Renewable Energy and Solar Radiation Quiz

Renewable Energies in Algeria

• Algeria is launching a green energy program focused on energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energies (ENR).
• The updated program aims to install around 22,000 MW of renewable power by 2030 for the national market. Export is also a strategic objective if market conditions allow.

The Solar Deposit

• The sun radiates a huge amount of energy (16.10¹⁵ KWh/m² per year) on Earth across all visible light wavelengths.
• Solar energy is a significant global concern, especially for electricity generation.
• Algeria's sunshine duration is high, exceeding 2000 hours annually, reaching up to 3900 hours in high plateaus and the Sahara.
• Daily solar energy received over most of the national territory is approximately 5 KWh per m².
• The energy received per square meter per year is about 1700 KWh/m².year in the North and 2263 KWh/m².year in the South.

Sun Power

• The sun's radiated power at its surface is approximately 3.85 x 10²⁶ W.
• Only a tiny fraction (1.9 x 10¹⁷ W) reaches Earth.
• Solar radiation measurement methods include in-situ measurements (weather stations) and indirect methods (satellite imagery).

Earth-Sun Situation

• The distance between Earth and the Sun is approximately 1.5 x 10⁸ km.
• Earth's diameter is about 1.27 x 10⁷ km.
• The Sun's diameter is roughly 1.39 x 10⁹ km.

Apparent Movement of the Sun

• The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.27° relative to its orbital plane.
• This tilt causes seasonal variations in the sun's position.
• Specific dates (solstices and equinoxes) mark the maximum and minimum declination angles.

Geographic Parameters

• The Earth is divided into hemispheres by the equator.
• The prime meridian divides the Earth from West to East, passing through Greenwich.

Land Coordinates

• Latitude is the angle between the vertical of a location and the equatorial plane.
• Longitude is the angle between the Greenwich meridian and the meridian of a location, measured from 0° to ±180°.
• Altitude is the vertical distance above sea level.

Locating a Site on Earth's Surface

• Latitude: Vertical angle between the site and the equatorial plane.
• Longitude: Angle between the Greenwich Meridian and local meridian.
• Altitude: Vertical distance between the site and sea level.

Solar Coordinates (Horizontal System)

• Azimuth: Angle between the solar ray's projection on the horizontal plane and the south point.
• Altitude: Zenith angle of the solar ray measured from the horizontal plane.

Solar Coordinates (Equatorial system)

• Declination angle: Angle between the solar ray and the celestial equator.
• Hour angle: Angle between the local meridian and the solar ray's projection on the celestial equator.

Variation of Solar Declination

• Solar declination varies throughout the year and is maximum at the solstices and zero at the equinoxes
• This is a graph of solar declination throughout the year.

Hour Angle of the Sun

• Hour angle is measured from solar noon.
• Positive values indicate time before noon, negative values after.
• The hour angle varies systematically with time of day from -180 to + 180 degrees

Variation of the Hour Angle as a Function of Time

• Shows a graph of the hour angle at different times.

Solar Coordinates (Horizontal System,continued)

• The altitude is measured from the horizontal plane
• The azimuth is measured from the south point in a counterclockwise direction.

Height of the Sun

• The height of the sun is the angle between the sun's direction and the horizontal plane.
• The height of the sun is maximum at noon in true solar time.
• A formula for calculating the height of the sun is provided.

Variation of the height of the Sun During a Day

• A graph of solar height at different times of day

The Height of the Sun

• Shows tabular and graphical data for the height of the sun on several specific dates (March 15, June 15, September 15, December 15)

Astronomical Length of the Day

• Astronomical length of the day is the duration of sunshine.
• This is maximum at the summer solstice and minimum at the winter solstice.

The Time Zone

• Time zones are defined by 15° longitude bands.
• Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the standard for the world

Solar Times

• True solar time considers the Earth's rotation.
• Mean solar time (MST) is an average calculation.
• Solar times are needed for solar energy calculations accurately

Universal Time

• Universal Time (UT) is based on the time the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian.
• UT is related to mean solar time (TSM).

Legal time

• Legal time is the official time in a given region
• Legal time is calculated in relation to the reference meridian.

True Solar Time

• True solar time is the time taken by the sun to cross the local meridian.
• This differs slightly from mean solar time due to the Earth's non-uniform rotation.
• The equation of time (ET) quantifies this difference.

The Equation of Time

• The difference between mean solar time and true solar time is the equation of time (ET).
• This difference varies throughout the year.

Evolution of the Equation of Time

• The equation of time varies depending on the time of year.
• A graph showing the difference between mean solar time and true solar time versus the day of the year.

Transition from Legal Time to True Solar Time

• This is a formula used to convert local standard time (TL) to true solar time (TSV).
• The time difference from the Greenwich meridian (ΔH) is used along with longitude of the location.
• The equation of time (ET) is usually negligible in conversions.

Orientation of a Plane

• A plane is defined by two angles: azimuth (α) and inclination (β').
• Azimuth is the angle between the projection of the normal to the horizontal and the south point.
• Inclination is the angle between the normal to the plane and its projection onto the horizontal plane.
• A given equation defines the inclination angle.

Solar Components

• Solar radiation arriving on the ground has direct and diffuse components.

Global Solar Radiation

• Global solar radiation is the total solar radiation reaching a horizontal surface, combining direct and diffuse components.

Direct Radiation Measurement

• Pyrheliometers measure direct solar radiation.

Measurement of Diffuse and Global Radiation

• Pyranometers measure both direct and diffuse solar radiation.

Measurement of Sunshine Duration

• Heliographs measure the duration of sunshine.

Consistency of Renewable Energy Development in Algeria

• A table showing the planned capacity for different forms of renewable energy in Algeria.

Photovoltaic Conversion of Solar Energy

• Photovoltaic conversion directly converts solar energy to electricity.

Conversion of Thermal Solar Energy

• Describes the components of thermal solar energy conversion systems.

Types of Energy Conversion Methods (Solar)

• Explains the principles of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy conversion.

Wind Energy

• Describes the operation of terrestrial and offshore wind turbines.

The Energy of the Sun (photovoltaics and thermo dynamics, solar power)

• Explains different ways solar energy can be converted into electricity.

The Energy of Living Matter (Biomass)

• Describes the use of biomass for power generation.

Water Energy (Hydraulics)

• Explains hydroelectric power generation.

Earth Energy (Geothermmy)

• Explains the use of geothermal energy.

Advantages of Renewable Energy

• Renewable energy sources are safe and clean, and sustainable

Limits of Renewable Energy

• Renewable energy sources can be costly to install and may not be consistently available.

Hybrid Systems

• Combine solar, wind, etc. for a more reliable energy supply.

Microgrids and Minigrids

• Smaller grids that are more localized, better integrated into communities.

Integration of Renewable Energy into the Electricity Grid

• Methods for integrating renewable energy into existing power grids

Photovoltaic Effect

• The photovoltaic effect explains how solar cells convert light into electricity.

Photovoltaic Solar Cell Technologies

• Explains how solar cells are constructed and how they function

Cell Types

• Different types of solar cells (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous)

PV Generator

• A diagram showing a solar photovoltaic system.

DC/AC Solar Inverter

• Convert DC (direct current) electricity from a solar panel to AC (alternating current) for use in homes and buildings

Photovoltaic Conversion of Solar Energy Tracker

• Explains how tracking solar panels can improve efficiency.

Distribution of Primary Energy Consumption in France 2020

• Distribution of various energy sources for France, in 2020.

What is the Most Used Fossil Fuel?

• Oil is the most commonly used fossil fuel globally, followed by coal and natural gas.

Greenhouse Gases: Fossil Fuels and Global Warming

• Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, causing global warming.
• Human activities are accelerating global warming at an unprecedented rate.

The Different Types of Pollution

• Explains various types of pollution including air, water, soil, light, noise, thermal and radioactive.

Types of Environmental Pollution

• Classifies pollution into categories (physical, mechanical, chemical, destructive biological).

Chemical Components

• Lists chemicals found as contaminants in the atmosphere.

Natural Pollutants

• Lists common natural pollutants from different sources.

Sources of Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants

• Breakdown of sources of atmospheric emissions from different sectors.

Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Pie charts showing sources of greenhouse gas emissions

IPCC/IPCC

• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international body assessing the science related to climate change.

Techniques of Soil Depolution

• Describes techniques for cleaning up polluted soils and water.

Pollution Control Techniques

• Explains methods for controlling various pollutant types.

Detection and Treatment of Pollutants and Waste

• Thermal processes for treating industrial waste are explained in detail.

Impact of Pollution on Health and Environment

• Studies have shown pollution affecting life expectancy and mortality, and causing diseases.