English 2nd Term Exam PDF

English 2nd Term Political Campaigns Persuades voters to support their Topic 1: ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH policies and candidacy. Word of the Day: Refuta...

English 2nd Term Political Campaigns Persuades voters to support their Topic 1: ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH policies and candidacy. Word of the Day: Refutation Aims to garner public support In the context of debate, and win the elections. refutation is the Legal Proceedings disproving/countering an Used in courtrooms to advocate opposing argument, typically for their clients. done by presenting Aims to persuade the judge or evidence/reasoning that jury to rule in their favor. contradicts it. Other Uses: Public Policy Advocacy, Importance: helps strengthen the Business Presentations, Social and speaker’s own argument by Community Issues addressing weaknesses in the Components of Argumentative Speech opposition’s case. Claim - the whole reason for “arguing” in the first place; the Argumentative Speech CENTRAL argument. (4 types: the speaker takes a position on a Fact, Policy, Value, Definition) controversial issue and presents Evidence arguments to persuade the Reasoning audience to adopt a similar Counterarguments viewpoint. Rebuttals Format/Structure Topic 2: TYPES OF CLAIM 1. Introduction What is Claim? 2. Body your opinion or stand on an issue 3. Conclusion It must be debatable. Uses of Argumentative Speech Claims have differing reactions Debate on it (positive or negative). To showcase the stand. In Argumentative Text… Persuade/convince about a Claim is the last sentence certain point. of the introduction. Presents a stance on a given It is the position of the topic. writer or speaker in relation Convince the audience through to the topic. arguments (evidence & logical reasoning).  The claim is either an Types of Claim: agreement or 1. Claim of Fact disagreement to the issue. 2. Claim of Value 3. Claim of Policy Note, in some references, the claim Claim of Fact (also known as a 'thesis statement' or makes an assertion about 'argument') appears in the first something that can be sentence. Whether placed at the proved/disproved with factual beginning or end of a paragraph, the evidence. However, keep in mind position of the claim has a significant that they have to be debatable, impact on the reader. and offer an assertion about an When a claim is presented in the issue. So a claim of fact for a first sentence, it serves as a clear logical argument cannot simply guide for the reader, setting the consist of a statistic or proven expectation for what the fact. It needs, instead, to focus paragraph will discuss. It acts as a on an assertion which uses facts topic sentence, immediately to back it up, but for which the informing the reader of the main evidence might still be idea, allowing them to follow the debatable. subsequent evidence and Example: Decreasing arguments with the claim in mind. carbon dioxide emissions When the claim appears in the from car exhaust, last sentence, the paragraph manufacturing processes, typically builds up to it by first fertilizers, and landfills, presenting evidence, examples, while slowing or a narrative. This can create a deforestation, may help sense of anticipation or a logical slow the process of global sequence that culminates in the warming. claim. The claim then acts as a Claim of Value conclusion or inference drawn argues that something is good or from the preceding information. bad, or that one thing is better In writing the claim, the choice between than another thing. these two structures depends on the Example: It’s better to writer’s goals and the desired impact on apply good nutritional the reader. choices at home than  teach them at school, Greek Bible because good nutrition Literature (Genesis) then becomes ingrained in (Mythology the child’s experience. ) Example: Although Nature Chaotic, Orderly by immunotherapy has of emerged divine produced some good Creation from command results in fighting cancer, primordial overall it is less effective elements than chemotherapy. Role of Many One God, the gods, sovereign Claim of Policy Divine conflict-dri and argues that certain conditions ven transcended should exist or something should Origin of Created Created or should not be done, in order to Humans by gods for purposefully solve a problem. service or in God’s Example: Just as smoking whims image ads have been banned in Philosop Struggle, Purpose, order to decrease the hical hierarchy, order, moral urge to engage in an Themes unpredicta goodness unhealthy behavior, soda bility ads should be banned for the same reason. Greek Literature The body of writings in the Greek Topic 3: GREEK LITERATURE language. Word of the Day: Mythology Genres: epic poetry, drama, It is a collection of stories about a philosophy, history, etc. specific person, culture, religion, Ancient Greek Literature: Iliad or any group with shared beliefs. and Odyssey (Homer), Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), etc. Literary Periods 1. Archaic Period Poet’s works were spoken (an outcome of an oral tradition). Literary works: ➔ Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King, Homer Poems: Iliad and Odyssey antigone, and Oedipus at ➔ Iliad - centered on the last Colonus days of the Trojan War. Aristophanes ➔ Odyssey - revolved around ➔ Athenian author of Greek the ten-year “Odyssey” of comedy. the Trojan War hero ➔ Author of old comedy, his plays Odysseus and his attempt were satires of public persons to return home. and affairs as well as candid Aesop’s Fables: The Mischievous political criticisms. Dog, The Lion and the Mouse, Literary Approaches during the Classical The Monkey as a King. Period Hesiod (“Father of Didactic 1. Mimetic Poetry”): Theogony It focuses on mirroring and imitating ➔ A hymn to Apollo’s muses reality. ➔ It tells the origins and Catharsis: fear and pity genealogies of the gods. 2. Aristotelian Sappho (often called the tenth It focuses on the plot, structure, and muse born on the Aegean island elements, wherein plot is the most of Lesbos her poems were hymns important because the cause-effect to the gods.) structure is explored. Hamarthion: tragic downfall of 2. Classical Period the protagonist Oral recitation of poetry, as well as lyric 3. Psychoanalytic poetry, morphine into drama. It is regarded as a theory of personality ➔ Plays were performed in outdoor organization and dynamics that guide theaters and were usually part of personality. It consists of the conscious, a religious festival. subconscious, and unconscious, Playwrights: wherein it focuses on the unconscious Aeschylus: His first play was desires of the character. performed in 499 BCE. Topic 5: ROMAN LITERATURE Tragedians: Sophocles Word of the Day: Pietas ➔ The second of the great tragic It can refer to “dutiful conducts playwrights. toward the gods, one’s parents, relatives, benefactors,” but also  to “gentleness, kindness, trials, divine intervention, tenderness, pity, compassion” and moral challenges. Roman Philosophical Themes: Greek Influence on Literature ➔ Stoicism - stoicism teaches Their literature was deeply rooted that the path to happiness in Greek mythology, epics, and lies in accepting the tragedies. present moment as it is, It is characterized by an aligning with nature, and emphasis on human emotions practicing self-control to and actions. overcome destructive emotions. It emphasizes Roman Influence on Literature virtue (moral excellence) The Romans brought a new as the highest good. dimension to literature by ➔ Epicureanism - focusing on politics, and epicureanism holds that philosophy. the greatest good is Roman writers were known for pleasure, but it emphasizes their satirical and realistic writing intellectual pleasures over styles. physical ones and defines Virgil wrote the epic poem pleasure as the absence Aeneid, which was influenced by of pain and disturbance Greek literature; it depicted the (ataraxia) struggle of Aeneas, the founder of Rome, and his role in the Poem Analysis: “Carpe Diem” [Seize the Roman empire’s creation. Day] by Horace ➔ Aeneid: depicted the Written in the 1st century BCE struggles of Aeneas, the during the Augustinian Age of founder of Rome, and his Rome. role in creation. The poem reflects the cultural ➔ Epic Structure & Theme: and intellectual shifts of the Like Homer’s heroes, such period as Achilles and Odysseus, Aeneas undergoes a heroic journey, filled with Difference between Philosophy and Poetry: Philosophy - the aim of philosophy is clarity and truth - it’s subject to constraints of consistency, coherence, criticism, and argumentation. Poetry - poetry, even when its origins and concerns are somewhat philosophical, doesn’t aim at establishing the truth of various ways of thinking about the self or time or the world.