Electrical Grid - Week 10.pptx

Electrical Grid Week 10 Metering Today’s Discussion How Metering works Metering with DERs Electricity Bills Definition: Metering of Electricity It is a method of utilizing devices to measure the amount and direction of. electrical energy flow; particular for end-use'. Metering is a way of....

Electrical Grid Week 10 Metering Today’s Discussion How Metering works Metering with DERs Electricity Bills Definition: Metering of Electricity It is a method of utilizing devices to measure the amount and direction of. electrical energy flow; particular for end-use'. Metering is a way of. measuring the amount of physical quantity of electricity transmitted. when activated by a powered device. 3 Definition: Metering and Billing Metered billing is a pricing model in which you pay for a service only based on the level of usage. For example, the cost of a service might depend on time used, volume of data processed, or CPU cycles—depending on the type of service. You receive a monthly bill to pay for your actual level of usage and nothing more. 4 Key Factors of Metering and Billing The primary concepts for PaaS (Platform as a Service) metering and billing include: Incoming and outgoing network bandwidth. CPU time per hour. Stored data. High availability. Monthly service charge 5  Smart Meter Function https://energyrates.ca/smart-meters-explained-your-full-guide/ 6 LMB-EG-07 Specifications for Approval of Type of Electricity Meters, Instrument Transformers and Auxiliary Devices This specification establishes acceptable performance criteria for new types of electricity meters, instrument transformers and auxiliary devices intended for use in revenue metering. The criteria apply also to modifications which may be made, in future, to existing approved devices. This document refers to the following and where such reference is made it shall be considered to refer to the latest edition and may revisions thereto: Canadian Standards Association Standard C17; Electricity Meters Canadian Standards Association Standard C13; Instrument Transformers Standards Council of Canada CAN-Z234.1; Canadian Metric Practice Guide American National Standards Institute Standard C37-90a/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Standard 472; IEEE Guide for surge withstand Capability (SWC) Test. United States Department of Defence Military Standard MIL-STD-461B; Electromagnetic Emission and Susceptibility Requirements for the control of electromagnetic Interference. Standards Council of Canada CAN3-Z234.4; All-Numeric Dates and Times. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/mc-mc.nsf/eng/lm00168.html 7 Metering and Distributed Energy Resources Two types of connection; 1) Series 2) Parallel 8  Series Connection In-series connection configuration (see diagrams 1, 2 and 3) An in-series configuration is one whereby two or more distinct electricity loads and/or generators (two or more distinct purchasers/sellers from the perspective of the Electricity and Gas Inspection Act (EGIA)), are connected to the common electricity grid in the following manner: 1.one meter is connected between the grid and a junction point between two or more loads; 2.one meter is connected between the junction point and one of the loads; and 3.no meter is connected between the junction point and the other load. The energy attributed to the non-metered load is not measured but calculated using a deductive totalizing method. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/mc-mc.nsf/eng/lm00030.html#Section2.0 9  Series Connection 1 one meter is connected between the grid and a junction point between two or more loads; https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/mc-mc.nsf/eng/lm00030.html#Section2.0 10  Series Connection 2 one meter is connected between the junction point and one of the loads 11  Series Connection 3 no meter is connected between the junction point and the other load. 12 Parallel Connection Parallel connection configuration (see diagram 4) Parallel measurement is the typical manner in which multiple distinct purchasers/sellers are metered and connected to a common electricity grid. Each distinct load and/or generator is connected directly to the grid through individual meters with no common interconnection on the non-grid side of the meters. 13 14  An example of Utility Metering A utilities standard secondary voltages are as follows: 120/240 V, single phase, 3 wire 120/208 V, three phase, 4 wire 347/600 V, three phase, 4 wire 15  Single Phase Type Meter 120/240 V, single phase, 3 wire Specification: S-E-08 (rev. 2)Appendix A - Standard Drawings for Electricity Metering Installations 16  Single Phase Meter- example The i-meter® digital socket meter by Vision metering is an accurate, reliable, and highly versatile utility-grade design meter. Cost-effective, easy to install, and packed with compatibility, these meters can be used for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. The i-meter® digital socket meter also offers kWh, Demand, TOU, Load Profile, and Bidirectional functionality with 20/20 Software. All meters come with a full one-year warranty. Optional Pulse output or Modbus RS485 output Optional 900 Mhz Radio for use with RadioGate ANSI C12.18, C12.19, C12.20 & C37.90.1 compliant Available in ANSI forms: 1S, 2S, 3S, 4S, 6S, 12S, 16S & 25S Available in 120V, 120/240V & Autoranging between 120-347L-N input voltage Available for network services Revenue grade meters for legal tenant billing Continuous Instantaneous KW available Accuracy +/- 0.2% Designed for 20 Years of Life https://intellimeter.com/pages/socket-meter 17 Utility Socket Metering Notes 1. Only CSA approved meter sockets are to be used. 2. Meter sockets shall be mounted so that the midpoint of the meter is set at 1700 mm. 3. Where the supply is grounded, 600 V metering shall be 4 wire. Where the Customer does not require a neutral, a full size neutral conductor sized in accordance with Table 16 of the Ontario Electrical Safety Code must be provided to all meter cabinets or sockets. The neutral conductor is to be terminated in the socket (or cabinet) on an insulated block in accordance with the Ontario Electrical Safety Code 18 Single Phase Meters, Instrument Transformers > 200A Load 19 Three Phase Meters, Instrument Transformers > 200A Load 120/208 V, three phase, 3 wire 347/600 V, three phase, 3 wire 20 Three Phase Meters, Instrument Transformers > 200A Load 120/208 V, three phase, 4 wire 347/600 V, three phase, 4 wire 21 Three Phase Meters, Instrument Transformers > 200A Load 120/208 V, three phase, 4 wire 347/600 V, three phase, 4 wire 22 Three Phase Meter - Example I-METER MF SERIES The i-meter® MF Series meter is an efficient energy multi-function meter proven to drive energy savings in various applications. The i-meter® MF series meter comes in two configurations: the i-meter® MF3; a 3-element single meter and the i-meter® MF6; a 3- element double meter. Capable of single and multiple load monitoring, i-meter® MF series meters offer monitoring of multiple parameters including; voltage, amperage, kilowatts, Power Factor, Frequency, Harmonics and more. Housed in its own enclosure with an LCD display, the i-meter®MF series is a convenient meter for all your sub-metering needs! Autoranging in voltage from 120V-347V L-N Monitor multiple electrical loads from the same distribution panel Revenue Grade with periodic collection and storage of data Flexible functionality: standalone or connected to a system Track energy consumption and earn valuable LEED points Communication capable using radio signal, ModBus or BACNet communications Low cost and efficient for residential, commercial and industrial applications 23 Utility Meters using Instrument Transformers 24  Utility Meter , Instrument Transformers Meter Cabinet Descriptions A – 48” x 48” x 12” complete with removable 44” x 44” backplate. B – 36” x 36” x 12” connected to switchgear instrument transformer compartment. Notes: 1. Meter cabinets shall be fabricated of minimum # 16 gauge steel. 2. Cabinets shall have side-hinged doors opening at the center and be equipped with three point latching and provision for padlocking. 3. The maximum distance from the floor to the top of the cabinet shall be 1830 mm. 4. Where two or more circuits are used in one meter cabinet, Toronto Hydro will issue specific metering requirements 25 Utility Meters using Instrument Transformers 26 Utility Meter , Instrument Transformers MINIMUM COMPARTMENT SIZES [width x height x depth (from CT mounting plate)] A - 762mm x 762mm x 210mm (30” x 30” x 8.25”) B - 915mm x 762mm x 324mm (36” x 30” x 12.75”) C - 965mm x 914mm x 381mm (38” x 36” x 15”) NOTES: 1. Instrument transformers will be provided by Toronto Hydro and shall be installed in the switchgear by the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall not disassemble and/or change in any manner the Toronto Hydro equipment sent to the manufacturer. 2. 2. Voltage transformer connections shall be connected on the line side of the current transformers. Current transformers shall be installed with their polarity marks towards the incoming Toronto Hydro supply 27  Meter Asset Stakeholders Asset Management Meter IT - CIR filing s/ - Maintain systems - Strategy based on Servic in compliance with metering e IT guidelines Points - Patches/Upgrade requirements - Manage GSP - System monitoring program Meter Operation and Data Rates Management - Verify wholesale Capacity Planning - FIT/Micto-FIT metering amounts - Meter installation - Electrical Vehicle - Meter replacements Control Room / - Execute replacement Dispatch programs Billing - Real Time Power - Operate Data Acquisition - Generate bills Status Check from Systems based on meter Smart Meters - Ensure Accurate Billing Data reads - Outage/Restoration - Maintain Communication Links CDM to NMS - Maintain GSP Meters - Key accounts - Measurement Canada meter data support Vendors Reporting - Olameter, Trilliant, - Class A Customer Qualification Optima, Rodan, External Stake holders Honeywell Elster, - IESO ITRON - Hydro one 28  Meter Data Flow Metering Meter Data Management Billing Data Billing Data Elster Acquisitio Management Residential n 610K meters Small C&I Systems ODS 70K meters Med C&I Connexo 3K meters Exceptions BDM CC&B Quadlogic Suite 79K Meters Primerea d Meter Data Wholesale ExceptionsTechnologists 220 main meters RIMS/4G Meters 14K meters MV90/IEE MV-90/IEE Manual Olameter DCI Files 885 meters 29 Types of electricity rates For residential and small business customers that buy electricity from their utility, there are two different types of rates (also called prices ). The Ontario Energy Board sets both once a year on November 1; Time of Use (TOU) Tiered https://www.ontario.ca/page/find-programs-reduce- electricity-bill 30 The Electricity Bill and Rates 31 Time of Use Rates With TOU prices, the price depends on when you use electricity. There are three TOU price periods: Off-peak, when demand for electricity is lowest. Ontario households use most of their electricity – nearly two thirds of it – during off-peak hours. Mid-peak, when demand for electricity is moderate. These periods are during the daytime, but not the busiest times of day. On-peak, when demand for electricity is generally higher. These are the busier times of day – generally when people are cooking, starting up their computers and running heaters or air conditioners. With TOU pricing, you can help manage your electricity costs by shifting your usage to lower price periods when possible. People use electricity differently depending on the season, so the TOU price periods are different in the summer than they are in the winter. 32 Billing - TOU https://www.oeb.ca/rates-and-your-bill/electricity-rates 33 34 History of TOU Rates 35 Tiered Rates With Tiered prices, you can use a certain amount of electricity each month at a lower price. Once that limit (called a threshold) is exceeded, a higher price applies. The threshold changes with the season to reflect changing usage patterns – for example, there are fewer hours of daylight in the winter and some customers use electric heating. In the winter period (November 1 – April 30), the Tier threshold for residential customers is 1,000 kWh, so that during the heating season households can use more power at the lower price. In the summer period (May 1 – October 31), the Tier threshold for residential customers is 600 kWh. The Tier threshold for small business customers is 750 kWh all year round. Tiered prices give you the flexibility to use electricity at any time of day at the same price, although that price will change if you exceed the threshold during the month. 36 Tiered Rates 37 38 History of Tiered Rates 39 About TOU and Tiered Pricing under the Regulated Price Plan We set both TOU and Tiered prices under the Regulated Price Plan (RPP). The RPP is designed to provide stable pricing, encourage conservation and ensure that the price customers pay for electricity better reflects the price paid to generators that produce the electricity that consumers use in their homes or small businesses. We set TOU and Tiered prices so that both recover the same forecast average cost of supply for a typical consumer 40 TOU & Tiered Rates Electricity utilities are required to inform all new residential and small business customers that they have a choice between TOU or Tiered prices when they set up the account. The choice between TOU and Tiered prices is available to residential and small business customers that have smart meters and are billed under the OEB’s RPP. Some residential and small business customers are charged Tiered prices because their meters can’t be used to bill TOU prices. They can’t switch to TOU prices at this time. If you live in a condominium or apartment that has its own individual meter and your bill comes from a company other than an electricity utility, you are a customer of a unit sub-meter provider (USMP). Customers of USMPs also can’t switch to Tiered prices. That decision can only be made for the building as a whole by the “master consumer,” who is the person that retained a USMP for the property. In most cases, the master consumer is the property manager, landlord or 41 Charges on the Bill Delivery This is the cost of delivering electricity from generating stations across the province to your home or business through high voltage (transmission) and low voltage (distribution) power lines. The Ontario Energy Board sets delivery rates for electricity utilities in the province. Some of the delivery charges are "fixed," meaning the same amount no matter how much electricity you use in each month. Other charges vary depending on how much electricity you use. Delivery charges include: Customer Service Charge: A fixed charge for costs related to meter reading, billing, customer service and account maintenance, and for general utility operations. Distribution Charge: A variable charge for the cost of building and maintaining the distribution system, including overhead and underground power lines, poles and transformer stations. Utilities file detailed rate applications with the Ontario Energy Board if they want to change this charge. Transmission Charge: A variable charge for the costs of transmitters to operate and maintain the high-voltage transmission system that carries electricity from generating stations to your utility. Line Loss Adjustment: It is normal for a small amount of power to be lost as it travels over the utility's power lines to your home or business. In calculating your electricity costs for the billing period, your utility multiplies your electricity cost by an adjustment factor that accounts for those losses. They do this using an adjustment factor that is approved by the Ontario Energy Board. The charges for losses are included on the Delivery line of your bill. 42 Regulatory Charges 1/3 The following charges are grouped together under the line item called Regulatory Charges: The Wholesale Market Service Charge includes the cost of services provided by the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) to operate the wholesale electricity market and maintain the reliability of the high voltage power grid. It also covers certain costs incurred by local utilities to connect renewable generation. Although the Ontario Energy Board sets the wholesale market service charge, we do not set or approve all of the costs that are recovered through that charge. Here are more details about what is included in the wholesale market service charge: Amounts that are NOT set or approved by the Ontario Energy Board: Physical Limitations and Losses: When electricity is delivered over transmission lines - from generators to the high-voltage transformers - it is normal for a small amount of power to be lost as heat. Energy Reliability: Sometimes the balance between generation and demand is affected by an unanticipated event, such as equipment failure or a surge in demand. The IESO purchases reserve electricity that is available on short notice to restore the balance. 43 Regulatory Charges 2/3 Amounts that are set or approved by the Ontario Energy Board: IESO Administration Fee: The IESO charges an administrative fee to manage the high voltage power system and operate the wholesale electricity market in Ontario. The fee also covers the costs related to planning for generation, demand management, conservation and transmission in the province. This fee does not cover the contract payments made to generators or costs for the delivery of conservation and demand management programs. Costs for contracts and conservation programs are included in the Global Adjustment and are reflected in the Electricity line of your bill. Rural and Remote Electricity Rate Protection (RRRP): This charge is collected by the IESO to pay certain electricity distributors who provide electricity service in rural and remote areas. It helps to offset the higher cost of providing service to consumers in those areas. Renewable Connections: Some of the costs incurred by a utility to connect renewable generation facilities (e.g. solar, wind) can be recovered from consumers throughout the province. 44 Regulatory Charges 3/3 Standard Supply Service Charge: In addition to the wholesale market service charge, these Regulatory Charges also include a Standard Supply Service Charge. If you purchase electricity directly from your local utility, you pay an administrative fee to the utility to cover these costs. This charge is the same for all utilities in the province. The Ontario Energy Board sets this charge. 45 Ontario Electricity Rebate (OER) The Ontario Electricity Rebate (OER) is provided to eligible customers, including: households farms long-term care homes small businesses The rebate is automatic and appears on bills as a separate line item. Effective November 1, 2021, the OER is providing eligible consumers with a 17% rebate from the province on the subtotal of their electricity bill. Consumers that are currently receiving the OER under the grandfathering regulatory provisions will continue to receive the rebate until October 31, 2022. When the OER was introduced, a grandfathering period was put in place for consumers that were previously receiving the 8% rebate as of October 22, 2019, if they met prescribed requirements to provide notice to their electricity vendor before February 1, 2020. 46 Billing – Samples 47 Billing – Energy Retail 48 Billing – Large Customers Class A Customer June 2019 Bill – General Service 1,000 kW 4,999 kW Service Classification: Electricity Electricity Commodity = Adj kWh x Interval Weighted Average Hourly Ontario Energy Price $/kWh Global Adjustment (GA) Class A = Total Provincial GA Cost $ x Customer Peak Demand Factor Delivery Customer Charge = $1,008.09 per 30 days Distribution = Adj kVA x $6.5134/KVA Transformer Allowance = Adj kVA x -$0.62/kVA Transmission Connection = Adj kW x $2.3030/kW Transmission Network = Adj Peak kW 7-7 x $2.5677/kW Regulatory Charges Standard Supply Service Charge = $0.25 per 30 days Wholesale Market Service = Adj kWh x $0.0035/kWh Capacity Based Recovery (CBR) Class A = Total Provincial CBR Cost $ x Customer Peak Demand Factor 49 The Global Adjustment Most electricity generating companies get a guaranteed price for the electricity that they produce. The Global Adjustment is the difference between that guaranteed price and the money the generators earn in the wholesale marketplace. The Global Adjustment also covers the costs of some conservation programs. All electricity consumers have to pay a share of the Global Adjustment. The Time-of-Use and Tiered electricity prices charged by your electricity utility already include an estimate of the Global Adjustment. If you sign up for a contract with an energy retailer, you have to pay your share of the Global Adjustment on top of the contract price. The Global Adjustment will also appear as a separate line on your bill (see above sample bills). 50 Global Adjustment (GA) Billing Class A Customer June Bill: Total Provincial GA (June 2019) = $1,261.3M Customer’s Peak Demand Factor = 0.00015248 Class A GA = $1,261.3M x 0.00015248= $192,323 Class B actual rate (June 2019) = $0.13728/kWh Customer’s June consumption = 1,967,836.554 kWh Class B GA = 1,967,836.554 kWh x $0.13728/kWh = $270,144 Difference = $77,821 51 Group Assignment Let’s review it on the Course Shell  Recap Today, we discussed the following: Metering Billing Electricity Rates Next week, we will look into the impacts of EVs and their charging infrastructure on the grid Any Questions?