Renewable Energies in Algeria PDF

Translated from French to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com ENR: Renewable Energies ER: Renewable Energies  - Renewable energies in Algeria Algeria is initiating a green energy dynamic by launching an a...

Translated from French to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com ENR: Renewable Energies ER: Renewable Energies  - Renewable energies in Algeria Algeria is initiating a green energy dynamic by launching an ambitious program for the development of energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energies (ENR). The updated renewable energy program consists of installing renewable power of around 22,000 MW by 2030 for the national market, with the option of export being maintained as a strategic objective, if the conditions allow. market conditions allow it.  The solar deposit The solar deposit:The sun, a huge renewable energy and inexhaustible, radiates on the earth with an energy of 16.1015KWh/m² per year in all wavelengths of the visible light spectrum. This renewable energy is a global and current concern especially if it is exploited in the conversion of solar energy into electricity, which is one of the challenges of the energy policy of our century. "The duration of sunshine over almost the entire Algerian national territory exceeds 2000 hours annually and can reach 3900 hours (high plateaus and Sahara). The energy received daily on a horizontal surface of 1m2is of the order of 5 KWh over most of the national territory, or nearly 1700KWh/(m².year) in the North and 2263 kWh/(m².year) in the South” Earth – Sun situation Apparent movement of the sun I. Geographic parameters - The Earth is divided by the equator into two hemispheres, the Northern Hemisphere for the one located on the North Pole side, and the Southern Hemisphere for the one located on the South Pole side. - On the other hand, it is divided from West to East, by the prime meridian which passes through Greenwich (near London in England). Land coordinates  Locating a site on the earth's surface [Geographic coordinates (parameters)] - 1)Latitudeis the angle that the vertical of the place makes with the equatorial plane. If , the site is in the northern hemisphere, otherwise the site is in the southern hemisphere. - Locating a site on the earth's surface (geographic coordinates) (continued 1) 2)Longitudeis the angle formed by the Greenwich meridian and the meridian of the place considered. This longitude is between - 180 (west) and +180 (east) As the earth takes 24 hours to rotate on its own axis, each hour represents a difference in longitude and therefore, each degree of longitude represents 4 minutes. Locating a site on the earth's surface (geographic coordinates)(continued 2) 3)The altitudeis the vertical distance expressed in meters, separating the point considered from the terrestrial relief of sea level, taken as the reference surface.  II. Astronomical parameters (Sun location) - Sun spottingThe position of the sun is located at each moment of the day and year by two coordinate systems different. - Sun spotting - a) Equatorial coordinates - b) Horizontal coordinates  a) Equatorial coordinates The movement of the Sun is measured relative to the Earth's equatorial plane using two angles; the declination δ and the hour angle ω. - Equatorial landmark  Declination of the sun: - Solar declination is the angle that the direction of the sun makes with its projection on the equatorial plane. It varies between: - + 23°27'at the summer solstice (June 21) & -23°27'at the winter solstice (December 21); - Expressing all angles in degrees, we find the Cooper equation which is given by:  - Variation of solar declination - From the graph we see that: δ = 23.45ºfor theJune 21,which corresponds to thesummer solstice. δ = -23.45ºfor theDecember 21,which corresponds to thewinter solstice. δ = 0for theMarch 21 and September 21,which corresponds to the spring and autumn equinoxes. Hour angle of the sun At any given moment, it is more convenient to calculate time in degrees than in hours. The unit is the hour angle (24 h represents 360° The hour angle is the angle between the original meridian passing through the south and the projection of the direction of the sun on the equatorial plane, it measures the course of the sun in the sky. The hour angle is measured from solar noon, it is positive if it is before noon and negative if it is after noon (ω is 0°at noon, -90°at 6:90 p.m.°at 6 o'clock, in true solar time (TSV), each hour shifts it by 15°,positive in the morning and negative in the afternoon). Variation of the hour angle as a function of time b)Solar coordinates according to the horizontal reference point The horizontal reference point is formed by the plane of the astronomical horizon and the vertical of the place. In this reference point, the coordinates arethe height of the sun γAndthe azimuth Ψ. The azimuth ψ - Azimuth is the angle between the vertical plane containing the solar ray and the direction south. It is counted from 0°at 360°from the south in a retrograde direction. θ :the latitude of the place δ:the declination of the sun  Height of the sun - The height of the sun is the angle formed by the direction of the sun and its projection on the horizontal plane. It is particularly equal to 0° at astronomical sunrise and sunset, its value is maximum at noon, in true solar time. - The expression for the height of the sun is given by θ :the latitude of the place : the angle δ:the declination of sohloerilaire Variation of the height of the sun during a day The height of the sun on March 15 The height of the sun on June 15 The height of the sun on September 15 The height of the sun on December 15 III. Astronomical length of the day - The astronomical length of the day (or the duration of sunshine) can be defined as the period of time separating events where the sun is on the horizon, that is to say when its height is zero. - The astronomical length of the day is maximum on June 21 (the longest day of the year) and minimum on December 21 (the shortest day of the year). The time zone - It's a band of 15°longitude of width extending from the north pole to the south pole, allowing the earth to be divided into 24 time zones. Each time zone is centered on a meridian that is a multiple of 15°. The prime meridian is Greenwich Mean Time, which defines Universal Time. Each country generally uses the time of the time zone closest in longitude. Solar times - For solar energy applications, it is necessary to involve the true solar time,which is calculated taking into account the difference between mean solar time and local time. - Mean solar time:The rotation of the Earth around itself introduces the notion of mean solar time or MST. It is defined as the time which separates on average two successive passages by the meridian of the place, a complete rotation of the Earth around itself takes 24 hours - Universal time: - Universal timeYOUis defined by the time of the passage of the sun over the prime meridian. The meridian chosen as the origin is that of Greenwich and the TSM corresponds to universal time (it is the TSM at longitude 0º). The difference between mean solar time and universal time is app longitude, time universal is related to time ocal) by the relation: L: longitude of the location, (+) for East longitude, (-) for West longitude.. Legal time - Legal (or local) time is the official time of the State, it differs from the time Greenwich Mean Time by a time difference expressed in hours. ∆Hbeing the time difference between the Greenwich meridian and the State considered, (∆H=1 hour for Algeria). True solar time - It is the time taken by the sun between two consecutive passages at the meridian of a place (North-South direction). True solar time and mean solar time differ. This difference is called the equation of time, it varies depending on the day:  The equation of time - This is an equation that takes into account the variation in the speed of rotation of the Earth, it is given by: - The angle βo is defined as a function of the day number of the year: Thus, a Solar Day can vary between 24:00:30 and 23:59:40. From one day to the next there are only a few seconds of variation (up to 30 seconds around the end of December, anyway). But all these variations accumulate. The essential consequence is that, during the year, the moment of the passage of the Sun at the meridian (solar noon) slowly shifts day after day in relation to the noon that would be indicated by our perfect and very regular clock. This variation can reach 17 min. Evolution of the equation of time: The figure opposite illustrates the evolution of the equation of time ET (which indicates the difference between the mean solar time TSM and true solar time TSV) during the year, we can easily see that the equation of time varies between -15 and 17. Transition from legal time to true solar time - In general, to convert local standard time 'TL' to true solar time TSV, the following expression is used: - ΔH:is the time difference from the Greenwich meridian. (Equal to 1 for Algeria). - TL: is the legal time or standard local time, given by a watch. L: - longitude of the place. - The term relating to the equation of time is generally negligible. Orientation of a plan Any plane is defined by two angles (α, γ) α: azimuth of the plane, it is the angle made by the projection of the normal on the horizontal plane and the direction of the south. - : height of the plane, it is the angle made by the normal of the plane and its projection on the horizontal plane. Its value can be calculated by the equation: β': inclination of the plane Orientation of any plane β': inclination of the plane, it is the angle between the plane and its projection on the horizontal plane. For a horizontal plane: β'=0 and γ=90º. Solar components Solar radiation reaching the ground has at least two components: a direct component I and a diffuse component D, all forming the radia Global solar radiationG Global radiation is the solar radiation reaching ground level on a horizontal surface, either directly or after diffusion. G=I+D Direct radiation measurement (The Pyrheliometer) Measurement of diffuse and global radiation (The Pyranometer) Measurement of the duration of sunshine (Heliograph) Consistency of the renewable energy development program in Algeria:  From the solar deposit - Photovoltaic conversion of solar energy. - Conversionthermal solar energy  From the solar deposit - Thermal conversion of solar energy  From the solar deposit -Photovoltaic conversion of solar energy. Solar thermal panels  The 5 major families of renewable energies Solar energy prod (elec / heat / cold) via sun Hydraulic energy electric production 1. Wind energy (EnergyWind turbine ) 2.The energy of the sun 3. The energy of living matter (biomass) 4.Water energy (In Hydraulics) Hydraulic Figure : 5. Earth Energy The advantages of renewable energy The limits of renewable energies Hybrid systems Microgrids and minigrids Integration of renewable energy into the grid Photovoltaic effect Photovoltaic solar cell technologies Cell types: PV generator DC/AC solar inverter - Photovoltaic conversion of solar energy SOLAR TRACKER DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN FRANCE TOTAL: 2,571 TWh in 2020  What is the most used fossil fuel? On the planet, the most used fossil energy is oil, followed by coal and natural gas, accounting for 30.9%, 26.8% and 23.2% respectively of the energy sources used in the world. (info: International Energy Agency) Greenhouse gases: fossil fuels and global warming The combustion of fossil fuels causes the emission of greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming. With +1.1°C Since 1850-1900, human activities have caused global temperatures to rise at a rate unprecedented for at least 2000 years, warn IPCC experts. The most pessimistic scenario takes us to almost +5°C of global warming by 2100. The different types of pollution Types of ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION Chemical components Natural Pollutants  IPCC / IPCC THEGgroup of expertsiIntergovernmental on theeevolution of theclime or IPCC. (in EnglishIintergovernmentalpring onclimitchange orIPCC)is an intergovernmental body responsible for assessing the extent, causes and consequences of ongoing climate change.  Detection and treatment of pollutants and waste The thermal treatment of industrial waste and effluents is based on different processes of thermochemical transformation of matter and energy. These processes involve mass and heat transfers, associated with the reactivity of the material to be treated in the different reaction environments created either for the oxidation, pyrolysis or gasification of their organic fraction, or for the fusion of the mineral residues formed. They are the origin of various transformation products, to be treated before release into the atmosphere.  Impact of pollution on the health and environment Many studies show a role of air pollution in the loss of life expectancy and mortality, but also in the development of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and lung cancer.