when connecting independent clauses using conjunctive adverbs and transitional phrases. Conjunctive adverbs include however, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore, besides, or instead. Transitional phrases include for example, on the contrary, in addition. Example: Kathy wanted to join the camping trip; however, she had to attend remedial classes. - Used to separate long items in a series, especially when those items include commas. Example: The panel of judges includes Jenna Tatum, a jazz dancer; Jennifer Anthony, a pop singer; and Adam Prinsloo, a fashion model. Uses of Colon ( : ) Listed below are the functions of colon - Used to introduce a list, or a quotation!! examples: Several topics interest me: music, photography, and painting. (list) She informed her mother of her decision: “I’m going to study abroad.” (quotation) - Used when a second clause elaborates on the first independent clause. examples: Tonight’s program will be interesting: a ballet performance by a Russian dancer, a performance by a famous opera singer, and a solo performance by an acclaimed violinist.  - Used to follow the salutation in a formal letter, to indicate time in hours and minutes, to cite a source when writing a bibliography, or to separate a title and a subtitle. examples: School starts at 7:00 in the morning. (time) On Learning (read p.43-45) Confucius - Master kong - 551 BC-479 BC - Chinese philosopher, teacher, political figure, reformer - Influenced East-Asian civilization Golden rule: “Do not inflict unto others that which yourself would not want Confucianism - Governmental morality - Familial loyalty - Respect of elders - Correctness of social relationship - Justice - Kindness & sincerity Analects (Lunyu) - Collection of the teachings and wise sayings of Confucius compiled many years after his death - Compilation contains his philosophical and political beliefs Aphorism Aphorism first appears in the work of Hippocrates with the same title. An aphorism is similar to a mantra or a saying. It is a statement worded briefly, concisely, and powerfully that it is imprinted on the minds of the reader. Aphorisms usually talk about life and problems, and can be viewed as small pieces of wisdom. The following are examples of aphorisms. - Actions speak louder than words. - A penny saved is a penny earned.  - An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. - Don’t judge a book by its cover. - You made your bed, now you have to lie in it. Paraphrasing To improve your comprehension while reading a text, you need to paraphrase sentences or paragraphs that you find difficult. When paraphrasing, you restate, in your own words, the difficult sentences or passages you encounter. Difficult sentence or Passage: “To learn,” said the Master, “and then to practice opportunely what one has learnt–does not this bring with it a sense of satisfaction?” Paraphrase: Practising what one has learned may bring a sense of satisfaction to a person. Haiku - Very short poem from Japan - No rhyme scheme - Captures a moment in time - Uses imagery and sensorial language - Uses allegories - One poet who has mastered the writing of Haiku is Matsuo Basho (Matsuo Munefesa) - 5-7-5 syllable pattern (3 lines) - Traditionally about nature Allegories Allegories are literary texts that work on two levels: the literal and the symbolic. The literal meaning of allegories is the story itself, and the symbolic meaning of allegories shows that the objects, characters, or places in the story symbolize something else. Take for example the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell. In its literal sense, the book is talking about animals that live on a farm. When read symbolically, the text can be seen as a commentary on communist Russia during the period. The animal characters are the Russian leaders, and the farm in which the animals live is actually Russia. Identifying Imagery in Poems When we read a poem, we see the poem in our minds. We conjure a mental picture of the words in the text. In some poems, the description is so real that we can feel the objects. We hear the sounds. This is imagery. Imagery is the mind picture we see when we read. You may think that a poem is about abstract ideas or feelings–the vaguer the poem, the more emotional it is. In truth, a really good poem uses concrete images to evoke emotions. Using figures of speech, the poet creates images that convey meaning. An old silent pond… A frog jumps into the pond. Splash! Silence again. Can you vividly picture the scene painted by the poem? Can you hear the splash the frog makes as it jumps into the pond? What feeling does the image evoke in you? What are similar experiences that the poem reminded you of? Illustrative Essay When to use Illustration Illustration is best used when your main point can be explained by giving examples. Usually, you use illustration when it will be helpful to enumerate the following: - Advantages and disadvantages (e.g. advantages and disadvantages of outlining ideas, advantages and disadvantages of eating healthy snacks, etc.) - Benefits (e.g. benefits of having a monthly reading list, benefits of reviewing lessons on an everyday basis, etc.) - Reasons behind a particular event (e.g. election results, bullying, etc.) - Details of a story or article that point to a specific idea (e.g. strategy repeatedly used by a writer) Thesis Statement in Illustrative Essay After determining the topic you wanna expound on, u needa select what particular aspect to focus on. For instance: Topic: City Ordinance Thesis Statement: There are many city ordinances concerning the preservation of the environment and natural resources. If you simply think about the topic of city ordinance, you will definitely have many things to include in your essay. The problem is you will eventually find yourself confused on the arrangement and organization of details. Buuut if you have a thesis statement that reminds you to focus on ordinances concerning the environment and natural resources, you will be able to maintain the unity of your write-up. In a nutshell, your thesis statement helps you in two ways: - It serves as the summary of your composition, containing the main idea to focus on - It guides you in choosing the appropriate examples to support your main idea Three Ways to Illustrate a Point 1. You may present brief examples that support your thesis statement without grouping or categorizing them. Example: Painting has always been a part of human life. Before the written word came to be, painting already existed. Historians have found paintings on the walls of caves all over the world–paintings that are over 30,000 years old. Made of red ochre, these paintings depict animals and humans hunting animals. There are paintings like these at the Grotte Chauvet in France, in South Africa, in India, and in China. The fact that places very far away from each other produced similar artifacts support the idea that the need to record events and to express feelings through paintings is universal. 2. You may present your examples but this time you organize them in groups or categories Example: Painting, like any form of art, is rooted in social context. This is why painting techniques, themes, and symbols vary culturally. To describe a painting, therefore, one may need to situate it against the backdrop of context. Painting across the world may be divided by regions. Terms such as Eastern Painting and Western Painting surface, denoting the geographical divide. Eastern painting, for example, consists of paintings from Asia. This category can be further divided into regions such as East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. In turn, these regions can be divided into smaller groups. 3. You may choose one particular example from your list and explain it substantially – this is usually called an extended example. Example: Realist painting reached its peak during the high renaissance. High Renaissance, in contrast with the Early Renaissance, did away with the dreamy style of painting heavenly beings. Figures relating to religion such as angels are drawn with close resemblance to humans. Pioneered by the likes of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael, the High Renaissance painters gave less attention to idealism and more to the physical features of the subjects. Documenting Sources of Examples 1. Personal knowledge about the world as well as actual experience 2. Information gathered from interaction with people (e.g. surveys and interviews) 3. Creative ideas crafted using imagination 4. Research from educational materials and scholarly references