PNJA Past Paper PDF

P N J A VOCABULARY: PHRASAL VERBS: pay sth off - spłaocny track sb down - wyśledzić kogoś jump at the chance - skorzystała/rzuciła się na okazję cut back sth - odciąć (np. fundusze) to take sth on - to accept a particular job or responsibility to get in with - to become friends with (someone) to tu...

P N J A VOCABULARY: PHRASAL VERBS: pay sth off - spłaocny track sb down - wyśledzić kogoś jump at the chance - skorzystała/rzuciła się na okazję cut back sth - odciąć (np. fundusze) to take sth on - to accept a particular job or responsibility to get in with - to become friends with (someone) to turn up - pojawić się help sb out sth chosen for sth sth shown in somewhere/sth sth sold at/in/on sth made from sth sth being searched at somewhere sth announced sth damaged by sth blurt out a problem / a secret - To say something suddenly and without thinking, often revealing something that was meant to be kept hidden.​ bottle up emotions / a problem - To keep one’s feelings or problems hidden, often resulting in frustration or stress.​ choke back tears / emotions - To try to control or prevent oneself from crying or showing strong emotions.​ fend off criticism / blows / accusations - To defend oneself or resist something, such as criticism or attacks, often in a combative or protective manner.​ keep up appearances - To maintain a facade of happiness, success, or normalcy, even if things are difficult or untrue. shoot down an argument / accusations - To immediately reject or refute an argument or accusations.​ sweep aside an argument / accusations / criticism - To dismiss or ignore an argument or criticism without giving it proper consideration.​ tease out a problem / a secret - To gradually extract or reveal something, often with careful questioning or effort.​ tone down criticism / accusations - To make criticism or accusations less harsh or severe.​ whip up rage / emotions - To cause intense feelings, often anger or excitement, in someone.​ CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD FOR THE GAP: sustainer of mankind flow through sth build up sth perform feats merely by using sense the flow to bring about health (to cause it to happen) prior to dating as far back as to date - up until now or so far given that turn out to be make use of put sth to good use or whatever is come as no surprise as an art form should capture wherever he went the ease with which one could it lent itself not only to to such an extent did sb… there was something compulsive about unfettered by sth at the rate of about four per hour research carried out in to join forces with sb bring sth to life deemed inedible of a suitable standard by some degree of waste opportunity to minimise sth cost implications of sth sth comes down to sth according to one authority sth has been put forward as one of the top to put sth forward - proponować coś originally conceived of as a sth to conceive - wyobrażać sobie (coś) where ppl would converge for shopping to converge - zbiegać się, zejść, schodzić się, łączyć się it is safe to say was a natural consequence paralleled the growth potential to enhance community life a huge rise in the number of are faced with a giant wall consisting entirely of shoes categorised by/into sth a boy in even greater awe of the towering section eyes glazed with/in sth a psychophysical response to sth sth observed in/at a shopping mall years of research into/on sth proceed with caution made my way towards/to the boy’s side is going on in responded without hesitation I’m no good at sth got hold of the wrong end of the stick has been seriously underfunded took their places on the stage the menu consisted of various starters to show up the rain tickled down has brought to light the fact that have stumbled on sth sign represented an amphora the first known instance of its use symbol was uncovered in the course of research Apparently, the sign… where it took on its meaning to enhance the prestige of sth has it in their possession that no longer is of interest not only have the economists importance as a business pointing out that contributes to/in export earnings strange as it may seem with such serious money washing around the question of who/what will be the next thing is far/much too important although/whereas/while/whilst the great name before they were discovered increasingly having/likely to be brought together by marketing men women in control/charge of their own destiny were in fact/reality dreamed up the same as designing any other product designer emblems did appear against the flamboyance of the hippie scurried into the streets logos served the same social function clothing’s price tag an active fashion accessory managed to pioneer a clothing style become so dominant on the clothing is dying out it would/does now appear that to all intents and purposes at one time possible to tell/see at a glance the difference between needless to say change in our ideas even well into the 1960s come as no surprise such has been the revolution we may find ourselves dressing down dressing up to go out that being said when only certain clothes will do politics and, additionally, the public at large moreover, good-looking candidates that firstly, modern technology it then goes on to question and finally it asks whether as a result of contact between people language may arise have low prestige with respect to grammatically based on one language they rely heavily on context once the creole has enough speakers the creole may expand into a fuller language from our perspective love at first sight deeply romantic streak with really slushy messages romantic displays the one for me he popped the question affectionate towards each other deaf since birth failed to find anything amiss he hardly/barely ate having been surrounded by so as to be able to communicate within hours of getting for the most part no sooner had he got chatting the risk of personal harm the function of sth to be discreet about sth the likelihood of unforeseen outcomes this runs counter to the optimistic adverse effects that arise unintentionally in this way contribute to economic growth it's strategy is therefore to but turned out to be highly problematic a pose on the pages of a 1939 issue festooned with hardware vogue tell us not quite today’s mobile-phone man, but close can come up with insults are nothing new for that’s not all they have to put up with gives off at least half of cup are among the most ancient while hand-sewn versions may go back to the bronze age not everyone appreciates when the frost begins to bite could einstein have been wrong environmental outlook for the future concern about a concerted action is needed until acid depositions diminish puts untold stress on resources are finite must give way to a more rational use can only be brought about by a dramatic change when men as a source of food easier than having to go out they turned their attention to settled way of life towns sprung up in places kept not merely for food for interest’s sake in common with barely progressed at all such zoos as existed no more than without any scientific purpose because as more plants and animals were discovered it was difficult to keep track of them all are on a fast track or so their female counterparts think in what is female-dominated profession no truth in them in order to get on with nigh on double the number while it appears that by their active seeking out of rather than by anything calorie intake outlive their well-fed peers on organisms as diverse as study of worms revealed the finding could be important link also apply to human it could well lead to the development of calorie restriction those days were idyllic that you wished it would never end skin of night would peel off with the same tinge of unreality the heady morning air the distant yap of dogs melancholy tune of the goat-bells a leisurely and silent affair took early to philosophy finding himself at odds what immediately set this philosophy apart few, if any, … not least when he set up a school whose very aim and spread far afield name lives on in many these were the tastes after analyzing more than 3 million tweets a decisive role in often preceded major events carried stories through borders instantly the total rate of tweets videos issuing nearly 5.5 million views content posted online there are recorded cases as far back as means literally ‘noisy spirit’ furniture being turned over but it also reveals itself the rules laid down by science spontaneous fires events are triggered by powers has the potential to use should a visit to a house convince you before you make any serious attempt to carry out often be of interest and so on beneath when the water builds up to produce noises have to be taken into account in any event no sonner had I in order to indicate the room number before telephoning in no uncertain terms the noise was no better appeared to be getting nowhere fast security men came up all the time nothing more than my own A B angry, cheerful, hurt, awful, broken-hearted, irritable, upset impossible, terrible, wonderful fairly entirerly immensely utterly pretty pretty quite quite really really rather absolutely very deeply Word Main Action Sustainers Maintain, uphold Providers Supply, give Keepers Guard, protect Promoters Advocate, advance Phrase Main Key Focus Example Usage Action Set Start, Initiating a "They set about cleaning about begin task or the house after the doing activity party." Come Happen, How something "How did the accident about occur happens or come about?" occurs Go Approach, Handling a "How do you go about about deal with task or solving such a complex situation problem?" Bring Cause, Creating or "The new policy will about make causing change bring about significant happen improvements." WORD FORMATION: act - interactive compare - incomparable ally - alliances compel - compulsive analyse - analysis, analyses complement - complementary anonymity - anonymous concept - conception antique - antiquity conclusions - inconclusive appear - apparent, confident - confidence apparently conscious - unconscious approve - disapproval consciousness - unconscious argue - arguably constrain - constraints aspire - aspiration consume - consumption assert - unassertive crux - crucial austere - austerity curriculum - extracurricular aware - awareness custom - customising benefit - beneficial danger - endangered bored - boredom decide - decidedly circle - encircle deny - undeniable close - disclose determine - indeterminate come - outcome dismissed - dismissive disturbing - disturbance patch - patchiness domestic - domesticity perpetuate - perpetually dominate - dominant power - empower empire - imperial predict - predictions enigma - enigmatic predict - unpredictable essential - essence prison - imprisons evolve - evolutionary proud - pride exhaust - inexhaustible rare - rarity family - familiar rectangle - rectangular finite - infinitely replace - irreplaceable foot - footing resource - resourcefulness fortune - misfortune respond - response generous - generosity responsible - responsibility glory - glorious road - inroads grateful - gratitude road - roadworthy hither - hitherto satisfy - unsatisfactory identify - identification sceptical - scepticism impression - impressionable school - scholarly independent - independence school - scholars individual - individuality set - setting(s) inefficient - inefficiency significance - insignificant influence - influential signify - significant inhabit - inhabitants speak - outspoken innovate - innovators spectate - spectacle insecure - insecurity stable - stability intuition - intuitively strong - strengthened invite - uninviting submit - submissively kin - kinship suppose - supposedly king - kingdom take - undertook like - likelihood terminate - interminable like - likely think - thoughtfully line - underline trust - mistrusted literate - literary will - willfully mass - massive maximum - maximise mean - meaningful mean - meaningful mean - meanness nature - natural obsessive - obsession occupy - occupants opinion - opinionated organ - organisms out - outcomes VOCABULARY: WORDS AND COLLOCATIONS: Get off the beaten track End up spending a fortune Get by on a shoestring budget Get back to nature Be in the lap of luxury To chill out To rough it - żyć w ciężkich warunkach Frequent traveller - osoba, która często podróżuje Independent traveller - niezależny podróżnik Seasoned traveller - doświadczony podróżnik Intrepid traveller - nieustraszony podróżnik Weary traveller - strudzony podróżnik Discerning traveller - wymagający podróżnik An armchair traveller - podróżnik nieruszający się z fotela Inveterate traveller - nałogowy podróżnik Unwary traveller - nieostrożny podróżnik In the region of - w okolicy czegoś, w zakresie czegoś On behalf of - w czyimś imieniu On the brink of - być na krawędzi czegoś, być na granicy czegoś To some extent - do pewnego stopnia, w pewnym stopniu, częściowo In conjunction with - wspólnie z czymś, w połączeniu z czymś In vain - na próżno, na darmo, bez celu On the verge of - być na skraju czegoś, być bliskim czegoś (np. bankructwa) On the grounds (of)/(that) - z powodu czegoś, na podstawie czegoś, ze względu na coś With the exception of - z wyjątkiem czegoś/kogoś Get somebody's goat - zdenerwować kogoś Get carried away - dać się ponieść (np. emocjom), stracić panowanie nad emocjami To fork out - wyrzucać w błoto (pieniądze), niechętnie za coś płacić, wybulić Hefty - ciężki, obfity, wysoki, duży A tight budget - ograniczony budżet, ograniczone możliwości finansowe Let your imagination run wild - popuścić wodzę fantazji Be dead set (on sth) - być całkowicie zdeterminowanym In line with sb - odpowiadać czemuś, być zgodnym z czymś shoulder the burden - Take on a heavy responsibility foot the bill - Pay for something, especially an expense faced the music - Confront the consequences of one’s actions toed the line - Follow rules or conform to expectations stomach/face the idea - Accept an unpleasant idea or possibility elbowed people aside - Push others away aggressively to gain advantage through thick and thin - Good and bad times find/gain fame and fortune - Popularity and wealth (sth is) touch and go - Risky or uncertain situation first and foremost - Most important or primary time and again (comma, sth) - Repeatedly or frequently (requires/needs) give and take - Mutual compromise or exchange (be) the life and soul - The most lively and enthusiastic person in a group (own) flesh and blood - Close relatives or human vulnerability (leave sb/was left) high and dry - Stranded or left in a difficult situation (in/is) black and white - Clear distinctions or lack of nuance (rather) dubious of/about (rather) cautious about (rather) sceptical of (quite) mystified by/about (quite) annoyed by/about (quite) convinced by/about (fairly) certain of/about beer-swilling - Consuming a lot of beer, often in a casual or excessive manner blood-sucking clown-like doll-like fat-free flesh-eating foil-wrapped foolproof - So simple or effective that it cannot fail or be misunderstood oven-proof owl-like silver-plated spoon-fed by sm sth is on a knife-edge - A situation that is very delicate or dangerous, and could go either way sugar-coated tamper-proof - impossible or very difficult to be altered, damaged, or interfered with without being noticed vanilla-flavoured vitamin-rich the icing on the cake - A final touch that makes something already good even better have a lot on your plate - To be busy with many tasks or responsibilities put all your eggs in one basket - To risk everything on a single opportunity or venture have bigger fish to fry - To have more important or pressing matters to deal with sweeten the pill - ​To make something unpleasant more acceptable or easier to tolerate take something with a pinch of salt - To view something with skepticism or not take it too seriously​ spill the beans - To reveal a secret or disclose information that was meant to be kept quiet​ sell like hot cakes - To sell very quickly and in large quantities​ get egg on your face - To look foolish or be embarrassed, especially after making a mistake​ eat humble pie - To admit you were wrong and apologize, often in a humbling way​ to intend - to set out to do sth - zamierzać (mieć zamiar coś zrobić) to agree to do - to take sth on - zmagać się z czymś, stawić czoła czemuś to investigate - to look into to make inquiries - to follow up - zasięgnąć informacji to be highlighted - to stand out to discover - to find out to test - to try sth out to mention - to point out to tolerate - to put up with sth to concede - to back down - przyznawać się/ustępować by rights - zgodnie z prawem as right as rain - zdrów jak ryba be in the right right under sm’s nose sth got up sm’s nose - To annoy or irritate someone. to sell the (film) rights right on time sth is within your rights - w zakresie posiadanych praw to make all the right noises - mówić to, co wypada powiedzieć o czymś the right way around - we właściwą stronę to serve sm right - mieć za swoje, doigrać się, być nauczką dla kogoś be well within sm’s rights to do sth - To have the full legal or moral right to do something.​ ​ WORD MEANING COLLOCATION COLLOCATION COLLOCATION consume Use up or equivalent quantity time devote, ?????????? devour intense or books news eager consumption of something relish To take challenge thought great pleasure or delight in something swallow To accept pill pride news something work - job works - factory/of art/literature/road iron - material an iron - machine for smoothing garments a disorder - an illness disorder - untidiness a speech - a talk speech - language/noise a room - a place room - space a language - Herman/ Greek etc. language - the method of communication a comfort - someone of something that gives you sympathy (home) comforts - a comfortable bed, central heating an experience - something that happened to you experience - what you have learned doing something a capital - chief city capital - money a coffee - a cup of coffee coffee - the plan or beans a burst of applause - burza oklasków a pane of glass - tafla szkła a stroke of luck - przebłysk szczęścia a grain of sand - ziarenko piasku a gust of wind - podmuch wiatru a speck of dust - pyłek kurzu a stream of abuse - strumień nadużyć a ray of sunshine - promyk słońca a source of amusement - źródło rozrywki an item of clothing/news - element garderoby/wiadomość a rumble of thunder - grzmot a puff of smoke - kłębek dymu a state of emergency - stan wyjątkowy occur to / dawn on - przyjść komuś do głowy pester / nagging - natrętnie narzucać się including / down to - włączając każdy element czegoś whim / impulse - kaprys, zachcianka, grymas evaluate / weigh up - rozważać, porównywać, ważyć assess / evaluate - oceniać, poddawać ocenie, wyceniać, oszacowywać, określać (np. wartość czegoś) extent / scope - zakres (np. działania) claim / contention - twierdzenie essentially / inherently - właściwie, z natury exaggerated / overstated - przecenić, przeceniać, wyolbrzymić take exception to the fact that - To strongly disagree with or be offended by something take notice of sth - To pay attention to something take place in - To occur or happen in a specific location or event​ take part in - To participate or get involved in something​ take the view that - To hold or express a particular opinion or belief​ take account of sth - To consider or factor in something when making a decision​ take issue with sm - To disagree with or challenge someone​ take advantage of sth - To use something for your benefit, often in a favorable way​ sth took sb by a surprise - Something happened unexpectedly or caught someone off guard​ take the second place - To finish in second position in a competition or ranking​ take into account sb/sth - To consider someone or something when making a decision​ be taken for granted - To be overlooked or not appreciated​ take a stand on sth - To express or adopt a firm position or opinion about something​ Be out of tune/sm is out of tune To be in tune with sth Go for a song Have a second string to your bow - have more than one useful skill, ability, or thing that you can use in case you are unsuccessful with the first skill, ability, or thing. Settle the score - take revenge on someone for something that they have done in the past. Strike the right note - say or do something in a way that is very suitable for a particular audience or occasion. Be someone of note - To be important, noteworthy, or significant in some way.​ Sth stroke a chord - To cause a strong emotional response or resonance. Strike a chord with sb - to do or say something that people feel is familiar or true be calling the tune - To be in control, to make the decisions. catch sm’s eye - To attract someone's attention or interest look sm in the eye - To make direct eye contact, often showing confidence or sincerity have and eye for - ​To have a natural ability to recognize or appreciate something turn a blind eye (to) - To deliberately ignore something, usually something wrong or unethical see eye to eye (with) - To agree with someone, to share the same opinion or view be in the public eye - To be frequently seen or talked about by the public or media Strikingly beautiful Potentially damaging Obscenely wealthy Highly profitable Seriously ill Strongly worded Singularly successful Keenly priced Widely believed Carefully chosen Staggeringly expensive Finely grated Incredibly strong flamboyant - something or someone that is bold, striking, or extravagant, often in a way that attracts attention. awe-inspiring - Something that causes a sense of wonder, admiration, or respect due to its grandeur, beauty, or power. indistinct - Something that is unclear, not sharply defined, or hard to perceive or identify, often due to lack of clarity or detail.​ out of the blue - Something happening unexpectedly, without any warning​ out of the frame - No longer relevant, or not included in a particular situation or context.​ not a bed of roses - A situation that is difficult, unpleasant, or full of challenges.​ burn my boat/bridges - To take an action that eliminates any possibility of going back or ending a relationship, usually in a dramatic or irreversible way.​ in a nutshell - To summarize something briefly or concisely. ​ best of both worlds - A situation where you can enjoy the advantages of two different things, without having to choose between them.​ take place in be in place be all over the place awarded first place feel out of place burn a hole in your pocket – If money is burning a hole in your pocket, you are very eager to spend it Burn the midnight oil – To work late into the night or stay up late working on something. Get your fingers burned – To suffer negative consequences from a risky action or decision. Fiddling while Rome burns – To engage in trivial activities while something serious or disastrous is happening. Have money to burn – To have so much money that you can spend it without worrying about running out. Burn your bridges – To destroy relationships or opportunities in such a way that you can’t go back. singularly unsuccessful - Extremely unsuccessful or failing in a notable way.​​ ​ ​ childish behaviour - Immature or silly behavior, often associated with children. to dress-down - To wear casual or less formal clothing, or to reprimand someone.​ be stuck behind a desk - To be in a situation where you are working in an office or sitting at a desk for long hours.​ outlay on sth - The money spent on something, especially for a business investment or expense.​ steer clear of sth - To avoid something or someone intentionally.​ be hooked on the idea - To be very interested or obsessed with a particular idea.​ sth raised some eyebrows - To cause surprise, shock, or disapproval.​ ​ to opt for sth - To choose or decide on something.​ come over - To visit someone or move toward a particular place.​ come up with the goods - To successfully produce or provide what is needed or expected.​ come in for - To receive something, especially criticism or praise. come out in sympathy with - To show support or express shared feelings with someone.​ come round - To change one’s opinion or perspective, or to visit someone.​ come between - To cause a rift or separate people, often in a relationship.​ come easily - To happen without much effort or difficulty.​ be coming along - To make progress or improve in some way.​ first come, first served - A principle where people are served in the order they arrive.​ come to terms with - To accept or adjust to something difficult or unpleasant.​ self-conscious - Feeling aware or uncomfortable about oneself or one's actions, often due to concern about being judged by others.​ misheard - To hear something incorrectly or not as it was said.​ counter-productive - Having the opposite effect of what was intended, often making things worse.​ pro-government - Supporting or favoring the government or its policies.​ overworked - Working too much, often to the point of exhaustion or stress.​ sub-zero - Below zero degrees (often referring to temperature), or very cold.​ superhuman - Beyond normal human abilities, often used to describe extraordinary strength or skill.​ anti-smoking - Opposed to or campaigning against smoking or the use of tobacco.​ pre-arranged - Something that was arranged or planned ahead of time. outdo - To perform better or surpass someone in a particular area or activity.​ undervalue - To assign less worth or importance to something than it deserves.​ self-contained - Independent, able to function or exist without needing assistance or support from others.​ subtropical - Relating to or found in regions just outside the tropics, typically characterized by warm, humid climates.​ outlive - To live longer than someone or something, or to survive beyond a certain point.​ underestimate - To judge something as being smaller, less important, or less significant than it actually is.​ misunderstanding - A failure to understand something correctly, leading to confusion or mistakes.​ prepacked - Something that has been packaged or prepared in advance, often for convenience.​ superconcentrated - Containing a very high concentration of something, usually referring to substances like liquids or nutrients.​ anti-lock - Referring to a system (such as brakes) that prevents a vehicle's wheels from locking up during braking, enhancing safety overheard - To hear something accidentally, often in a conversation that was not meant to be heard.​ counter-argument - An argument presented to oppose or refute another argument or claim.​ pro-American - Supportive or favoring the interests of the United States.​ to take turn for the better - To improve or become better after a period of difficulty or uncertainty.​ to have a nice turn of phrase - To have a clever or elegant way of expressing something.​ not to know which way to turn - To be confused, unsure, or overwhelmed about what to do next.​ to turn as red as a beetroot - To blush or become very embarrassed. the turn of the century - The transition from one century to another.​ not to turn a hair - To remain completely calm and unaffected, often in a stressful or surprising situation.​ to toss and turn - To be restless or unable to sleep, usually due to anxiety or worry.​ to take it in turns - To alternate with someone, especially in tasks or responsibilities.​ a turn-up for the books - An unexpected or surprising event or outcome.​ at the end of the day all things considered when you come to think of it in the cold/clear light of day all in all tying the knot - To get married.​ to cast my net - To search for something or look for opportunities, often in a broad or wide manner.​ be a bolt from the blue - A completely unexpected or surprising event, often a sudden shock.​ have time on sm’s hands - To have extra time, often implying that the person has nothing to do.​​ be carrying a torch for - To have unrequited or lingering romantic feelings for someone.​ rolled up her sleeves - To prepare for hard work, to get ready for action or effort. have sth up my sleeve - A hidden advantage, secret plan, or resource not yet revealed.​ be at death’s door - To be very ill, or near death, or in a very dangerous condition.​ giving me the cold shoulder - To intentionally ignore or reject someone.​ get a grip - To regain control of a situation, to calm down or collect oneself.​ lose a grip on - To lose control or understanding, especially of a situation or emotion.​ ​ clutching at straws - To make desperate or unreasonable attempts to solve a problem.​ to grasp the nettle - To face a difficult or unpleasant situation directly and with courage.​ got to grips with sm - To understand or begin to manage something difficult.​ play right into sm’s hands - To unknowingly or unintentionally help someone else’s plan or advantage.​ sth up for grabs - Something available to be taken, won, or obtained, often in a competition.​ absolutely staggering doubly disappointing fairly laid-back highly suspicious remarkably accurate slightly embarrassed somewhat envious utterly miserable Noun​ Adjective Alternate​Alternating Caution​ Cautious Collapse​ Collapsing Detest​ Detestable Honour​ Honourable Labour​ Laborious Loathe​ Loathsome Hypocrisy​Hypocritical Philosophy​ Philosophical Repel​ Repellent Tenacity​ Tenacious Theatre​ Theatrical Virtue​ Virtuous Volunteer​Voluntary Word Form Meaning s Absent Absent (adj.), Absentee (noun) Adjective: Not present. Deceiv Deceive (verb), Deception (noun), Verb: To mislead e Deceptive (adj.), Deceptively or trick someone. (adv.) Extrem Extreme (adj.), Extremity (noun), Adjective: Very e Extrema (noun) great in degree. Homoge Homogenous (adj.), Homogeneity Adjective: nous (noun), Homogenize (verb), Consisting of Homogenously (adv.) parts that are the same. Inflex Inflexible (adj.), Inflexibility Adjective: Not ible (noun), Inflexibly (adv.) able to be changed or bent. Rigid Rigid (adj.), Rigidity (noun), Adjective: Stiff, Rigidly (adv.) not able to bend or change. Oppose Oppose (verb), Opposition (noun), Verb: To be Opponent (noun), Oppositional against or (adj.) resist. Biased Bias (noun), Bias (verb), Biased Verb: To influence (adj.), Biasing (verb), Biasedly unfairly. (adv.) Desire Desire (noun, verb), Desired Verb: To want or (adj.), Desirability (noun), long for. Desirable (adj.), Desirably (adv.) Failin Failing (noun), Fail (verb), Verb: To not gs Failing (adj.), Failed (adj.) succeed. Inclin Incline (verb), Inclined (adj.), Verb: To have a ed Inclination (noun), Inclining tendency or (verb), Inclinedness (noun) preference. Invinc Invincible (adj.), Invincibility Adjective: ible (noun), Invincibly (adv.) Impossible to defeat or overcome. Radica Radical (adj.), Radicalism Adjective: l (noun), Radicalize (verb), Extreme or Radically (adv.) revolutionary. Suppre Suppress (verb), Suppression Verb: To put an ss (noun), Suppressed (adj.), end to something Suppressing (verb) by force or control. Pump: A device used to move or transfer liquids, gases, or other substances from one place to another by mechanical force. Valves: Mechanical devices used to control the flow of fluids (liquids or gases) in a pipe or container. Scissors: A cutting instrument consisting of two blades joined together by a pivot, used for cutting materials such as paper, fabric, or hair. Tweezers: Small, handheld tools with two arms that are used to grasp and manipulate small objects, often for precision tasks like plucking hairs or picking up tiny items. Chain: A series of connected metal links or rings, typically used for securing, lifting, or transmitting mechanical power. the final nail in the coffin - The last event or action that leads to the end of something, usually something negative or disastrous. to call a spade a spade - To speak directly and frankly, even if the truth may be unpleasant or blunt. to go down the tubes - To fail or deteriorate, often beyond recovery. a weak link in the chain - A person or thing that is the least reliable or effective in a group or system. to blow a fuse - To become very angry or lose one's temper suddenly. with (no) strings attached - A situation or agreement where there are no special conditions or obligations. to get your wires crossed - To misunderstand something or someone, causing confusion. to shoot your bolt - To exhaust all your resources or efforts, leaving nothing more to be done. to get into gear - To start working more efficiently or effectively. to twist the knife - To make a painful situation worse, often by adding emotional distress. set Set the wheels To start a process or action that will in motion lead to further developments. Set your teeth To make someone feel uncomfortable, on edge irritated, or annoyed. Set the world on To achieve great success or do fire something remarkable or extraordinary.  Set your sights To focus your attention or aim on a on particular goal or objective. Set the scene To create the background or conditions for something to happen, often in storytelling. Set in stone To make something permanent or unchangeable. Set out your To present or make clear your plans, stall intentions, or position. Set your heart To desire something greatly or focus all on your efforts on achieving something. Set the record To clarify or correct a straight misunderstanding or mistake. Set a dangerous To establish an example or action that precedent could lead to negative or harmful consequences in the future. run Run rings round To outpace or outsmart someone easily, often by being more skilled or efficient. Run the risk of To be in a situation where something negative or undesirable might happen. Counter to In opposition or contrast to something, often a rule, argument, or opinion. Run a tight ship To manage or organize something efficiently, often with strict discipline. pull Pull a fast one To deceive or trick someone in a clever way.  Pull the To control or influence events or people strings behind the scenes. Pull the other A phrase used to express disbelief, often one in response to a lie or a joke. Pull your socks To improve your performance or behavior, up often after being criticized. Pull your To do your fair share of work or weight contribute as much as others. in the vanguard - Being at the forefront of a movement, innovation, or action; leading the way. a double-edged sword - A situation or object that has both positive and negative consequences. the lay person - A person who is not a professional or expert in a particular field or subject. for its own sake - Doing something for the intrinsic value or benefit of it, not for any external reward. subject to enough regulations - Being governed or controlled by a set of rules or laws. the greater good - The benefit or well-being of the majority, often requiring individual sacrifice. meticulous - Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise. vivacious - Full of life and energy; lively, enthusiastic, and animated. pompous - Having an exaggerated sense of one's own importance; self-important, often in a way that is irritating or arrogant. morbid - Relating to unhealthy or disturbing subjects, especially those involving death or disease; often characterized by an abnormal focus on gloomy or unpleasant matters. fossil fuel severe famine pristine environment finitie resources greenhouse gases water shortages climate change solar energy population density melting ice cap rising sea levels life expectancy broke - Lacking money or financial resources; in a state of poverty or financial hardship. destitute - Lacking the basic necessities of life, such as food, shelter, or clothing; extremely poor. slender - Thin in an attractive or graceful way; having a slight build or narrow shape. skinny - Very thin, often to the point of being unhealthy or unattractive; used more negatively than "slender." opponents - People who are against or competing with you in a particular situation, often in a competition or conflict. enemies - People who actively oppose or wish to harm you, often with a sense of hostility or antagonism. sneaking into - Entering a place secretly or quietly, often to avoid detection or to do something sneaky. entering - Simply going into a place, with no specific connotation of secrecy or stealth. commence - To begin or start something. kick off - To begin or start something, often used informally or in reference to an event or activity. lost his cool - To lose control of one’s emotions, typically by becoming angry or upset. became displeased - To become upset or unhappy, often in a less intense or dramatic way compared to "lost his cool." stuck the jammed window - Used in the context of applying force or attempting to fix or move the window that is stuck. touched the jammed window - Simply making contact with the window, not necessarily attempting to fix or force it open. the impact of sth the attitude to sth research into sth analysis of sth the outcome of sth the rise/increase in sth a rise/increase of …% a change in/to sth the impact on sth the objection to sth yank - pull harangue - lectured resolve - decided swear - promise seethe - angry unearth - found crave - wanted to eat flout - ignored scrounge - borrow live through - To survive or endure something difficult or challenging, especially an event or period. live it up - To enjoy life to the fullest, often by indulging in fun, excitement, or luxury. learn to live with - To accept or tolerate something unpleasant or difficult over time. live down - To recover from something embarrassing or shameful, often by changing your behavior or reputation. live by your wits - To rely on your intelligence, cleverness, or resourcefulness to survive or succeed. live up to your expectations - To meet or fulfill the standards, hopes, or goals that someone has set for you. specialise in sth pay attention to laugh at sb shout at sb think about sth throw sth at ab object to sth typical of sm vote for sth insist on sth congratulate sb on sth agree on sth quick bite - A small meal or snack, often eaten quickly. fast lane - A lifestyle or path characterized by speed, excitement, and sometimes risk. quick buck - Earning money easily, often in a short period of time or through questionable means. fast track - A rapid route to achieving something, often used in reference to career progression. brisk nod - A quick, short gesture of agreement or acknowledgment. swift denial - A quick or immediate refusal or rejection. rapid response - A quick reaction or answer to a situation or request. quick catnap - A short, light nap or sleep. slow growth at a slower pace slow signs of sth a slow process slow decline slow lane Red Financial losses or deficits, often shown in accounting; something ink that is in the negative. Green Signs of recovery, growth, or improvement, especially in the shoots economy or a project. Blue Referring to a company, stock, or investment that is considered chip very stable, reliable, and financially sound. White Large electrical appliances typically found in kitchens, such as goods refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves. Golden A large sum of money or incentive given to a person, often when hello they join a company. White A person or organization that comes to the aid or rescue of someone knight or something in trouble, often in business or finance. Golden A large sum of money or benefits given to someone when they leave a handsha company, often after a long period of service. ke Cut To gain initial experience or skills in a particular area or job, their often early in one's career. teeth Progres To move upward in a hierarchy, such as in a company or s up organization, gradually gaining higher status or responsibility. the rungs A mixed A situation that has both positive and negative aspects, often blessing leading to a bittersweet result. Dog-eat- A competitive or ruthless situation where people will do anything dog to succeed, often at the expense of others. The A small hint or indication of something, usually negative or slightes suspicious. t whiff of Snapped To be quickly taken or acquired, often in a competitive or eager up manner. A track A history or record of past performance, especially one that record reflects success or failure in a specific field. Mindset A person's way of thinking or attitude toward something, often influencing their behavior and decisions. The jury’s A situation where the final decision or judgment has not yet still out been made; still undecided. A quantum A significant and dramatic improvement or advancement, often in leap technology or progress. Quick Temporary, often superficial solutions to a problem, without fixes addressing the root cause. Keep their To avoid drawing attention to oneself, especially in situations heads down where it’s better to stay out of trouble or controversy. apathetic - Showing or feeling little or no emotion, interest, or concern. callous - Showing a lack of sympathy or sensitivity; emotionally insensitive or unfeeling. flawed - Having imperfections, mistakes, or weaknesses; not perfect. trustworthy - Deserving of trust or confidence; reliable and dependable. articulate - Able to express ideas clearly and effectively in speech or writing. conventional - Following accepted or traditional standards, practices, or beliefs. garrulous - Excessively talkative, especially about trivial matters. unflappable - Not easily upset, disturbed, or agitated; remaining calm and composed. brazen - Not easily upset, disturbed, or agitated; remaining calm and composed. fickle - Likely to change one's mind or opinions frequently, especially without good reason. spineless - Lacking courage or determination; unable to stand up for oneself or others. engrossed - immersed overpowering - compelling take for granted - assume conjectures - suppositions classic - masterpiece perceptions - insights painstaking - meticulous bravery - guts apropos - used to introduce something that is related to or connected with something that has just been said coup - an unexpectedly successful achievement mnemonic - something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember something penchant - a liking for, an enjoyment of, or a habit of doing something, especially something that other people might not like pseudonym - a name someone uses instead of their real name, especially on a written work denouement - the end of a story, in which everything is explained, or the end result of a situation indebted - grateful because of help given succumb - to lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat condemn - to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons bruised egos contagious criticism fatal dose of scepticism, flaw in the argument feverish state of activity healthy bank balance, criticism, dose of scepticism, turnout of voters jaundiced criticism, sense of humour sick sense of humour, bank balance sore loser Word Meaning Creak A high-pitched, squeaking or groaning sound, often made by something old or stiff, like a door or floorboard. Rumble A deep, continuous, resonant sound, often associated with thunder or a distant engine. Slap A sharp, flat sound made by something hitting a surface, often skin against skin. Hiss A sharp, sibilant sound, like air escaping or a snake's warning sound. Drip The sound of liquid falling in small drops, like water from a tap. Tinkl A light, ringing sound, often associated with e small bells or glass. Crunc A sound of something being crushed or chewed, like h walking on gravel or biting into something crisp. Clam Likely meant to be clamor or clang, referring to a loud, harsh sound or noise. If not, clarify! Grow A low, rumbling sound, often made by animals like dogs or l people expressing anger. Pea A loud, prolonged ringing sound, l often from bells. Sque A wet, sucking sound, like walking in mud or squeezing lch something soggy. Slas A sharp, cutting sound, like a blade slicing h through something. Clic A short, sharp sound, often made by snapping fingers k or pressing a button. Creec Likely intended as screech, meaning a loud, h high-pitched, piercing sound. Slith A sliding or gliding sound, often associated with snakes er or something moving smoothly over a surface. Go To become ill with a disease or sickness (e.g., "She went down down with the flu"). with Go in To take part in or enjoy an activity, or to choose for something as a career or hobby (e.g., "He goes in for sports"). Go on To base a decision or judgment on something (e.g., "I sth can't go on just rumors"). Go To review or examine something carefully (e.g., "Let's go throug over the report one more time"). h/over sth Go for To try to achieve something, to choose something, or to admire someone/something (e.g., "He went for the job" or "I really go for that style"). Go To leave your home to do something social, to stop burning out (e.g., a fire), or to be in a romantic relationship (e.g., "We went out last night"). Go To make a sudden loud noise (e.g., an alarm), to spoil off (e.g., food), or to stop liking someone or something (e.g., "I went off that show"). Go with To match or suit something, or to choose or accept sth something (e.g., "This shirt goes with those pants"). Go To manage without something, especially something without essential (e.g., "I had to go without lunch today"). in lieu of - instead of ad infinitum - for ever, without ending ad nauseam - if someone discusses something ad nauseam, they talk about it so much that it becomes very boring par excellence - you describe something as par excellence when it is the best example of its type; of the best quality of its type quid pro quo - something that is given to a person in return for something they have done faux pas - words or behaviour that are a social mistake or not polite prima facie - at first sight (= based on what seems to be the truth when first seen or heard) niche - an area or position that is exactly suitable for a small group of the same type protégé - a young person who is helped and taught by an older and usually famous person fracas - a noisy argument or fight cul-de-sac - a short road that is blocked off at one end clique - a small group of people who spend their time together and do not welcome other people into that group nom de plume - a pen name bête noire - a person or thing that you dislike very much or that annoys you tête-à-tête - an informal private conversation between two people, especially friends the hoi polloi - ordinary people coup de grâce - an action that ends something that has been wretched - unpleasant or of low quality rustle - if things such as paper or leaves rustle, or if you rustle them, they move about and make a soft, dry sound heist - a crime in which valuable things are taken illegally and often violently from a place or person exhilarating - making you feel very excited and happy in limbo - in a situation where you do not know what will happen or when something will happen a faltering endeavour - an effort or attempt that is losing momentum or strength a loosening of the reins - becoming less strict or controlling sideshow - a small show or event in addition to the main entertainment to deal a blow - to cause someone or something, usually a plan or hope, to fail or to be affected very badly remit - to reduce a period of time that someone must spend in prison wild power - raw or untamed strength or energy proliferation - the fact of something increasing a lot and suddenly in number or amount raise the profile - to increase awareness or visibility propitious - likely to result in success, or showing signs of success infringe - to break a rule, law, etc. enshrined in - if a political or social right is enshrined in something, it is protected by being included in it promulgated by - to spread beliefs or ideas among a lot of people under the auspices of - with the protection or support of someone or something, especially an organization sweatshop - a small factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions civil disobedience - the act by a group of people of refusing to obey laws or pay taxes, as a peaceful way of expressing their disapproval of those laws or taxes and in order to persuade the government to change them regime - a particular government or a system or method of government deadpan - looking or seeming serious when you are telling a joke sitcom - a situation comedy comic strips - a short series of funny drawings with a small amount of writing, often published in a newspaper parody - writing, music, art, speech, etc. that intentionally copies the style of someone famous or copies a particular situation, making the features or qualities of the original more noticeable in a way that is humorous slavishly uncritical - unquestioning, following something or someone without criticism effusive - expressing welcome, approval, or pleasure in a way that shows very strong feeling indignant - angry because of something that is wrong or not fair to get heavy - o become serious, intense, or difficult vesuvius effect - a sudden, explosive outburst or release of energy young gung-ho - enthusiastic and eager in a youthful way unsung glories - achievements or successes not widely recognized or celebrated get back to sm - to talk to someone again, usually on the phone, in order to give them some information or because you were not able to speak to them before hallmark - a typical characteristic or feature of a person or thing rind - the hard outer layer or covering of particular fruits and foods downtime - the time during which a machine, especially a computer, is not working or is not able to be used dazzling - extremely attractive or exciting chief - most important or main chief - the person in charge of a group or organization, or the ruler of a tribe to tow - to pull a car, boat, etc. along, fastened behind another vehicle or boat to get off - to leave a place, usually in order to start a journey get nowhere fast - to completely fail to achieve something culprit - someone who has done something wrong in no uncertain terms - in a very clear way antics - amusing, silly, or strange behavior go to waste - to not be used, eaten, etc. go off at a tangent - to suddenly start talking or thinking about a completely new subject make a go of sth - to make something successful meringue - a very light, sweet food made by mixing sugar with egg white (= the clear part) and baking it lunacy - extreme foolishness or mental illness longevity - living for a long time repress - to not allow something, especially feelings, to be expressed risqué - (of jokes or stories) slightly rude or shocking, especially because of being about sex hermit - a person who lives alone and apart from the rest of society, especially for religious reasons hobbyhorse - a subject that someone often talks about, usually for a long time havoc - confusion and lack of order, especially causing damage or trouble spur - to encourage an activity or development or make it happen faster portend - to be a sign that something bad is likely to happen in the future vexed point - difficult to deal with and causing a lot of disagreement and argument ambivalent - having two opposing feelings at the same time, or being uncertain about how you feel non-conformity - a non-conforming loan does not meet official standards, especially because it is more than the borrower will be able to pay back