Endocrine Pancreas Physiology PDF

#separator:tab #html:true "Insulin is produced in the [...] cells of the islets of Langerhans and stored in secretory granules with zinc crystals." "Insulin is produced in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and stored in secretory granules with zinc crystals. " What are the incretins? GLP1 a...

#separator:tab #html:true "Insulin is produced in the [...] cells of the islets of Langerhans and stored in secretory granules with zinc crystals." "Insulin is produced in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and stored in secretory granules with zinc crystals. " What are the incretins? GLP1 and GIP peptide hormonesProduced by L cells in the gutSecreted after food enters gut -> enhances insulin secretion Summarize the steps by which glucose stimulates insulin secretion. "Glucose enters beta cell via GLUT2Increased glc metabolism -> high ATP and NADHK+ channels are inhibited by ATP and NADH -> depolarizationDepolarization activates Ca channels causing Ca influxCa influx causes Ca release from SR -> stimulates exocytosis of insulin granulesOther modulators enhance action via Gq and Gs pathways" What are the three major actions of insulin? Stimulates anabolismAntagonizes catabolismIncrease uptake of K and phosphate, reduce uptake of Na and Ca "The generic insulin signaling pathway includes many common steps; an important branch for metabolic regulation is the [...], which mediates insulin's effect on glucose uptake (via activation of GLUT4) and glycogen synthesis." "The generic insulin signaling pathway includes many common steps; an important branch for metabolic regulation is the IRS/PI3K/AKT pathway, which mediates insulin's effect on glucose uptake (via activation of GLUT4) and glycogen synthesis. " "The generic insulin signaling pathway includes many common steps; an important branch for metabolic regulation is the IRS/PI3K/AKT pathway, which mediates insulin's effect on glucose uptake (via activation of [...]) and glycogen synthesis." "The generic insulin signaling pathway includes many common steps; an important branch for metabolic regulation is the IRS/PI3K/AKT pathway, which mediates insulin's effect on glucose uptake (via activation of GLUT4) and glycogen synthesis. " "In the liver, insulin suppresses glucose output and stimulates glycogen synthesis. The former is done by enhancing glucokinase and suppressing G6Pase. The latter is done by stimulating glycogen synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. Insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducin the amount of [...], [...], and [...]." "In the liver, insulin suppresses glucose output and stimulates glycogen synthesis. The former is done by enhancing glucokinase and suppressing G6Pase. The latter is done by stimulating glycogen synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. Insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducin the amount of PEPCK, FBPase, and G6Pase. " "In the liver, insulin suppresses glucose output and stimulates glycogen synthesis. The former is done by enhancing [...] and suppressing [...]. The latter is done by stimulating glycogen synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. Insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducin the amount of PEPCK, FBPase, and G6Pase." "In the liver, insulin suppresses glucose output and stimulates glycogen synthesis. The former is done by enhancing glucokinase and suppressing G6Pase. The latter is done by stimulating glycogen synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. Insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducin the amount of PEPCK, FBPase, and G6Pase. " "In the liver, insulin suppresses glucose output and stimulates glycogen synthesis. The former is done by enhancing glucokinase and suppressing G6Pase. The latter is done by stimulating [...] and inhibiting [...]. Insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducin the amount of PEPCK, FBPase, and G6Pase." "In the liver, insulin suppresses glucose output and stimulates glycogen synthesis. The former is done by enhancing glucokinase and suppressing G6Pase. The latter is done by stimulating glycogen synthase and inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase. Insulin also inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducin the amount of PEPCK, FBPase, and G6Pase. " "In muscle and adipose tissue, insulin promotes glucose uptake by [...]. In adipose tissue specifically, insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase and promotes lipoprotein lipase." "In muscle and adipose tissue, insulin promotes glucose uptake by recruiting GLUT4 transporters. In adipose tissue specifically, insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase and promotes lipoprotein lipase. " "In muscle and adipose tissue, insulin promotes glucose uptake by recruiting GLUT4 transporters. In adipose tissue specifically, insulin inhibits [...] and promotes [...]." "In muscle and adipose tissue, insulin promotes glucose uptake by recruiting GLUT4 transporters. In adipose tissue specifically, insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase and promotes lipoprotein lipase. " "Glucagon is produced by the [...] cells of the islet of Langerhans." "Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans. " "The presence of glucose and fatty acids [...] glucagon secretion, whereas amino acids [...] it. The hormones GLP1 and somatostatin [...] secretion, whereas cortisol [...] it." "The presence of glucose and fatty acids inhibits glucagon secretion, whereas amino acids stimulate it. The hormones GLP1 and somatostatin inhibit secretion, whereas cortisol enhances it. " "In the liver, glucagon activates the G[...] pathway to stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon stimulates the former by stimulating production of the enzyme PEPCK, F16BPase and G6Pase. The latter is stimulated by activating glycogen phosphorylase and suppressing glycogen synthase." "In the liver, glucagon activates the Gs pathway to stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon stimulates the former by stimulating production of the enzyme PEPCK, F16BPase and G6Pase. The latter is stimulated by activating glycogen phosphorylase and suppressing glycogen synthase. " "In the liver, glucagon activates the Gs pathway to stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon stimulates the former by stimulating production of the enzyme PEPCK, F16BPase and G6Pase. The latter is stimulated by activating [...] and suppressing [...]." "In the liver, glucagon activates the Gs pathway to stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon stimulates the former by stimulating production of the enzyme PEPCK, F16BPase and G6Pase. The latter is stimulated by activating glycogen phosphorylase and suppressing glycogen synthase. " "In the liver, glucagon activates the Gs pathway to stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon stimulates the former by stimulating production of the enzyme [...], [...] and [...]. The latter is stimulated by activating glycogen phosphorylase and suppressing glycogen synthase." "In the liver, glucagon activates the Gs pathway to stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucagon stimulates the former by stimulating production of the enzyme PEPCK, F16BPase and G6Pase. The latter is stimulated by activating glycogen phosphorylase and suppressing glycogen synthase. " True/False: amino acids stimulate both insulin and glucagon. True, concurrent stimulation occurs after a pure protein meal, and helps prevent both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia True/False: L cells can process the glucagon precursor into incretins. True