Introduction To Chemistry PDF

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry 1.2 Chemistry and You 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist...

1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry 1.2 Chemistry and You 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist 1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > CHEMISTRY & YOU Why might this creature interest you if you were a chemist? Fugu, also known as puffer fish, is a sushi delicacy that can also be lethal. Recently this toxin has been put to good use, as scientists have discovered that a purified form of it can treat severe pain in cancer patients. 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > What Is Chemistry? What Is Chemistry? Why is the scope of chemistry so vast? 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > What Is Chemistry? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > What Is Chemistry? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The trees, the water, and the buildings in the figure are all examples of matter. 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > What Is Chemistry? Chemistry answers many questions you may have about the world you live in. Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > What Is Chemistry? Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events because all living and nonliving things are made of matter. 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > What is wrong with an advertisement for juice drinks that claims the juice is all- natural and free of chemicals? 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > What is wrong with an advertisement for juice drinks that claims the juice is all- natural and free of chemicals? Everything is made up of matter; therefore, everything contains chemicals. Even all-natural products are made of chemicals. 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Areas of Study What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry? 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Five traditional areas of study are: organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Most chemicals found in organisms contain carbon. Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study An organic chemist might develop new lightweight plastics for flying disks. 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study The study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon is called inorganic chemistry. 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study The study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon is called inorganic chemistry. Many inorganic chemicals are found in nonliving things, such as rocks. 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study An inorganic chemist might develop metal materials that provide strong structural parts for buildings. 16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study The study of processes that take place in living organisms is biochemistry. 17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study The study of processes that take place in living organisms is biochemistry. These processes include muscle contraction and digestion. 18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study A biochemist might study how the energy used for the contraction of muscles is produced and stored. 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter is analytical chemistry. 20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter is analytical chemistry. A task that would fall into this area of chemistry is measuring the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study An analytical chemist might test the air for the presence of pollutants. 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study A physical chemist might study factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in trees. 24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study The boundaries between the five areas are not firm. A chemist is likely to be working in more than one area of chemistry at any given time. For example, an organic chemist uses analytical chemistry to determine the composition of an organic chemical. 25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. 26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. The chemist doesn’t expect that there will be any immediate practical use for the knowledge. 27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application. 28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Areas of Study Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application. In practice, pure chemistry and applied chemistry are often linked. 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > CHEMISTRY & YOU Why would you study a puffer fish if you were a biochemist? If you were an organic chemist? 30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > CHEMISTRY & YOU Why would you study a puffer fish if you were a biochemist? If you were an organic chemist? Biochemists might study the puffer fish to determine how its toxin acts on the human body. Organic chemists might study the composition of the puffer fish toxin. 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Which area of study would you use to determine the components of an unknown liquid? A. physical chemistry B. biochemistry C. organic chemistry D. analytical chemistry 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Which area of study would you use to determine the components of an unknown liquid? A. physical chemistry B. biochemistry C. organic chemistry D. analytical chemistry 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Big Ideas in Chemistry Big Ideas in Chemistry What are the central themes of chemistry? 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Big Ideas in Chemistry Some of chemistry’s big ideas are as follows: chemistry as the central science electrons and the structure of atoms bonding and interactions reactions kinetic theory the mole and quantifying matter matter and energy carbon chemistry 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA Chemistry as the Central Science Chemistry overlaps with all of the other sciences. Many physicists, biologists, astronomers, geologists, environmental scientists, and others use chemistry in their work. 36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA Electrons and the Structure of Atoms Carbon, oxygen, and copper are all examples of elements. Elements are composed of particles called atoms, and every atom contains a nucleus and one or more electrons. The type of products obtained in a chemical reaction is largely determined by the electrons in the reacting chemicals. 37 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA Bonding and Interactions Most elements exist in chemical compounds, which are collections of two or more elements held together by relatively strong attractive forces. These forces, called chemical bonds, greatly influence the properties of compounds. – Weak bonds between the particles of an element or compound can also contribute to the properties of the material. 38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA Reactions Chemical reactions involve processes in which reactants produce products. – When you strike a match, the compounds in the head of the match combine with oxygen in the air to produce a flame. – New compounds, along with light and heat, are formed. – The compounds in the match head and oxygen are the reactants, and the new compounds are the products. 39 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA Kinetic Theory The particles of matter are in constant motion. – The ways in which these motions vary with changes in temperature and pressure determine whether a substance will be a solid, liquid, or gas. 40 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA The Mole and Quantifying Matter In conducting a chemical reaction, you would want to use just the right amount of the reacting material so none is wasted. This precise measurement is possible using the mole, the chemist’s invaluable unit for specifying the amount of material. 41 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA Matter and Energy Every chemical process uses or produces energy, often in the form of heat. – The heat changes that occur in chemical reactions are easy to measure. Changes in a quantity called free energy allow you to predict whether a chemical reaction will actually occur under the given conditions. 42 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > BIG IDEA Carbon Chemistry There are about 10 million carbon-containing compounds, with new ones being prepared each day. – Many of these compounds, including plastics and synthetic fibers, are produced from petroleum. Carbon compounds are the basis of life in all living organisms. 43 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Explain what is meant by the statement Chemistry is the central science. 44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Explain what is meant by the statement Chemistry is the central science. All other fields of science rely on chemistry. 45 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Key Concepts Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events because all living and nonliving things are made of matter. Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. Some of chemistry’s big ideas are chemistry as the central science, electrons and the structure of atoms, bonding and interactions, reactions, kinetic theory, the mole and quantifying matter, matter and energy, and carbon chemistry. 46 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Glossary Terms matter: anything that has mass and occupies space chemistry: the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes organic chemistry: the study of compounds containing carbon inorganic chemistry: the study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon biochemistry: the area of chemistry that focuses on processes that take place in organisms 47 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > Glossary Terms analytical chemistry: the area of chemistry that focuses on the composition of matter physical chemistry: the area of chemistry that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change pure chemistry: the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake applied chemistry: research that is directed toward a practical goal or application 48 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 The Scope of Chemistry > END OF 1.1 49 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.