EAPP (1st Semester) Academic Writing PDF

EAPP (1ST SEMESTER) Structure is an Important Feature of Academic Writing ACADEMIC TEXT - as well-structured text enables the reader to...

EAPP (1ST SEMESTER) Structure is an Important Feature of Academic Writing ACADEMIC TEXT - as well-structured text enables the reader to follow the argument and navigate the text. Is defined as critical, objective, specialized - there are the two common structures of texts written by experts or professionals in academic text and those are Three Part Essay a given field using formal language. and IMRaD Structure. This means that academic texts are based on facts with solid basis. THE THREE - PART ESSAY STRUCTURE Academic writing, therefore is generally Introduction quite formal, objective (impersonal) and its purposes is to clearly tell the reader the technical. topic, purpose and structure of the paper. It is formal by avoiding casual or conversational language such as Parts contractions or informal vocabulary. The mast general information Core introduction Examples of Academic Texts specific introduction 1. LITERARY ANALYSIS Examines, evaluates and makes an argument Body about a literary work. it develops the question" what is the topic Goes beyond mere summarization. about?" requires careful close reading of multiple texts may elaborate directly or the sentences by and often focuses and often focuses on a giving the definitions, classifications, specific characteristic, theme & motif. explanations, contrasts, examples and evidence. 2. RESEARCH PAPER considered as the heart of the essay. uses outside information to support a thesis or make argument. Conclusion written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, is closely related to the introduction and is analytical or critical in nature. often described as its "mirror image” Involves synthesizing this external information usually begins by briefly summarizing the with your own ideas. main scope or structure of the paper. 3. DISSERTATION IMRAD Structure A dissertation ( or thesis is a document Introduction submitted at the conclusion of a Ph. D. program. usually depicts the background of the topic A book-length summarization of the doctoral and the central focus of the study. candidate's research. Methodology Examples of Non – Academic Texts lets your readers know your data collection, Personal opinions methods, research instrument employed, Digital Media sample size and so on. Magazines News Results and Discussion Non-fiction states the brief summary of the key etc. findings or the result of your study. FACTORS AFFECTING WRITING AS A 3. STUDENTS FORM OF COMMUNICATION fellow peers or those learning about the subject. You're writing should be Shaped by the following factors: informative, with a balance of depth and Audience - Who are you writing for? accessibility. Purpose - Why are you writing? 4. GENERAL PUBLIC Tone- What language do you use to address your audience? readers with little too knowledge about the subject. Here, clarity is paramount and it is Content - What is the message? essential to break down complete ideas. Categories of Audience Types of Academic writing PRIMARY AUDIENCE 1. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING are the main readers of your text, your Purpose: to describe, summarize, or explain teachers/professor, review board, and detailed some thing manner. organization They evaluate, grade, or decide on the Nature of writing: Objective, factual, and acceptability of your work. clear. It often involves outlining characteristics, functions, processes or events. SECONDARY AUDIENCE Example: are potential readers who might come A. Descriptions of a theoretical framework across your work indirectly. B. A detailed account of research process They are scholars from other disciplines or C. An explanation of a phenomenon concept or the general public interested in your topic. D. Descriptions of a historical event Types of Audience 1. EXPERTS 2. ANALYTICAL WRITING these individuals who are specialists in the Purpose: to breakdown information into its field you are writing about. For them, you component parts and examine the relationship can use specific jargon and deeper into the between these parts. It aims to clarify, explain, subject. and interpret the information or data. 2. NON-SPECIALIST ACADEMICS Nature of writing: Detailed and logical, focusing on understanding and interpreting data They may be educated but not the discipline or concepts. you're writing about. Clarity crucial, and jargon (words used in a field) should be Example: minimized or explained. Analysis of literary text 3. EXPOSITORY WRITING judgement about the or effectiveness of the work being critiqued. Purpose: To inform, explain, or clarify a topic systematically. Example Critique, critical reviews, literature reviews, or Nature of writing: Informative structured, and critique of research methodologies. often neutral It prioritizes clarify and comprehensiveness. 7. NARRATIVE WRITING Example: Research papers, encyclopedia entries and how Purpose: to tell story or re count events. to guider. Nature of Writing: Descriptive and chronological. It often includes elements of 4. ARGUMENTATIVE /PERSUASIVE plot, character, and setting, with a clear WRITING beginning, middle and end. Purpose: to persuade the reader of particular of Example a viewpoint or argument. Case studies, historical accounts, or personal Nature of writing: Logical and evidence-bored, narratives. often taking a stance. It involves presenting arguments and counterarguments while Types of Character: supporting them with evidence. Round Character Example Flat Character Persuasive essays, opinion editorials, or argumentative research papers. Types of Setting Temporal 5. REFLECTIVE WRITING Physical Geographical Purpose: to reflect on personal experiences, thoughts, or observations in relation to academic content. 8. COMPARATIVE WRITING Nature of Writing: Subjective and Purpose: to compare and contrast different introspective. It often includes personal ideas, theories or pieces of research. insights and learning experiences connecting Nature of Writing: Analytical and discussing them to broader concepts. similarities balanced. It involves and Example differences to highlight key aspects. Reflective essays Example Comparative essays, comparative literature 6. CRITICAL WRITING reviews or analysis of different theoretical approaches. Purpose: to evaluate and critique ideas, research or theories. Nature of writing: Requires the writer to assess the strengths and weaknesses of an arguments theory or research. It often Tone in Writing Colloquial - Used in ordinary or familiar conversation; everyday language refers to the writer's attitude toward the e.g. kind of (kinda), sort of, a lot of subject matter and the audience. It is conveyed through word choice, sentence Slang - Language peculiar to a particular group; structure and overall style. used between people who belong to the same Tone of Academic Writing. social group and who know each other well. e.g. woke, cool AF, moots, ghosting, salty, snack, has a distinct tone. It is simple but formal. The spill the tea, sheesh, G.O.A.T. (Filipino slang: use of Subjective language is avoided. The omsim, petmalu, charot, lodi) vocabulary is precise and spelled correctly. Abbreviations are usually avoided. Punctuation Trite expressions and grammar rules are strictly followed to These are words lacking in freshness or ensure the words and statements convey their effectiveness because of constant use or intended meanings. Additionally, using personal excessive repetition; worn-out expressions nouns, informal tone, biased language, opinions, e.g. At the end of the day, In this day and age, generalizations, verbosity, vague statements, it’s a small world, better late than never, by specialized terminology, and difficult hook or by crook, busy as a bee vocabulary is not advisable. Academic statements writing plagiarism-free. Quality is Idiomatic expression academic writing reflects academic integrity. These are expressions that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached. e.g. beat around the bush, costs an arm and a FEATURES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS leg, on the nose, pet peeve Rule 2: Avoid Contractions Academic texts are: Instead of using a contraction, you should write formal out the words in their entirety. factual Example: can’t – cannot should’ve – should have objective explicit Rule 3: Use Acronyms and Abbreviations properly - the abbreviated term should appear at least FORMALITY three times in the paper. If you use a term rarely it might be better to spell it out. Formality reflects your dignified stance in your writing as a member of the academic community. - When you introduce the acronym, you should This means that since your audience are fellow always write out the whole name or phrase member of the academic community, the followed by the acronym in parentheses. Once language you use requires precision to make it a you have introduced it, you may use the acronym legitimate piece of academic writing. in the rest of your text. Example: Calbayog City National High School (CCNHS) has expressed concern over rising How can we achieve formality in writing? cases of teenage pregnancy. Rule 1: Avoid Informal Words Avoid the following: Rule 4: Choosing one-verb form over two-verb OBJECTIVITY form (phrasal verb) Involves more than simply omitting personal Example: Oil price has gone up. (Use “has pronouns. increased” instead) It is the practice of presenting information, arguments, and conclusions in a neutral, unbiased, and impartial manner. It involves Two-word verbs/phrasal Verbs that can be focusing on facts and evidence rather than used in Academic Writing personal opinions, emotions, or subjective interpretations. EXAMPLE REVISED I surveyed 50 The researcher surveyed 50 students who all students, all of whom said they use reported using social media. social media. (active voice) Fifty students were surveyed, all of whom reported using social media. (passive voice) NOTE: Active voice – the subject is the doer of the action Passive voice – the subject is the receiver of the action How can we achieve objectivity and eliminate Rule 5: Use formal words bias in academic writing? RULE #1: Include Evidence-based Information Support arguments with credible evidence from reputable, peer reviewed, or authoritative sources. RULE #2: Avoid Personal Bias Ensure that your writing reflects an objective and a balanced perspective based on factual evidence rather than personal opinions, subject, comparing and contrasting them to emotions, or preferences. show a comprehensive understanding. Avoiding personal bias involves: RULE #3: Avoiding Generalizations 1. avoiding emotive language Generalizations occur when broad statements are made based on limited or insufficient Emotive language appeals to the emotions or evidence. values of your reader. Emotive language tends to use superlatives and/or Example Revised: exaggeration in an attempt to incite an All students A study of 200 high school emotional reaction. While this type of struggle students revealed that 65% language can be persuasive, it does not with time reported difficulties with time consider the literature on its own merits, management management, while the which is the primary purpose of academic remaining 35% indicated they had effective strategies for writing. managing their time (Reeves, Example #1 Revised: 2023). Physics is a subject Physics may pose a that is too difficult for significant challenge for SHS students. students in Senior High RULE #4: Acknowledge Limitations School. Acknowledging limitations demonstrates the writer’s awareness of the constraints of their 2. maintaining neutral language/tone research or argument. It helps readers understand the scope and applicability of the 3. presenting multiple perspectives findings and avoids presenting conclusions as Presenting multiple perspectives in universally applicable when they are not. academic writing involves a careful and balanced approach to ensure that different viewpoints are fairly represented. RULE #5: Avoid Rhetorical Questions Where can “multiple perspectives” be What is a Rhetorical Question? incorporated into your essay? A rhetorical question is a question asked for 1. Contextual/background information effect or to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. It is often used to engage the audience or emphasize a particular idea. In academic writing, rhetorical questions are generally avoided because they can be perceived as informal or conversational. Instead, arguments should be presented directly and clearly. Why do we avoid Rhetorical Questions? Lack of objectivity - Rhetorical questions can introduce an element of subjectivity into Where can “multiple perspectives” be academic writing. They often reflect the incorporated into our essay? author's own perspective or bias, which may not be appropriate in research-based or scholarly 2. Literature Review - Present different writing where objectivity is prized. scholarly views or research findings on the