English Reviewer PDF

:¨ ·.· ¨: Prohibition - A statement that does not allow an action. `·. ꔫ english reviewer Can’t/Cannot...

:¨ ·.· ¨: Prohibition - A statement that does not allow an action. `·. ꔫ english reviewer Can’t/Cannot - Used to say that they do not have !! by zj permission. (Rules are set) - Gives the idea of something that is against the rules. Permission - Usually used when something is - An authorization granted for impossible. something or a formal consent. Mustn’t/Must not Action Verb - Means that is the speaker who is - Words that express action. setting the rule. Linking Verb Obligation - Connect the subject to a noun. - An act or course of action to which Modals a person is morally or legally - An auxiliary. Helping verbs that are bound. A duty or commitment. usually used with another verb Must (base form) to express ideas. - Expresses a strong obligation or - Modal + verb necessity. It often shows us that Can the obligation comes from the - Used to say that someone is speaker or the authority. allowed to do something. Have to Could - Shows that the obligation comes - More formal and polite. Also used from someone else. A general rule to say that someone was allowed or law. to do something in the past. - Modal + infinitive (Verbs that May always come before “to”) - Most formal way to ask for and Should give permission. - Suggests personal obligation - A weaker “must”. Conditionals May Formal - Statements expressing the results Could Past of a particular condition. - Condition -> Can Present situation/circumstances - If a particular condition is true, Might Future then a particular result happens. 4 types of Conditionals - Zero Conditional - First Conditional - Second Conditional - Third Conditional Structure: if clause + main/result clause Zero Conditional (100%)  - Factual Conditional - Used in semiformal situations in - Used to describe general truths which a speaker need to provide - Facts are always true or events background information. that always happen. - Listener participate by giving - If clause + Main clause (simple feedback. present tense) (can change if to - Used in business or in other when or whenever) professional. First Conditional (50% - 90%) Formal - Possible Conditional - Considered as a straightforward - Used in dealing with things that speech. are possibly or likely to happen in - No participation from the listener. the future - Follows a protocol - If clause + Main clause (simple - One way communication future tense) - Avoids slangs - Will - Presented in complete sentences Second Conditional with specific word usage - Used for talking about unreal - Neutral situations in the present or in the DOs DON’Ts future - If clause + Main clause (past Use of Mr./Ms. + Avoid using simple, base form) Surname contradictions - Could, Would Third Conditional Use elegant words Lessen the use if - Regret personal pronouns - Used in imagining a different past with imaginary situations that did Avoid slang not happen. (Past unreal) Frozen - If + past perfect + would have + - Rarely or never changed. past participle - It is the highest form of - Used in dealing with things or communication. change in past scenario yielding to - Used in respectful situations or different results. formal ceremonies. Communicative Style Intimate - Form of language that the speaker - It is personal, private. utilizes which is characterized by - High level of conversation and the level of formality or ‘Two-way’ conversation. informality. (From a German - Used between close family, professor, Martin Joos) intimate relationships. Casual - Sharing of intimate or “deep” - Used between friends, peers, topics among themselves. colleagues or family. - There is “private” vocabulary. - An informal language. - Nicknames, terms of endearment - Involves “inside jokes.” Consultative