Bias and Prejudice PDF

What is partiality? Partiality refers to a bias, favoritism, or preference for one person, group, idea, or thing over another, often in an unfair or unjust way. It involves making decisions or judgements based on personal opinions, emotions, or relationships rather than objective reasoning or fairn...

What is partiality? Partiality refers to a bias, favoritism, or preference for one person, group, idea, or thing over another, often in an unfair or unjust way. It involves making decisions or judgements based on personal opinions, emotions, or relationships rather than objective reasoning or fairness examples : A teacher giving higher grades to a student they personally like, even if their work is not up to standard. A coach selects a player for a team not based on skill but because the player is a relative or friend. What is impartiality? Impartiality refers to the principle of being fair, unbiased, and neutral, especially when making decisions or judgments. It involves treating all parties, perspectives, or situations equally, without favoritism, prejudice, or personal interests influencing the outcome. examples : A teacher grading students\' work based solely on the quality of their submissions, not on personal relationships or favoritism. A judge making decisions in a courtroom based on the law and evidence presented, without being influenced by external pressures. Bias - is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing usually in a way that is closed-minded, pre-judicial or unfair. It is a judgement based on a personal point of view. If you\'re biased toward something, then you lean favorable toward it: you tend to think positively of it. Meanwhile, if you\'re biased against something, then you lean negatively against it: you tend to think poorly of it. Bias Unbiased Subjective Objective Unfair representation of ideas Fair representation of ideas Focuses on one side Focuses on both sides TYPES OF BIAS Anchoring Bias This happens when people are too reliant on the current information or initial information they find in decision making. Regardless of the accuracy of that information, people use it as a reference point, or anchor to make subsequent judgement. Ex. If you first see a shirt that costs Php 1000.00, then a second one worth Php 200.00. Then you\'re prone to see the second shirt as cheap. Media Bias - refers to the inherently subjective processes involved in the selection and curation of information presented within media. It can lead to incorrect, inaccurate, misleading, misinterpreted, or otherwise skewed reporting. Specifically, this happens when the journalist and news producers in the mass media select what to report and cover. Ex. A TV program which reports only the political group they support. Confirmation Bias is the tendency to seek out and prefer information that supports our pre-existing beliefs. AS a result, we tend to ignore any information that contradicts those beliefs. It is often unintentional but can still lead to poor decision-making. Ex. During presidential elections, people tend to seek information that paints the candidate they support in a positive light while dismissing any information that paints them in a negative light. Conformity Bias - refers to our tendency to take cues for proper behavior in most contexts from the actions of others rather than exercise our own independent judgement. Conformity bias may occur when we face peer pressure or are trying to fit into a particular professional or social environment. An example of conformity bias would be a member of the interview panel or hiring team deciding to go with a particular candidate because the rest of the panel/team expressed a favorable opinion about the said candidate. Halo Effect- is when one trait of a person or thing is used to make an overall judgement of that person or thing. We used our first impression to draw a \"bigger picture\" conclusion. This is often related to Physical Attractiveness Stereotypes in which attractive people are perceived to be smarter, funnier, and more likable than less attractive people. For example, a sharply dressed coworker might be judged to be more competent than a co-worker wearing a t-shirt, or we may assume someone to be an excellent employee or hard worker because he/she graduated from a well known University. Prejudice is often based on little more than an irrational dislike of something and is often accompanied by ignorance, fear and hatred. This feeling may be translated into action by discriminating against the person or member of the target group.It is not based on experience; instead, it is a prejudgment. When you act based on prejudice, you make up your mind about something and make generalizations before fully knowing it. Types of Prejudice Racism - is a form of prejudice that assumes that the members of racial categories have distinctive characteristics and that these differences result in some racial groups being inferior to others. Racism generally includes negative emotional reactions to members of the group, acceptance of negative stereotypes, and racial discrimination against individuals; in some cases it leads to violence. Sexism- linked to beliefs around the fundamental nature of women and men and the roles they should play in society. Is also related to stereotypes since discriminatory actions or attitudes are frequently based on false beliefs generalizations about gender. Ageism- is a type of discrimination that involves prejudice against people based on their age. Religious-Based Prejudice judging someone unfairly based on their religion or beliefs. Classism - is defined as discrimination against someone who belongs to a particular social class. This prejudice can be based on the perception of someone\'s wealth, education, appearance, accent or job, and is usually underpinned by social stereotypes about particular social classes. Listening - is a voluntary process that requires one to have the motivation and put in the effort to understand the sounds Hence during listening.one concentrates on the sounds with the intention of understanding what the speaker is saying. Active listening is paying attention to the speaker, showing keenness in the speaker and speech by his expression and by asking questions about the speech if required. It can consist of both \"verbal\" and \"non-verbal \" clues. Verbal clues vary from repeating or summarizing parts of what is being said to asking appropriate follow-up.Whereas non-verbal clues include nodding, eye contact etc. ex : Student asking questions regarding a topic to the teacher. Hearing - is an involuntary process that does not require conscious effort. Since it is among the five senses. it occurs at all times. When sounds are produced near a person sound waves are collected by the ear. They then pass through the ear cavity and fall onto the cardrum, inducing vibrations. Passive listening is listening to various forms of communication in an unconscious manner. It is not much different from \"hearing\". Passive listeners do not learn anything as quickly as active listeners because they tune out the meaning of the words being spoken and allow themselves to think of other things while listening to the speaker. Different Types of Listening Appreciative Listening A type of listening where the listener is tully engaged with the speaker\'s words and enjoys what they are saying For entertainment For enjoyment Listening to music Empathetic Listening A way of listening to someone with the goal of understanding their feelings and perspective Still of understanding what someone is saying and without judgement Acknowledging feelings Being non-judgemental Showing emotions Comprehensive & Active Listening Making an effort to hear and understand someone Requires listening logically ama emotionally Asking questions for clarifications Act of listening attentively and responding without interpretation listening Listening to a lesson Critical & Analytical Listening Includes agreeing and/or disagreeing with the information Involves evaluating the content of a message and the reliability of the speaker Understanding the words and ideas of the speaker Involves interpreting the actual meaning of the sound Types of Viewing Pre-Viewing We prepare to view by activating our schema Anticipate the message Make prediction Set purpose for viewing Ask questions During Viewing Make connections Check understanding Interpreting & summarize Pausing & reviewing Analyzing & evaluating After viewing We are given opportunities to respond to a visual material in an accurate, cultural, and creative way. HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE RELEVANCE AND TRUTHFULNESS OF IDEAS FROM A TEXT? It is assumed here that the reliability of a source of information involves two dimensions: its relevance and its truthfulness. A source is said to be relevant if it provides useful information regarding a given question of interest. If the source is a human agent, irrelevance means that the provided information does not pertain to the question it answers, for instance because the agent is actually ignorant. If the source is a sensor, the sensor response is typically irrelevant when it is out of order. For instance, it is useless to try and find the time it is from a clock that is not working since there is no way to know whether the supplied information is correct or not (the hour read on a broken watch can even be correct). In contrast, a source is said to be truthful if it actually supplies the information it possesses. There are various forms of lack of truthfulness. A source may declare the contrary of what it knows, or just say less, or something different, even if consistent with its knowledge. Lack of truthfulness for a sensor may take the form of a systematic bias. Note that if the agent receiving information does not know in which way the source lies, the difference between irrelevance and lack of truthfulness of a source becomes itself less significant from the standpoint of this agent WHAT MAKES A TEXT RELEVANT? Text relevance refers to the match between a reader\'s goal and information useful to that goal. Information that closely matches a reader\'s goal is more relevant, whereas information that does not match the goal is less relevant, regardless of its importance. Relevance differs from importance in that readers assign relevance to information, whereas importance is author defined and is cued by various characteristics internal to the text relevance is the perception that something is interesting and worth knowing Tips on How to Spot Credible Materials The information it presents can be found in other reliable sources. The author or the source of information is known to have expertise on the subject. The sources used for documentation are generally reliable. The presentation is free from any logical fallacies or errors. Annotations are in context