Introduction To Chemistry PDF

Introduction to Chemistry Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe matter and elements recall the history of chemistry as a scientific principle. explain the difference between physical and chemical changes. evaluate the reliability of a scie...

Introduction to Chemistry Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe matter and elements recall the history of chemistry as a scientific principle. explain the difference between physical and chemical changes. evaluate the reliability of a scientific source. "question" is licensed under CC0 1.0  Natural Science Physical Science Earth and Space Science Life Science Physics Chemistry Geology Astronomy Botany Zoology Meteorology Ecology Oceanography Genetics Natural science covers a very broad range of knowledge. Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos, Physical Science Concepts in Action, 2004, page 4 Chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it can undergo. Ancient civilizations used chemistry in a variety of ways, including: Extracting metals from ores Making pottery and glazes Fermenting beer and wine Extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume Rendering fat into soap Making glass Making alloys like bronze Alchemy was a protoscience that emerged in the Middle Ages. Alchemists sought to: Turn base metals into gold Discover the elixir of life Understand the fundamental nature of matter  Chemistry has continued to develop rapidly in the modern era. Some of the major advances in chemistry include: The discovery of the elements The development of the atomic theory The development of the Periodic Table The development of new synthetic materials Definitions Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, the changes that matter undergoes, and the energy associated with these changes. Matter: anything that has both mass and volume – the “stuff” of the universe: books, planets, trees, professors, students Composition: the types and amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter Properties: the characteristics that give each substance a unique identity The States of Matter A solid has a fixed shape and volume. Solids may be hard or soft, rigid or flexible. A liquid has a varying shape that conforms to the shape of the container, but a fixed volume. A liquid has an upper surface. A gas has no fixed shape or volume and therefore does not have a surface. The Physical States of Matter Fig 1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties Physical Properties properties a substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance color, melting point, boiling point, density Chemical Properties properties a substance shows as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances flammability, corrosiveness The Distinction Between Physical and Chemical Change Fig 1.2 (A) © Paul Morrell/Stone/Getty Images; (B) © McGraw-Hill Education/Stephen Frisch, photographer The Distinction Between Physical and Chemical Change Fig 1.2 (A) © Paul Morrell/Stone/Getty Images; (B) © McGraw-Hill Education/Stephen Frisch, photographer Chapter 2.1: Matter Discussion: What is matter? What are atoms? "question" is licensed under CC0 1.0 …Matter is anything that occupies space. Chemistry Chemistry with withaa Purpose Chapter 2.1: Matter Different types of atoms are called elements. The periodic table organizes elements horizontally by atomic number and vertically (columns) by shared chemical properties. Each atom of an element has a certain number of subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Chapter 2.1: Matter Think-pair-share with someone sitting next to you: What is the difference between the an element’s atomic number and its mass number? What does each number tell us? "question" is licensed under CC0 1.0  Chapter 2.1: Matter Atoms of an element can vary in their number of electrons and neutrons Isotopes: different number of neutrons and thus a different atomic mass. Ions: different number of electrons and thus are electrically charged. Note: all atoms of an element must have the same number of protons, as the number of protons defines the element! Chapter 2.1: Matter A molecule is two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds, which form the smallest unit of a substance that retains the composition and properties of that substance. Molecules form the basis of chemistry. Molecules are noted with the element symbol and a subscript with the number of atoms. Chapter 2.1: Matter Discussion: Organisms are mostly made of molecules, not just lone atoms. What is a molecule and how are they made?  Chapter 2.1: Matter Chemical bonds bring atoms together Ionic bond - the attraction between oppositely charged ions Covalent bond - when two atoms share a pair of electrons Hydrogen bond - the attraction between two polar molecules, due to differences in charge Chapter 2.1: Matter Chemical bonds bring atoms together Ionic bond - the attraction between oppositely charged ions Chapter 2.1: Matter Chemical bonds bring atoms together Covalent bond - when two atoms share a pair of electrons Hydrogen bond - the attraction between two polar molecules, due to differences in charge  Chapter 2.1: Matter Water is a molecule that is vital to life. Why? Water is polar Water stabilizes temperature Water is an excellent solvent Water is cohesive Water is adhesive "waterdrop falling into water" by jcarlosn is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 Chapter 2.1: Matter pH is an important environmental variable pH is a measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution Acids increase hydrogen ion concentration Bases lower hydrogen ion concentration Buffers minimize changes in hydrogen ion concentration This Photo by Edward Stevens is licensed under CC BY Chapter 2.1: Matter Organic molecules are carbon-based and contain hydrogen 4 major classes in organisms: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins Discussion: What are some important properties and functions of each major class?