Cagayan Epic: Biuag and Malana PDF

ENGLISH REVIEWER (3^RD^ periodical) Cagayan Epic: Biuag and Malana A story of two heroes from CAGAYAN Biuag from Enrile, the southern most part of Cagayan, and Malana a man from Malaueg and this is their story. Biuag was from Enrile, the southern most part of Cagayan. When he was born, his moth...

ENGLISH REVIEWER (3^RD^ periodical) Cagayan Epic: Biuag and Malana A story of two heroes from CAGAYAN Biuag from Enrile, the southern most part of Cagayan, and Malana a man from Malaueg and this is their story. Biuag was from Enrile, the southern most part of Cagayan. When he was born, his mother was visited by an exceptionally beautiful woman who silently admired the baby. When it dawned on the child\'s mother that her visitor was a goddess, she knelt and implored her child with long life. The goddess made no reply. Instead, she placed three small stones around the neck of the baby where one stone protected him from any bodily harm. When he was big enough to swim across the wide river, the crocodiles created a path for him. The other two stones gave him supernatural powers and prowess. He could go faster than the wind. He could throw easily a carabao across the hills when he was only at the age of twelve. He could uproot a big beetle nut as if it were a wood. On account of this display of extraordinary strength, people from far and wide places came to see him. Despite all these powers, Biuag seemed troubled and unhappy. In the town of Tuao, he fell in love with a young lady with unsurpassed beauty. No one could tell where this lady came from nor could anyone say who this lady was. Biuag wanted to find her. His waking hours were thoughts of her. There was another young man from Malaueg, called Malana who was gifted with powers similar to that of Biuag. When Malana was eighteen, a devastating typhoon destroyed all the crops of Malaueg. The people were in grip of appalling famine. Their only hope of starving off came from a very distant place, Sto. Niño. It was very difficult and dangerous to journey the place, because the river to cross was wide and full of crocodiles. Malana understood the hazards of the journey but finally volunteered to take the journey. He loaded cavans of palay to seven bamboo rafts. The people eagerly waited Malana\'s return. Prayers were offered for his safety. When they saw him back, everyone was overjoyed. He distributed the rice to the people and went home. Upon reaching his home, he found a bow and arrow on the bench. He presumed these were made for him by his father who knew how fond he was of them. Fitting the arrows, he found two tiny stones just like those around Biuag\'s neck. Meanwhile, Biuag was unmindful of the people\'s open admiration for Malana. The lovely lady occupied his thoughts. One day, he paid her a visit and found out that Malana was also there. Biuag became furious. He told the lady he will prove to her that Malana was unworthy of her love. He grabbed his famous spear and hurried to the window towards Malana. Malana recognized Biuag\'s spear and read it as a challenge. He hurled it back with the message that his powers were not meant for such feats. Biuag laughed decisively and interpreted Malana\'s message in a different manner. He said to the lady: \"Your suitor is very strong but he is a coward.\" One afternoon, Biuag was taking lift of the young woman when he heard sounds of a thousand bamboo tubes. He saw approaching from a distance great number of people from Malaueg. Leading the group was Malana - tall, broad-shouldered, and handsome, Biuag quivered at the sight of Malana. The latter spoke first: \"Now I know why you challenged me. You covet the woman I love.\" The gods forbid anyone from taking anything that belongs to the other, but I am ready to give you a chance. If the lady would allow us, we shall fight for her hand. The day of the duel was controversial. The news spread fast and by mid-afternoon, the two mountains and the outlaying hills were blanketed with men, women and children who had come to witness their heroes fight each other. Biuag arrived accompanied by the people of Enrile. He climbed the mountain on the eastern part of the river, carrying a big coconut tree and a sharp spear. Upon reaching the peak, he heard the natives cheering Malana. He felt like barking a command to his followers to kill Malana\'s people. Malana went up the opposite mountain. From their position, they saw some rafts being pulled up. As these drew near, Biuag and Malana saw the beautiful lady on one of the rafts. Sadness was clearly etched on her face but this only heightened her ethereal beauty. When she was near, Biuag shouted at Malana, \"the woman we both cherish is before us. If you are as brave as you claim to be then, receive this gift of mine from Enrile.\" Without thinking, he hurled the coconut tree at Malana. Everyone held his breath. The river stood still. The coconut tree flew like an arrow into the air. Malana caught it and unlike Biuag, he hurled it at the direction of Yeluru. Today, thick coconut grooves abound in that place. Biuag became more insane. He plucked the spear from the ground where he thrust it. He aimed it at Malana\'s heart. The people were troubled. They knew too well the accurate deadliness of this terrible spear. Malana\'s chest was hit but his heart was not pierced. Instead the spear broke into two when it reached the bottom of the river. Malana shouted: \"There you are, Biuag, with no weapons whatsoever. It is now my turn!\" Before Malana would finish uttering the warning, Biuag leaped into the river. Gigantic waves dashed against the rocks and shook the mountain where Malana stood. Biuag emerged with the biggest crocodile under his arm. The crocodile opened wide its jaws. Malana accepted the challenges as he leaped from the mountain. The hundreds of people watching the fight suddenly fell on their knees. They saw a dazzling light that sparkled. She rose into the air and checked Malana\'s fall upon meeting him in mid-air. The woman looked down at Biuag and said: \"You have shown yourself a coward by getting the help of a crocodile. I am the daughter of the goddess who gave you your supernatural powers. You do not deserve the gift.\" With the magic wand, the beautiful woman gave her blessings to the people below and then flew with Malana in the kingdom of the air and the clouds where she reigned. BIAG NI LAM-ANG "Biag ni Lam-ang" (Life of Lam-ang) is a pre-historic Ilokano epic the source of which is look in the dim tradition of the past. The epic was very long, written versions of it available today seem to show that it was close to 300 stanzas. It is believed to be the work of several poets of different generations, each poet making his own alterations or additions until the 17th century when Pedro Bukaneg, father of Ilocano poetry put it down in writing for the first time (about 1720) in both Ilokano and Spanish versions were later written by Canuto and Medina Ruiz, the Parayno Hermanos, Isabelo de los Reyes, and Leopoldo Yabes. However, the Bukaneg version seems to be the basis of all other versions. Bukaneg had retouched the story and put in some Christian material. The following is just the basic form of the epic: In Nalbuan (La Union) lived Namongan and her husband Don Juan Panganiban. At the time Namongan was getting ready to deliver her first born, Don Juan had to go to the mountains to punish an Igorot band. While the husband was away, Namongan gave birth to a baby boy. The boy was very strange because he could talk from the moment he was born and even he told his mother that he should be named Lam-ang. He also chose his own baptismal sponsor. And he asked his mother where his father was. When Lam-ang was nine months old and his father had not yet returned, the boy resolved to go after his father. While traveling, he dreamed one night of Igorots celebrating the death of his father. He woke up in anger, believing his dreams to be true. He travelled faster after this and soon reached the place in which he found many Igorots still celebrating around the severed head of his father. He slew them all, except one whom he tortured first before releasing. Upon returning to Nalbuan, several women friends gave him a bath in the Amburayan river. So much was the dirt and so evil was the smell taken off his body that the fish in the river all died. Later, Lam-ang fell in love with a girl named Ines Kannoyan, daughter of the richest man in Kalanutian. Although his mother tried to dissuade him, he nevertheless took a white rooster and a dog with him as he went forth to court Ines. On the way to Kalanutian, he met another suitor of Ines. This rival's name was Sumarang. Upon knowing that they were rivals, they quarreled violently, and Lam-ang slew Sumarang. Upon arriving at the house of Ines Kannoyan, Lam-ang found a crowd of rivals vying for the hand of the lady. So Lam-ang made his white rooster crow mightily to impress everyone, and immediately a house in the neighborhood collapsed. The people shouted in surprise and fear. Hearing the noise of the shouts, Ines Kannoyan looked out her window. This was what Lam-ang expected. And to impress her, he made his dog growl. And the house that collapsed before went up again as if nothing had happened. Duly impressed, Ines Kannoyan and her parents came down and learned from the rooster of the intentions of Lam-ang. The parents said they would bestow the hand of Ines upon Lam-ang if the suitor could equal their wealth consisting of lands and gold. Lam-ang went home and prepared for his wedding. When he returned to Kalanutian, he and his companions were aboard and vessel of gold which more than matched the wealth of his future parents-in-law. So he married Ines and there was great celebration. After some time, the headman of the town reminded Lam-ang that his turn to catch raring (a kind of fish) had come. Lam-ang told Ines that he had a premonition that he would be bitten by a big fish called berkakan (probably of the shark family) while fishing. And it was as he said. He was killed. But the white rooster told Ines that if the bones of Lam-ang could be recovered and gathered together, he might be revived. So, with the help of a diver named Marcos, the bones of Lam-ang were collected; and with the loving ministrations of the rooster, the dog, and Ines Kannoyan, Lam-ang lived again. Philippine: Pearl of the Orient Seas PHILIPPINE LITERATURE - Before **1940** in general is divided into three (3) periods A. THE [LEGENDARY] AND EPIC AGE (PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD) - Produced oral literature handed down from our elders - Very little literature remains - ***This period consisted of:*** 1. Magical incantations 2. Myths 3. Legends 4. Folktales - ***Our early ancestors believed in worshipping nature like:*** 1. Sun and moon worship 2. Tree worship - ***Also believed in:*** 1. Good spirits 2. Environmental spirits - Mountain groups and some of our barrio folk still believe in these spirits. - **Myths & legends explain the origin of:** 1. The universe 2. Human races 3. First men and woman 4. Land regions A II. THE LEGENDARY AND [EPIC AGE] (PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD) - Produced a wealth of literature - Scholars estimate we have no fewer than **24** epics. - ***The epics are:*** 1. Distributed across different regions of the archipelago 2. Written in the different Filipino languages 3. Own literature that reflects our race - Shows our customs and traditions in everyday life. - Our alphabet is known as **Baybayin/Alibata** w/ **17** letters - Records were written on leaves and *bamboo cylinders, bark of trees and caves.* - Consists of *legends, folk tales, epics, folk songs, riddles, chants, proverbs and sayings.* 1\. Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) - From *Ilocos* and is a pre-Hispanic epic poem of the Ilocano people of the Philippines. - The story was handed down ORALLY for generations before it was written down around **1640** by a *blind Ilokano bard* **Pedro Bucaneg.** - Lam-ang is the hero of Biag ni Lam-ang, a popular Philippine folk epic from the Ilocano. - Quest to avenge his father's death, romance with Ines, and miraculous adventures 2\. Hudhud and Alim - From the *Ifugaos* - Hudhud of the Ifugao is chanted only on four (4) occasions: 1. Harvesting of rice 2. Weeding of rice 3. Funeral wakes 4. Bone-washing rituals ( **Bogwa** -- is a practice of *exhuming the bones of the dead*, cleaning them after a year or more depending on necessity, and returning them to the grave or lubak. ) 3\. Maragtas - From *Panay* - Maragtas is a work of **Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro** "History of Panay". - From the first inhabitants and the Bornean immigrants, from which they descended, to the arrival of the Spaniards. - Mixed Hiligaynon and Kinawayan languages in Iloilo in **1907.** - ***First Inhabitants:*** 1. Aeta/Negritos = dark complexion, flat-nosed, curly hair, short 2. Indones = introduced farming 3. Bornean from Malay 4\. Bantugan  - From *Maranaw* - One of the heroes in our local literature is **Bantugën** (sometimes pronounced and written as Bantugan) from the epic called Darangën. - He is the celebrated warrior of the **Mëranaw** (sometimes spelled as Maranao) people which is an ethnolinguistic group in the Lanao province in Mindanao. - Their names mean **"people of the lake" ** - **Lake Lanao** is found in the central part of ***Lanao del Sur.*** 5\. Bidasari (adapted by the Muslims of Sulu) - A play written by **Marlon Miguel.** - The final installment of a trilogy of Filipino language stage plays produced and written for ***Magwayen.*** - Based on the original epic of the same name. - Revolves around the life of Bidasari. - **Bidasari** is the most beautiful lady in the kingdom of Indarapatra and her lover **Prince Jamil.** 6\. Indarapatra and Sulayman (Maranaw) - **Radia Indarapatra:** ancestor of Bantugan, a renowned epic hero from the Maranao epic Darangen, based on Ramayana. - **Rajah Indarapatra:** mythological hero of Maguindanao. - **Sulayman:** his brother based on a myth recounted by **Najeeb M. Saleeby** in his book "The Moros". B. THE SPANISH OCCUPATION - Spaniards introduced Christianity to the Philippines. - Much literature produced during this period was religious in nature - **Alibata** -- replaced by the *Roman alphabet.* - **Teachings of the Christian Doctrine** -- became the basis of religious practices. - **Spanish language** -- gave many of its words to our language. - **European legends and traditions** -- assimilated in our *songs, corridos, and Moro-moros.* - Ancient literature was collected and translated to English. FIRST/EARLY BOOKS 1\. Doctrina Christiana  - First book printed in the Philippines in **1593**  - Written by **Fr. Juan de Placencia** and **Fr. Domingo Nieva.** 2\. Barlaan at Josaphat  - First Tagalog novel published in the Philippines - Their life story was based on the life of Gautama Buddha and tells of the conversion of Josaphat to Christianity. **STORY'S RUN** - An Indian king persecuted the Christian Church in his realm. - After astrlogers predicted that his own son would some day become a Christian, the king imprisoned the young prince Josaphat who nonetheless met the hermit Saint Barlaam and converted to Christianity. - After much tribulation, the young prince's father accepted the Christia faith and turned over his throne to Josaphat and retired to the desert to become a hermit. - Josaphat himself later abdicated and went into seclusion with his old teacher Barlaam. 3\. Pasion/Pasyon - Story of the life of Christ beginning with the Annunciation and ending with Crucifixion. 4\. Urbana and Felisa - Book by **Modesto de Castro** *(Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog)* - letters between two sisters dealing with good behavior. 5\. Vocabulari Dela Lengua Tagala - First tagalog dictionary by **Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura.** RECREATIONAL PLAYS 1\. Tibag - Search of **St. Helena** for the cross on which Jesus died. 2\. Cenaculo - Dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ. 3\. Panunuluyan - Presentation of the search of **Virgin Mary** and **St. Joseph** for an inn to deliver baby Jesus. 4\. Salubong - Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the rise of Jesus Christ and his mother. 5\. Zarzuela - Dramatical comedy/melodrama with mom's passion. 6\. Moro-moro - Popular drama fight between *Christians and the Moros* (the Mohammedan Moors), with Christianity triumphing at the end. 7\. Duplo/Karagatan - Played during wakes for the dead. - Princess who dropped her ring in the middle of the sea. 8\. Balagtasan - Debate in *poetic verse * - Created during the American Colonization of the Philippines. - 9\. Awit - Metrical romance that is sung or said in fast beat - Subject is mostly about legends and fantasy 10\. Corrido - Metrical romance that tackles in narrative form the life and adventures of persons B II. THE SPANISH OCCUPATION - The Filipino poets patterned some of their works after the corrido. - The most notable of wich is **Florante at Laura** by **Francisco Baltazar (Balagtaas)**, now considered a classic Filipino literature. **Enlightment Era/Nationalism** \- Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church. **Propaganda Movement** - Leaders **Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena** created a significant reformist movement that took place during the late **19th century** in the Philippines. - Driven by a desire for political, social, and cultural reforms under Spanish colonial rule.  - Its main objective was to gain equal treatment for Filipinos and to advocate for reforms within the Spanish colonial government.  A. Jose Rizal - *Laong Laan & Dimasalang* - **Noli Me Tangere** (Touch Me Not) and its sequel, **El Filibusterismo** (The Subversive or The Reign of Greed). - The two novels were banned because they aimed to reveal the abuses of the church and the state in the Philippines during the Spanish occupation. B. Marcelo H. del Pilar - *Plaridel, pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat* - **Dasalan at Tuksuhan** -- is a satirical composition in the form of a prayer booklet/pamphlet. - Written by **Marcelo H. del Pilar in 1888.** - The composition is a criticism of the abuse done by the friars to the Filipinos. - Features several parodies of prayers that pertain to the abuse, greed, and misconduct of friars. - The composition revolves around the friars malpractices and the idea that they replaced God, wherein Filipinos back then had to abide by their rules. - ***Consists of parodies of the:*** 1. Sign of the Cross 2. The Act of Contrition 3. The Lord's Prayer 4. The Hail Mary 5. Catechism C. Graciano Lopez Jaena - **First magazine** - La Solidaridad. - **Ang Fray Botod** -- short story that depicts a gluttonous, greedy, and lustful friar. - Jaena wrote the piece when he was **18** years old and living in **Iloilo.** - Copies of Botod circulated like wildfire in the Visayas, infuriating the religious orders at the same time. - Although it was never published, it circulated pretty well, thanks to Botod's gossipy tone and scandalous content. Propaganda Techniques Propaganda \- a piece of writing that tried to persuade you to think or feel a certain way \- one of the most widespread forms of propaganda is *advertising* **advertising** \- calls the attention of the public to a product or business, especially to promote sales \- the youth are the most common target of advertising 1\. Bandwagon - Persuades people to do something by telling them that others are doing it as well - "Everyone's doing it, why aren't you?" pressures you into wearing a certain style of clothing because it is the "in" thing by capitalizing on your desire to belong to the group - You are led to "join the others" without questioning the wisdom of the idea 2\. Testimonial - Uses a famous person to recommend a product or idea - You are not expected to look into the qualities of the person or things in the advertisement, instead you are expected to buy the product or adapt the idea because of the prestige of the celebrity endorsing it 3\. Transfer - Relates a person, idea, or thing to others that have proved to be good or beneficial - You are persuaded to smoke cigarettes because the cowboy shown smoking in the commercial is rugged and macho and therefore you could be like him if you smoke is propaganda by transfer 4\. Emotional words - Uses words that will make the reader feel strongly about someone or something. It usually appeals to sympathy or the use of guilty feelings to persuade - An ad that convinces a woman or a mother to buy a certain toy for her child would play on her at being away from home and convinces her that the toy will let the child know that his mother is good and that she loves him 5\. Card stacking - Manipulating or withholding relevant information about a product, person, or idea - You can spot this technique in commercials using surveys, "lab tests, and so-called statistic to prove that their product is better than others - An ad might claim that surveys show that most people prefer this toothpaste brand but it does not reveal that only ten people took part in the survey Root words, Suffixes and Prefixes Prefixes with only one meaning: 1\. ben- good 2\. circum- around 3\. equi- equal 4\. extra- outside 5\. non- not 6\. intra- within 7\. intro- into Prefixes with more than one meaning: 1\. dis- opposite, away from 2\. im, in, it, il - not, into 3\. mal, mis - bad, wrong 4\. pre - instead of, before, in favor of 5\. re- back, again 6\. sub- under, below 7\. un- opposite of, not Using Suffixes Suffixes, when added to root words, can form nouns, adjectives, verbs, or ad- verbs. a\. Here are some noun-forming suffixes - expressing condition or state of being - -ment, -ion, -ness, -ism, -ity, ship, -dom, -ese - Examples: commitment, confusion, kindness, Taoism, peculiarity, friend- ship, boredom, Chinese - indicating the doer or one who engages in a certain activity - -or, -er, -ee, -ant, -ess, -ist, -ian - Examples: actor, reader, enrollee, communicant, waitress, guitarist, guard- ian - stating a place or location - -ary, rium - Examples: infirmary, aquarium b\. The following are some adjective-forming suffixes: - -al, -ful, -ic, -cous, -ous, -less, -ly, -ish, y, -ate - Examples: national, forceful, romantic, courteous, odorous, ruthless, lovely, childish, lengthy, compassionate c\. The commonly used verb-forming suffixes are: - -ize, -ate - Examples: legalize, communicate d\. The most common adverb-forming suffix is -ly, which forms adverbs of manner (adverbs saying how an action was done). - Examples: graciously, barely, frequently Synonyms - Same meaning Antonyms - Opposite meaning Homonyms - two or more words w/ the same spelling or pronunciation but w/ different meanings. - bat-animal bat-tool for baseball. - 2 types: Homophone and Homographs Homophone \- are words that are pronounced the same but spelled differently \- nose-body part knows -- Homographs \- are words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently