Endocrine System and Hormones Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is comprised of glands that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream.

What do hormones control?

Hormones control several major processes like reproduction, growth and development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of homeostasis, and regulation of metabolism.

What is a hormone?

A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by glands or neurons that travel through the bloodstream to target cells.

What are the three main types of hormones?

<p>The three main types of hormones are protein (peptide), amide (amino acid derivative), and steroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do protein hormones work?

<p>Protein hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane, triggering a series of reactions within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amide hormones work?

<p>Amide hormones also activate cell membrane receptors, leading to changes in cellular activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do steroid hormones work?

<p>Steroid hormones can pass through the cell membrane and interact directly with the DNA in the nucleus, influencing gene expression and altering cell function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary gland referred to as?

<p>The pituitary gland is referred to as the &quot;master endocrine gland&quot;.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pituitary gland located?

<p>The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, in an area called the sella turcica.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main lobes of the pituitary gland?

<p>The two main lobes of the pituitary gland are the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>The anterior pituitary gland is also called the adenohypophysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

<p>The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities, from growth to reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mnemonic device used for remembering the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>The mnemonic device for remembering the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland is FLATPG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym FLATPG stand for?

<p>FLATPG stands for FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, and GH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FSH stand for? What does FSH do?

<p>FSH stands for Follicle Stimulating Hormone. FSH stimulates sperm and egg cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ACTH stand for? What does ACTH do?

<p>ACTH stands for Adrenocorticotropic Hormone. ACTH targets the adrenal glands and stimulates the production of cortisol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Prolactin stand for? What does Prolactin do?

<p>Prolactin stands for Prolactin. Prolactin stimulates breast development and milk production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the posterior pituitary gland also called?

<p>The posterior pituitary gland is also called the neurohypophysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>The two main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does oxytocin do?

<p>Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and mammary gland contractions to release milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ADH do?

<p>ADH helps regulate fluid balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some conditions that increase ADH secretion?

<p>ADH secretion is increased by conditions such as hemorrhage, strenuous exercise, nicotine consumption, certain drugs, and barbiturates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when ADH secretion is inhibited?

<p>Inhibition of ADH secretion, for example by alcohol consumption, leads to increased urine production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thyroid gland located?

<p>The thyroid gland is located in the neck, anterior to the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

<p>The three main hormones produced by the thyroid gland are T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), and calcitonin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do T3 and T4 do?

<p>T3 and T4 are essential for metabolism and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does calcitonin do?

<p>Calcitonin decreases calcium levels in the blood while increasing calcium deposition in bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

<p>The parathyroid glands are located posterior to the thyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main hormone produced by the parathyroid glands?

<p>The main hormone produced by the parathyroid glands is parathyroid hormone (PTH), also known as parathormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the adrenal glands located?

<p>The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions do the adrenal glands regulate?

<p>The adrenal glands regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pineal gland also called?

<p>The pineal gland is also called the pineal body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pineal gland produce?

<p>The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypothalamus?

<p>The hypothalamus is a major endocrine gland located in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

<p>The hypothalamus transmits impulses to the pituitary gland to release hormones, integrates link, secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands, and can change the function due to stressful events or emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main functions of the hypothalamus?

<p>The hypothalamus produces hormones that are sent to the pituitary gland for release and produces a releasing factor that triggers the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thymus located?

<p>The thymus is located behind the sternum, in the middle part of the chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thymus?

<p>The thymus is responsible for processing T cells, a type of white blood cell, and developing cellular immunity, particularly during adolescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the placenta?

<p>The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy, providing oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus and removing waste products from the baby's blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of cells found in the placenta?

<p>The three main types of cells found in the placenta are alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hormone glucagon do?

<p>Glucagon increases blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hormone insulin do?

<p>Insulin decreases blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hormone somatostatin do?

<p>Somatostatin balances blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gonads?

<p>Gonads are the reproductive organs, including the ovaries and testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do gonads produce?

<p>Gonads produce hormones that regulate reproductive function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the kidneys?

<p>The kidneys are the primary organs for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dopamine do?

<p>Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with reward and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does endorphin do?

<p>Endorphin is a neurotransmitter with pain-relieving effects, acting as a natural pain killer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine System

A system of glands that secrete hormones into the blood to control bodily functions.

Hormones

Chemical messengers released by glands, controlling various bodily functions.

Protein Hormone

Hormones that act on the cell membrane.

Insulin

A protein hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

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Amide Hormone

Hormones derived from amino acids, acting on cell membranes.

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Epinephrine

An amide hormone, often called adrenaline.

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Steroid Hormone

Hormones that can penetrate cell membranes and directly affect genes.

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Cortisol

A steroid hormone related to stress response and metabolism.

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Pituitary Gland

Master endocrine gland, controlling many other glands in the body.

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Anterior Pituitary

Part of the pituitary gland releasing hormones to other glands.

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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Stimulates egg and sperm production.

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Stimulates sex hormone production.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates hormones from adrenal glands.

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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates thyroid hormone production.

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Prolactin

Stimulates milk production.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Regulates growth and metabolism.

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Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk release.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Regulates water balance, increases water retention.

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Adrenal Cortex

Outer part of adrenal gland, releasing cortisol.

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Adrenal Medulla

Inner part of adrenal gland, releasing adrenaline/noradrenaline.

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Thyroid Gland

Neck gland affecting metabolism and growth.

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T3 (Triiodothyronine)

A thyroid hormone, impacting metabolism.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical signals used by neurons.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System

  • Controls several glands in the body, excluding adrenal glands
  • Made of glands that secrete hormones
  • Hormones activate or are necessary
  • Releases hormone chemical messengers
  • Second controlling system of the body
  • Uses hormones released into the blood
  • Controls several major processes

Hormones

  • Control reproduction, growth, development, body defenses, homeostasis, and metabolism
  • Released by endocrine glands
  • Chemical messengers (hormones)

Classification of Hormones

  • Protein (peptide) hormones act on cell membranes (e.g., insulin, vasopressin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • Amide (Amino Acid derivative) hormones act on cell membranes (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine)
  • Steroid hormones modify protein synthesis by interacting with a cell's genes (e.g., cortisol, estrogen, testosterone)

Anterior Pituitary Gland

  • Adenohypophysis
  • Releases hormones into the blood vessels to glands.
  • Secretes hormones that regulate activities from growth to reproduction
  • Mnemonic: FLATPG (Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Prolactin, Growth Hormone)
  • FSH: Stimulates sperm and egg cell production. Prepares eggs for ovulation.
  • LH: Produces sex hormones (progesterone, estrogen in females, testosterone in males). Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to produce progesterone (in females).
  • ACTH: Stimulates adrenal glands.
  • TSH: Stimulates thyroid gland.
  • Prolactin: Stimulates breast development to produce milk.
  • GH: Regulates fat, muscle, tissues, bones and metabolism.

Posterior Pituitary Gland

  • Neurohypophysis
  • Stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus
  • Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and mammary contractions.
  • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin): Regulates fluid balance; maintains water balance, and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to prevent excess urination.

Adrenal Glands

  • Located above the kidneys
  • Cortex: Releases cortisol during stress to increase blood glucose, suppress/decrease immune system and decrease metabolism.
  • Medulla: Releases adrenaline or noradrenaline. Adrenaline is the main hormone secreted; it increases energy level. Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter that increases blood pressure.

Thyroid Gland

  • Located in the neck, anterior to the trachea.
  • Plays a major role in metabolism, growth and development.
  • T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine): Control metabolism and development.
  • Calcitonin: Decreases blood calcium levels and increases bone tissue.

Parathyroid Gland

  • Smallest endocrine gland in the body
  • Located posterior to the thyroid gland.
  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood calcium levels and decreases phosphate levels.

Pineal Gland

  • Located in the brain.
  • Secretes melatonin, which affects the sleep/wake cycle

Other Endocrine Organs

  • Hypothalamus: "master control" of the endocrine system; links the nervous and endocrine systems, regulates hormones.
  • Gonads (Ovaries and Testes): Secrets hormones to regulate reproductive functions
  • Kidney: Produces hormones and substances essential for water regulation.
  • Placenta: Provides oxygen and nutrients to a developing baby; produces hormones (e.g., HCG).

Additional Notes

  • Male's LH is referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH).
  • Hypo secretion of FSH and LH causes infertility.
  • FSH and LH stimulate maturation and release of eggs in ovaries.
  • ACTH is released during stress.
  • Thyroid hormones, such as T3 and T4, play an important role in metabolism.
  • Calcitonin decreases blood calcium.
  • Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium.
  • Melatonin affects sleep/wake cycles.
  • Dopamine , Oxytocin, Serotonin and Endorphins are chemicals in the brain.

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Endocrine System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the endocrine system and the various hormones it produces. This quiz covers the classification of hormones, their functions, and the role of the anterior pituitary gland. Dive into the complex world of hormone regulation and gain a better understanding of how these chemical messengers influence bodily processes.

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