Endocrine System PDF

**Endocrine System** - Produces or made of many glands that secretes hormones - Mo activate ra if necessary - Releases hormone - Second controlling system of the body - Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood **Hormones control several major processes:**...

**Endocrine System** - Produces or made of many glands that secretes hormones - Mo activate ra if necessary - Releases hormone - Second controlling system of the body - Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood **Hormones control several major processes:** - Reproduction - Growth and development - Mobilization of body defenses - Maintenance of homeostasis - Regulation of metabolism **Hormone** release by endocrine glands - The chemical messenger or the transmitter - Small amounts from glands **Neurotransmitters** released by neurons [CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONE] **1. Protein (peptide) hormone** \- Acts on the cell membrane Ex: insulin, vasopressin, growth hormone, \- Adrenocorticotropic hormone **2. Amide (Amino Acid derivative)** \- Acts on the cell membrane Ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine **3. Steroids** \- Acts intracellular to modify protein synthesis \- Penetrates the target cells membrane and interact directly with the genes in the nucleus to alter metabolism Ex: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone **ENDOCRINE GLANDS & hormones** **A. Pituitary Glands (hypophysis)** \- "Master Endocrine Glands" \- Below hypothalamus \- Controls several glands in the body except adrenal glands \- Grape-size or pea-size \- Under the control of hypothalamus \- Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone [2 LOBES] 1. **Anterior Pituitary Gland** \- hormone to blood vessels to glands \- adenohypophysis \- atubangan \- Secrete hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities from growth to reproduction. MNEMONICS: FLATPG **F** - FSH **L** - LH **A** - ACTH **T** - TSH **P** - PROLACTIN **G** - GH a. **Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)** \- stimulates sperm and egg cells production \- As the follicle mature, they produce estrogen and eggs are prepared for ovulation - Stimulates mature egg (through ovary) and sperm cell (through testes) **b. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)** \- responsible for the production of sex hormones such as progesterone and estrogen for female and testosterone for male for ovulation \- Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone and some estrogen Yellow mass of tissue that forms in the part of ovaries after ovulation Male's LH is referred to as interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) [ Hypo secretion of FSH and LH leads to sterility in both males and females.] [ FSH and LH- stimulates maturation and release of egg in the ovary] \- ACTH to blood vessels to adrenal glands (white) \- releases during stress because it prioritize more on stress than the immune system and metabolic. \- located after in kidney [2 Major Parts:] 1. **Adrenal Cortex (top)** \- releases cortisol - releases if you are stress \- which means it increases your blood glucose (the blood sugar in blood) and suppress or decrease the immune system and metabolism (because it is energy consuming and this hormone only prioritize stress) **2. Adrenal Medulla (middle)** **-** releases adrenalin or nor adrenalin **Adrenalin** is the main hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. A vasodilation which means free flowing the energy level. **Noradrenalin** is the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nerves in the cardiovascular system. A vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. **d. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)** \- TSH to blood vessels to thyroid glands \- Stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones **e. Prolactin (PRL)** **-** stimulates breast development and milk production **f. Growth Hormone (GH)** **-** regulates the fat, muscle, tissue and bone in our bodies, and other aspects of our metabolism such as insulin action and blood sugar levels. \- Growth hormone levels naturally reduce from middle age onwards. **2. Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)** \- luyo -directly to the nerves \- Storage are by the hypothalamus MNEMONICS: OA **O** - OXYTOCIN **A** -- ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) a**. Oxytocin** \- Stimulates uterine contraction during child birth and mammary gland contraction \- tell the uterus to contract **b. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/** **Vasopressin** \- 2nd hormone release made from the hypothalamus \- a peptide that helps regulate: fluid-balance → maintains water balance → kidneys (distal renal tubules to increase the water reabsorption \- detected on the blood **EFFECTS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE:** 1\. Hemorrhage \- ADH secretion increases to maintain the body's fluid balance 2\. Strenuous Exercise 3\. Nicotine 4\. Drugs 5\. Barbiturates \- These 4 increases the secretion of ADH which results to the rise of blood pressure and inhibition on the urine 6\. Alcohol or beer \- Inhibits the ADH which results in urine secretion **B. Thyroid Gland** \- Located at the neck anterior to trachea \- plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body **1. T3 (Triiodothyronine)** **2. T4 (Thyroxine)** \- both are for metabolism and development **3. Calcitonin** \- it decreases calcium in the blood (while the excess calcium gives to bone tissues) **C. Parathyroid Gland** \- Body's smallest endocrine gland \- 2 pairs, one at each side - **Parathyroid Hormone/ Parathormone (PTH)** \- posterior to thyroid gland \- it increases calcium \- Regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood. **D. Adrenal Glands** \- Top of each kidney **-** help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body functions. **E. Pineal Glands (Pineal Body)** \- Produces melatonin **Melatonin** is a hormone that affects the sleep/wake cycle or the Circadian Rhythm **ENDOCRINE ORGANS** \- Hormone secreting cells **A. Hypothalamus** \- Major endocrine gland \- Transmit impulses to pituitary gland to release hormone \- Integrating link \- Secrete hormones that control other endocrine glands \- Inhibiting and releasing hormone Can change the function due to stressful events/ emotions **FUNCTION:** 1\. Produce hormone which are send to pituitary gland for release 2\. Produces a releasing factor which trigger the release of hormone made in the pituitary gland **B. Thymus** \- Lymphoid organ located behind the sternum or the middle part of the heart \- Processing of T cells (T lymphocyte; WBC) \- Responsible for cellular immunity \- during adolescence stage **C. Placenta** \- provides oxygen and nutrients to a developing baby with the presence of HCG \- it also removes waste from the baby\'s blood **Human Chorionic Gonadotropin** \- A hormone that helps the production of testosterone and sperm. This means HCG is no longer needed to stimulate the ovary to make hormones [3 KINDS OF PLACENTA:] 1. **ALPHA CELLS -- GLUCAGON** **-** increases your blood sugar (HIGH) 2. **BETA CELLS -- INSULIN** **-** decreases your blood sugar (LOW) 3. **DELTA CELLS -- SOMASTOSTATIN** **-** balance your blood sugar (=) **D. Gonads** \- Ovaries and testes \- Secretes hormones that helps regulate reproductive functions **E. Kidney** \- Primary organ for the secretion of water \- Produce hormones and substance - **DOPAMINE** **-**rewarding chemical **-** such as completing a task - **OXYTOCIN** **-** love hormone **-** Such as hugging with love ones and holding hands - **SEROTONIN** **-** Mood stabilizer **-** Such as sun exposure, meditating, and running - **ENDORPHIN** **-** Pain killer **-** Such as laughing, exercising, and eating dark chocolates