English A Notes PDF

*Summary Writing * ================== Step 1:Read the passage at least 2-3 times in order to understand what the passage is all about.\ Step 2: Identify the main idea (which is what the passage is about)\ E.g. The characteristics of a dog.\ Step 3: Identify all important/major details in the passag...

*Summary Writing * ================== Step 1:Read the passage at least 2-3 times in order to understand what the passage is all about.\ Step 2: Identify the main idea (which is what the passage is about)\ E.g. The characteristics of a dog.\ Step 3: Identify all important/major details in the passage. Details that are relevant to the main idea.\ E.g. Cats are humans best-friend\ Step 4: Avoid/omit irrelevant (unimportant) details\ Examples:\ -Repetition (repeating a word/phrase)\ -Statistics( twenty percent-20%)\ The main idea can be found either in the beginning/middle/end. If it is not there, use the details in the passage to create a main idea. Step 5: Combine the main idea and relevant details into [one] paragraph using [transitional words].\ Step 6: Write in your own words as far as possible.\ \ Techniques for summarization\ 1. Synonyms- e.g going up-elevate 2\. Using construction shift= rewrite/reconstructing sentences in a different way.\ 3. Generalisation- shirt, pants, vest →Clothes *Suffix\ * A Suffix is a letter or a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Examples::\ -Comfort-comfort[able] -Joy-Joy[ful] -Hope-Hope[less] -quick-quic[kly] -develop-develop[ment] *Prefix\ * A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning\ Examples:\ Happy- [un]happy (not) Write-[re]write (again) Like-[dis]like (not/opposite)\ Understand-[mis]understand (wrong)\ Way-[sub]way (under/below) din/im/ir-(not) *Present Perfect Tense* -Is used to talk about actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past and continue to the present. -has/have + past participle\ Examples:\ 1. I *[have finished]* (to finish) my homework. 2\. She *[has chosen]* (to choose) Sarah to be in her group. 3\. They *[have lived]* (to live) in this city for five years. *Past Perfect Tense* -Is used to describe an action that was completed before another action or time in the past. -had + past participle Examples\ 1. I *[had finished]* (to finish) my homework.\ 2. She *[had begun]* (to begin) her assignment since yesterday. 3\. They *[had lived]* (to live) in that house before moving to the city *English A Exam topics:* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -