Renewable Energy and Solar Radiation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the angle made by the projection of the normal of a plane on the horizontal plane called?

  • Altitude
  • Azimuth
  • Height (correct)
  • Inclination

    • What is the formula used to calculate global solar radiation?

  • G = I / D
  • G = I * D
  • G = I + D (correct)
  • G = I - D

    • Which device is used to measure diffuse and global radiation?

  • Pyrheliometer
  • Pyranometer (correct)
  • Heliograph
  • Solar Tracker

    • What is the angle of inclination for a horizontal plane?

    <p>0º</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which is NOT one of the major families of renewable energies?

    <p>Nuclear energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary component of the photovoltaic effect?

    <p>Solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a solar tracker?

    <p>To optimize sunlight exposure for solar panels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy originates from living matter?

    <p>Biomass energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the azimuth angle defined as?

    <p>The angle between the vertical plane containing the solar ray and the direction south.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point is the height of the sun maximum?

    <p>At noon in true solar time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On which date is the astronomical length of the day longest?

    <p>June 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the width of each time zone in degrees of longitude?

    <p>15°.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes mean solar time?

    <p>It reflects the average solar time over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the astronomical horizon?

    <p>The plane of the astronomical horizon and the vertical of the place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which date is the height of the sun typically at its minimum?

    <p>December 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is true solar time determined?

    <p>By adjusting mean solar time with the equation of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total renewable power capacity that Algeria aims to install by 2030?

    <p>22,000 MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing solar energy exploitation in Algeria?

    <p>Wind patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours of sunshine can reach areas of high plateaus and the Sahara in Algeria?

    <p>3900 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate energy received daily on a horizontal surface of 1m² in Algeria?

    <p>5 KWh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the Northern Hemisphere in the context of Earth's divisions?

    <p>It is located above the equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about latitude is correct?

    <p>Latitude indicates the angle with respect to the equatorial plane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geographic significance of the prime meridian?

    <p>It separates Eastern and Western Hemispheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the conversion of solar energy into electricity a significant challenge?

    <p>It needs advanced storage technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fossil energy source has the highest percentage usage globally?

    <p>Oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected increase in global temperatures by 2100 in the most pessimistic scenario?

    <p>+5°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issues have been linked to air pollution according to studies?

    <p>Development of cardiovascular diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the time separating two successive passages by the meridian of a place?

    <p>Mean solar time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does universal time correspond to?

    <p>Mean solar time at longitude 0º</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for assessing the extent and causes of climate change?

    <p>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of process is used to treat industrial waste and effluents thermally?

    <p>Pyrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes legal time?

    <p>It varies depending on locations' longitude and is expressed in hours from GMT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about true solar time is accurate?

    <p>It is determined by the sun's position at a specific meridian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation of time account for?

    <p>Variation in the Earth's rotation speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum variation of a solar day according to the provided information?

    <p>24:00:30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can local standard time be converted to true solar time?

    <p>Adjust by the time difference from the Greenwich meridian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these variations can the equation of time exhibit throughout the year?

    <p>Varies between -15 and 17 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hours and degrees of longitude?

    <p>Each hour represents a difference of 15 degrees of longitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the altitude of a point represent?

    <p>The vertical distance from the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what angle does solar declination reach +23°27'?

    <p>Summer solstice (June 21)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hour angle measure?

    <p>The angle between the original meridian and the sun's projection on the equatorial plane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the hour angle positive?

    <p>Before solar noon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The declination of the sun is zero on which dates?

    <p>March 21 and September 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the hour angle calculated in degrees?

    <p>Each hour calculates a shift of 15 degrees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two coordinate systems used for locating the position of the sun?

    <p>Equatorial coordinates and horizontal coordinates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Renewable Energies in Algeria

    • Algeria is launching a green energy program focused on energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energies (ENR).
    • The updated program aims to install around 22,000 MW of renewable power by 2030 for the national market. Export is also a strategic objective if market conditions allow.

    The Solar Deposit

    • The sun radiates a huge amount of energy (16.10¹⁵ KWh/m² per year) on Earth across all visible light wavelengths.
    • Solar energy is a significant global concern, especially for electricity generation.
    • Algeria's sunshine duration is high, exceeding 2000 hours annually, reaching up to 3900 hours in high plateaus and the Sahara.
    • Daily solar energy received over most of the national territory is approximately 5 KWh per m².
    • The energy received per square meter per year is about 1700 KWh/m².year in the North and 2263 KWh/m².year in the South.

    Sun Power

    • The sun's radiated power at its surface is approximately 3.85 x 10²⁶ W.
    • Only a tiny fraction (1.9 x 10¹⁷ W) reaches Earth.
    • Solar radiation measurement methods include in-situ measurements (weather stations) and indirect methods (satellite imagery).

    Earth-Sun Situation

    • The distance between Earth and the Sun is approximately 1.5 x 10⁸ km.
    • Earth's diameter is about 1.27 x 10⁷ km.
    • The Sun's diameter is roughly 1.39 x 10⁹ km.

    Apparent Movement of the Sun

    • The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.27° relative to its orbital plane.
    • This tilt causes seasonal variations in the sun's position.
    • Specific dates (solstices and equinoxes) mark the maximum and minimum declination angles.

    Geographic Parameters

    • The Earth is divided into hemispheres by the equator.
    • The prime meridian divides the Earth from West to East, passing through Greenwich.

    Land Coordinates

    • Latitude is the angle between the vertical of a location and the equatorial plane.
    • Longitude is the angle between the Greenwich meridian and the meridian of a location, measured from 0° to ±180°.
    • Altitude is the vertical distance above sea level.

    Locating a Site on Earth's Surface

    • Latitude: Vertical angle between the site and the equatorial plane.
    • Longitude: Angle between the Greenwich Meridian and local meridian.
    • Altitude: Vertical distance between the site and sea level.

    Solar Coordinates (Horizontal System)

    • Azimuth: Angle between the solar ray's projection on the horizontal plane and the south point.
    • Altitude: Zenith angle of the solar ray measured from the horizontal plane.

    Solar Coordinates (Equatorial system)

    • Declination angle: Angle between the solar ray and the celestial equator.
    • Hour angle: Angle between the local meridian and the solar ray's projection on the celestial equator.

    Variation of Solar Declination

    • Solar declination varies throughout the year and is maximum at the solstices and zero at the equinoxes
    • This is a graph of solar declination throughout the year.

    Hour Angle of the Sun

    • Hour angle is measured from solar noon.
    • Positive values indicate time before noon, negative values after.
    • The hour angle varies systematically with time of day from -180 to + 180 degrees

    Variation of the Hour Angle as a Function of Time

    • Shows a graph of the hour angle at different times.

    Solar Coordinates (Horizontal System,continued)

    • The altitude is measured from the horizontal plane
    • The azimuth is measured from the south point in a counterclockwise direction.

    Height of the Sun

    • The height of the sun is the angle between the sun's direction and the horizontal plane.
    • The height of the sun is maximum at noon in true solar time.
    • A formula for calculating the height of the sun is provided.

    Variation of the height of the Sun During a Day

    • A graph of solar height at different times of day

    The Height of the Sun

    • Shows tabular and graphical data for the height of the sun on several specific dates (March 15, June 15, September 15, December 15)

    Astronomical Length of the Day

    • Astronomical length of the day is the duration of sunshine.
    • This is maximum at the summer solstice and minimum at the winter solstice.

    The Time Zone

    • Time zones are defined by 15° longitude bands.
    • Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the standard for the world

    Solar Times

    • True solar time considers the Earth's rotation.
    • Mean solar time (MST) is an average calculation.
    • Solar times are needed for solar energy calculations accurately

    Universal Time

    • Universal Time (UT) is based on the time the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian.
    • UT is related to mean solar time (TSM).
    • Legal time is the official time in a given region
    • Legal time is calculated in relation to the reference meridian.

    True Solar Time

    • True solar time is the time taken by the sun to cross the local meridian.
    • This differs slightly from mean solar time due to the Earth's non-uniform rotation.
    • The equation of time (ET) quantifies this difference.

    The Equation of Time

    • The difference between mean solar time and true solar time is the equation of time (ET).
    • This difference varies throughout the year.

    Evolution of the Equation of Time

    • The equation of time varies depending on the time of year.
    • A graph showing the difference between mean solar time and true solar time versus the day of the year.
    • This is a formula used to convert local standard time (TL) to true solar time (TSV).
    • The time difference from the Greenwich meridian (ΔH) is used along with longitude of the location.
    • The equation of time (ET) is usually negligible in conversions.

    Orientation of a Plane

    • A plane is defined by two angles: azimuth (α) and inclination (β').
    • Azimuth is the angle between the projection of the normal to the horizontal and the south point.
    • Inclination is the angle between the normal to the plane and its projection onto the horizontal plane.
    • A given equation defines the inclination angle.

    Solar Components

    • Solar radiation arriving on the ground has direct and diffuse components.

    Global Solar Radiation

    • Global solar radiation is the total solar radiation reaching a horizontal surface, combining direct and diffuse components.

    Direct Radiation Measurement

    • Pyrheliometers measure direct solar radiation.

    Measurement of Diffuse and Global Radiation

    • Pyranometers measure both direct and diffuse solar radiation.

    Measurement of Sunshine Duration

    • Heliographs measure the duration of sunshine.

    Consistency of Renewable Energy Development in Algeria

    • A table showing the planned capacity for different forms of renewable energy in Algeria.

    Photovoltaic Conversion of Solar Energy

    • Photovoltaic conversion directly converts solar energy to electricity.

    Conversion of Thermal Solar Energy

    • Describes the components of thermal solar energy conversion systems.

    Types of Energy Conversion Methods (Solar)

    • Explains the principles of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy conversion.

    Wind Energy

    • Describes the operation of terrestrial and offshore wind turbines.

    The Energy of the Sun (photovoltaics and thermo dynamics, solar power)

    • Explains different ways solar energy can be converted into electricity.

    The Energy of Living Matter (Biomass)

    • Describes the use of biomass for power generation.

    Water Energy (Hydraulics)

    • Explains hydroelectric power generation.

    Earth Energy (Geothermmy)

    • Explains the use of geothermal energy.

    Advantages of Renewable Energy

    • Renewable energy sources are safe and clean, and sustainable

    Limits of Renewable Energy

    • Renewable energy sources can be costly to install and may not be consistently available.

    Hybrid Systems

    • Combine solar, wind, etc. for a more reliable energy supply.

    Microgrids and Minigrids

    • Smaller grids that are more localized, better integrated into communities.

    Integration of Renewable Energy into the Electricity Grid

    • Methods for integrating renewable energy into existing power grids

    Photovoltaic Effect

    • The photovoltaic effect explains how solar cells convert light into electricity.

    Photovoltaic Solar Cell Technologies

    • Explains how solar cells are constructed and how they function

    Cell Types

    • Different types of solar cells (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous)

    PV Generator

    • A diagram showing a solar photovoltaic system.

    DC/AC Solar Inverter

    • Convert DC (direct current) electricity from a solar panel to AC (alternating current) for use in homes and buildings

    Photovoltaic Conversion of Solar Energy Tracker

    • Explains how tracking solar panels can improve efficiency.

    Distribution of Primary Energy Consumption in France 2020

    • Distribution of various energy sources for France, in 2020.

    What is the Most Used Fossil Fuel?

    • Oil is the most commonly used fossil fuel globally, followed by coal and natural gas.

    Greenhouse Gases: Fossil Fuels and Global Warming

    • Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, causing global warming.
    • Human activities are accelerating global warming at an unprecedented rate.

    The Different Types of Pollution

    • Explains various types of pollution including air, water, soil, light, noise, thermal and radioactive.

    Types of Environmental Pollution

    • Classifies pollution into categories (physical, mechanical, chemical, destructive biological).

    Chemical Components

    • Lists chemicals found as contaminants in the atmosphere.

    Natural Pollutants

    • Lists common natural pollutants from different sources.

    Sources of Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants

    • Breakdown of sources of atmospheric emissions from different sectors.

    Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

    • Pie charts showing sources of greenhouse gas emissions

    IPCC/IPCC

    • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international body assessing the science related to climate change.

    Techniques of Soil Depolution

    • Describes techniques for cleaning up polluted soils and water.

    Pollution Control Techniques

    • Explains methods for controlling various pollutant types.

    Detection and Treatment of Pollutants and Waste

    • Thermal processes for treating industrial waste are explained in detail.

    Impact of Pollution on Health and Environment

    • Studies have shown pollution affecting life expectancy and mortality, and causing diseases.

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    Renewable Energies in Algeria PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on renewable energies and solar radiation concepts with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as the properties of solar angles, measurement devices, and the components of the photovoltaic effect. Ideal for students and enthusiasts in the field of energy studies.

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