ED 3110 (First Notes) PDF

Basic Literacy is the ability to read, write, and comprehend. It includes proper diction as well as grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Basic literacy, according to Miller, means the ability to use correspondences of visual shapes, to spoken sounds, in order to decode written materials...

Basic Literacy is the ability to read, write, and comprehend. It includes proper diction as well as grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Basic literacy, according to Miller, means the ability to use correspondences of visual shapes, to spoken sounds, in order to decode written materials, and to translate them into oral language. Miller (1973: 3) noted that “comprehension literacy means having ability to understand the meaning of verbal materials. Literacy in education is the ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential. Literacy empowers and liberates people. Beyond its importance as part of the right to education, literacy improves lives by expanding capabilities which in turn reduces poverty, increases participation in the labour market and has positive effects on health and sustainable development. Literacy is a powerful and important skill that every person should have the chance to learn. Literacy allows a person to have a successful career and education, communicate with other people, and form and express educated opinions and thoughts. The traditional literacy is considered to be the ability to read and. write, or the ability to use language–to read, write, listen, and speak. International Literacy Day (8 September), proclaimed by UNESCO in 1966 and endorsed by Economic and Social Council resolution 1276(LIII) in 1967, aimed to remind the international community of the importance of literacy for individuals, communities and societies. 21st century, literacy has increasingly reflected the ability to use technology for gathering and communicating information. 7 Characteristics of 21st Century Education 1. Personalized Learning. A personalized approach recognizes that not all students learn in the same manner. Personalized learning is a pedagogical approach that tailors instruction to the individual needs, interests, and learning styles of each student. It recognizes that students learn at different paces and in different ways, and it aims to provide a more engaging and effective learning experience. Examples of personalized learning include: Differentiated instruction; Individualized education plans; Student-led projects in the classroom; Enhanced freedom of choice in the classroom. Key characteristics of personalized learning: Student-centered: Personalized learning puts the student at the center of the learning process, allowing them to take ownership of their education. Adaptive: Instruction is adjusted based on the student's progress and needs.  Flexible: Personalized learning can be implemented in a variety of settings, including traditional classrooms, online learning environments, and blended learning models. Differentiated instruction: Teachers use a variety of instructional strategies to meet the needs of different learners. Technology-enabled: Personalized learning often relies on technology to provide individualized instruction and feedback. Benefits of personalized learning: Increased engagement: Students are more likely to be engaged in learning when they feel like the instruction is relevant and meaningful to them. Improved academic outcomes: Personalized learning can lead to better academic performance for students of all abilities. Enhanced motivation: Students are more motivated to learn when they feel like they are making progress and achieving their goals. Lifelong learning: Personalized learning can help students develop the skills and attitudes necessary for lifelong learning. Challenges of personalized learning: Implementation: Implementing personalized learning can be challenging, especially in large classrooms or schools with limited resources. Teacher professional development: Teachers may need additional training and support to effectively implement personalized learning strategies. Technology infrastructure: Schools may need to invest in technology infrastructure to support personalized learning. 2. Equity, Diversity and Inclusivity. Equity. Close achievement gaps between rich and poor. Diversity: Diversity is now considered a strength in classrooms. They befriend people of different cultures and learn not to be afraid of other cultures around them. Inclusivity: People of all ability levels, physical disabilities, or learning disabilities deserve to be included in mainstream classrooms. This can help them contribute to mainstream life and show them they are welcome and equal participants in the world. Equity, diversity, and inclusivity (EDI) are three interconnected concepts that are becoming increasingly important in society and organizations. Equity Definition: Equity means everyone has fair and equal opportunities, regardless of their background or circumstances. It is about ensuring that everyone has what they need to succeed, rather than treating everyone the same. Example: In education, equity means ensuring that all students have access to high- quality resources and support, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic status. Diversity Definition: Diversity refers to the presence of a variety of people within a group or organization. This includes differences in race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, and socioeconomic status. Example: A diverse workplace includes people from different backgrounds and experiences, which can lead to a more innovative and creative environment. Inclusivity Definition: Inclusivity means creating a welcoming and supportive environment where everyone feels valued and belongs. It involves actively seeking out and including people from diverse backgrounds. Example: An inclusive school culture ensures that all students feel safe, respected, and supported, regardless of their differences. 3. Learning through Doing. Have first-hand experience with applying information to the real world. Get the opportunity to learn through trial-and-error (so we know why something is true or not). Aren’t told something, but rather we discover things through our engagement with the world around us.Learn information that isn’t just theoretical but can be applied to things in our lives somehow. Learning through doing, also known as experiential learning or active learning, is a pedagogical approach that emphasizes hands-on activities and real-world experiences to facilitate learning. It is based on the idea that people learn best when they are actively engaged in the learning process. Key Principles of Learning Through Doing: Active Engagement: Students are actively involved in the learning process, rather than passively receiving information. Real-World Application: Learning is connected to real-world situations and problems. Reflection and Analysis: Students reflect on their experiences and analyze their learning. Collaboration: Students often work together in groups to solve problems and learn from each other. Examples of Learning Through Doing: Science experiments: Students conduct experiments to explore scientific concepts. Field trips: Students visit museums, historical sites, or natural environments to learn about different subjects. Role-playing: Students take on different roles and act out scenarios to practice skills or understand concepts. Projects: Students work on long-term projects that integrate knowledge from multiple subjects. Simulations: Students use simulations to model real-world situations and explore different outcomes. 4. Rethinking Learner and Teacher Roles. Teachers are expected not only to "cover the curriculum" but to create a bridge between the needs of each learner and the attainment of challenging learning goals.” (Darling-Hammond, 1996) Rethinking Learners and Teacher Roles in the 21st Century The 21st century has brought about significant changes in education, necessitating a rethinking of traditional learner and teacher roles. Here's a look at how these roles have evolved: The Modern Learner Active Participant: Learners are no longer passive recipients of information. They are expected to be active participants in their learning, taking ownership of their education and exploring their interests. Digital Native: Today's learners have grown up with technology and are comfortable using digital tools for learning and communication. Global Citizen: Learners are expected to develop a global perspective and understand the interconnectedness of the world. Lifelong Learner: The emphasis is on lifelong learning, with learners recognizing the need to continuously update their skills and knowledge throughout their lives. The Modern Teacher  Facilitator: Teachers are shifting from a traditional lecture-style approach to a more facilitative role, guiding and supporting learners as they explore and construct their own knowledge. Curriculum Designer: Teachers are expected to design and implement curriculum that is relevant, engaging, and aligned with the needs of their students. Technology Integrator: Teachers need to be proficient in using technology to enhance learning and create personalized experiences. Collaborator: Teachers are encouraged to collaborate with other educators, students, and community members to create a more holistic and effective learning environment. Key Shifts in the Learner-Teacher Relationship: From passive to active: Learners are expected to be active participants in their learning, while teachers take on a more facilitative role. From teacher-centered to student-centered: The focus is on meeting the individual needs and interests of learners, rather than simply delivering content. From knowledge transmission to knowledge construction: Teachers help learners construct their own knowledge through exploration, inquiry, and critical thinking. From individual to collaborative: Learners are encouraged to collaborate with peers and work on projects that require teamwork and communication. 5. Community Relationships. Community relationships are the connections and interactions that exist between individuals, groups, and organizations within a specific geographic area. These relationships are essential for fostering a sense of belonging, cooperation, and well-being within a community. Key Components of Community Relationships: Social Networks: The informal and formal connections between people within a community. Trust and Cooperation: Mutual trust and willingness to work together towards common goals. Shared Values and Goals: A sense of shared purpose and values that unite community members. Community Engagement: Active participation in community activities and events. Civic Participation: Involvement in local government and decision-making processes. Benefits of Strong Community Relationships: Enhanced Quality of Life: Stronger communities often have higher levels of satisfaction and well-being. Increased Social Support: Community members can rely on each other for support and assistance. Economic Prosperity: Strong community relationships can contribute to economic growth and development. Social Cohesion: A sense of belonging and connection can help prevent social problems such as crime and violence. Environmental Sustainability: Communities that work together can address environmental challenges more effectively. How to Build Strong Community Relationships: Participate in Community Events: Attend local festivals, fairs, and other events. Join Community Organizations: Get involved in local clubs, groups, or associations. Volunteer Your Time: Contribute to community projects and initiatives. Support Local Businesses: Shop locally and support local businesses. Communicate with Your Neighbors: Get to know your neighbors and build relationships with them. 6. Technology. Technology has transformed the way students learn and teachers teach. Here are some key ways in which technology is shaping education: 1. Personalized Learning: Adaptive Learning: Technology enables personalized learning experiences tailored to individual students' needs, paces, and learning styles. Differentiated Instruction: Teachers can use technology to provide a variety of instructional approaches to cater to diverse learners. Personalized Feedback: Technology can provide immediate and targeted feedback to students, helping them to identify areas for improvement and reinforce their understanding. 2. Access to Information and Resources: Global Connectivity: Technology connects students to a vast array of information and resources from around the world. Digital Libraries: Online libraries and databases offer students access to a wide range of books, articles, and other educational materials. Open Educational Resources (OER): Freely available educational materials can help reduce the cost of education and increase access for all students. 3. Collaborative Learning: Online Collaboration Tools: Technology facilitates collaboration among students, allowing them to work together on projects, share ideas, and learn from each other. Virtual Teams: Students can form virtual teams to collaborate with peers from different locations, promoting global citizenship and intercultural understanding. 4. Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving: Real-World Applications: Technology can be used to present real-world problems and challenges, encouraging students to apply their critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Simulation and Modeling: Technology can create simulated environments for students to experiment and explore complex concepts. 5. Digital Citizenship: Ethical Use of Technology: Technology education can help students develop a sense of digital citizenship, including responsible use of technology, online safety, and privacy awareness. Critical Media Literacy: Students can learn to evaluate and analyze digital information critically, distinguishing between reliable and unreliable sources. 6. Lifelong Learning: Access to Continuous Learning: Technology provides opportunities for lifelong learning through online courses, webinars, and other digital resources. Skill Development: Students can use technology to develop a variety of skills, such as programming, design, and data analysis. 7. Accessibility and Inclusivity: Assistive Technology: Technology can be used to support students with disabilities, providing them with tools and accommodations to access education. Language Translation: Technology can help bridge language barriers, making education more accessible for students from diverse backgrounds. 7. Teacher Professionalization. R.A. 9293 - AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED SEVENTY-EIGHT HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIX (R. A. NO. 7836), OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE PHILIPPINE TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT OF 1994. Teacher professionalization refers to the ongoing process of enhancing the skills, knowledge, and standards of the teaching profession. It involves a commitment to continuous learning, professional development, and ethical conduct. Key Components of Teacher Professionalization: Initial Teacher Education: Rigorous and comprehensive programs that prepare aspiring teachers for the challenges and responsibilities of the profession. Ongoing Professional Development: Opportunities for teachers to continue learning and growing throughout their careers. This can include workshops, conferences, and online courses. Mentorship and Coaching: Providing support and guidance to new and experienced teachers. Standards and Accountability: Establishing clear standards for teacher performance and holding teachers accountable for meeting those standards. Salaries and Benefits: Ensuring that teachers are adequately compensated for their work and have access to competitive salaries and benefits. Professional Organizations: Supporting professional organizations that represent the interests of teachers and promote the profession. Benefits of Teacher Professionalization: Improved Student Outcomes: Well-prepared and supported teachers are more likely to produce positive student outcomes. Enhanced Teacher Morale: Professionalization can boost teacher morale and job satisfaction. Public Trust: A professionalized teaching profession can increase public trust in education. Innovation and Leadership: Teachers who are well-prepared and supported can be leaders in educational innovation. Challenges to Teacher Professionalization: Funding: Adequate funding is essential for providing quality teacher education and professional development opportunities. Teacher Retention: Ensuring that talented teachers remain in the profession can be challenging. Accountability Measures: Striking a balance between accountability and teacher autonomy can be difficult. Public Perception: Addressing negative public perceptions of the teaching profession. Three pillars of literacy Orality, orthographic expertise exposure to a variety of texts Together constitute a comprehensive literacy experience for children. Orality refers to the use of spoken language as a primary means of communication and knowledge transmission. It's a fundamental aspect of human culture that has been prevalent throughout history, particularly in societies without written language. Key characteristics of oral cultures: Oral tradition: Stories, myths, and other forms of knowledge are passed down through generations through spoken word. Collective memory: Information is stored and shared collectively within the community. Formulaic language: The use of repetitive patterns and formulas to aid memory and facilitate storytelling.  Emphasis on performance: Oral communication often involves dramatic performances, storytelling, and singing. Impact of orality on culture and society: Community cohesion: Oral traditions can help to strengthen community bonds and a sense of shared identity. Cultural preservation: Orality is a powerful tool for preserving cultural heritage and traditions. Socialization: Oral communication plays a crucial role in socialization and the transmission of cultural values. Creativity: Oral traditions often foster creativity and innovation. The relationship between orality and literacy: Complementary: Orality and literacy can complement each other, with oral traditions providing a foundation for written language development. Interconnected: In many cultures, oral and written forms of communication are intertwined and influence each other. Orality in today's world: Oral cultures: While written language has become dominant in many parts of the world, oral cultures continue to exist and thrive. Digital orality: The rise of digital communication has led to new forms of oral expression, such as podcasts, vlogs, and online forums. In conclusion, orality is a fundamental aspect of human culture that has shaped societies throughout history. While written language has become increasingly important, oral traditions continue to play a significant role in communication, cultural preservation, and community building. Importance of twenty first century literacies in learning 1. Learning Skills 2. Literacy Skills 3. Life Skills Critical Thinking Information Literacy Flexibility Creativity Media Literacy Leadership Collaboration Technology Literacy Initiative Communication Productivity Social Skills 1. Critical thinking, the step after analytical thinking, encourages students to develop metacognition skills and think more deeply about the problems. Key Components of Critical Thinking: Analysis: Breaking down information into its constituent parts and examining them individually. Evaluation: Assessing the credibility, accuracy, and relevance of information. Inference: Drawing logical conclusions based on evidence. Synthesis: Combining information from different sources to form a new understanding. Problem-solving: Identifying and solving problems effectively. Benefits of Critical Thinking: Improved Decision-Making: Critical thinkers are better equipped to make informed and rational decisions. Enhanced Problem-Solving: Critical thinking skills help individuals to identify and solve problems creatively and effectively. Effective Communication: Critical thinkers can communicate their ideas clearly and persuasively. Lifelong Learning: Critical thinking is essential for lifelong learning and personal growth. How to Develop Critical Thinking Skills: Question Assumptions: Challenge your own assumptions and those of others. Seek Evidence: Look for evidence to support or refute claims. Consider Different Perspectives: Explore different viewpoints and consider the strengths and weaknesses of each. Practice Critical Thinking: Engage in activities that require critical thinking, such as debating, writing essays, or solving puzzles. Critical Thinking in the 21st Century: Critical thinking is more important than ever in today's complex and information- rich world. It is essential for success in education, employment, and civic engagement. By developing critical thinking skills, individuals can become more informed, engaged, and effective citizens. 2. Creativity Creativity embracing inner strengths from big-picture planning to meticulous organization. Creativity is the ability to generate new ideas, concepts, or solutions that are original, innovative, and valuable. It involves a combination of imagination, curiosity, and problem-solving skills. Key Characteristics of Creativity: Originality: The ability to come up with new and unique ideas. Flexibility: The ability to think outside the box and consider different perspectives. Fluency: The ability to generate a large number of ideas. Elaboration: The ability to develop ideas and make them more concrete. Evaluation: The ability to assess the quality and usefulness of ideas. Factors that Influence Creativity: Personality traits: Certain personality traits, such as openness to experience, curiosity, and independence, are associated with creativity. Environment: A supportive and stimulating environment can foster creativity. Education and training: Education and training can help develop creative skills. Experiences: Diverse experiences can broaden one's perspective and stimulate creativity. Benefits of Creativity: Problem-solving: Creativity can help individuals find innovative solutions to problems. Innovation: Creativity is essential for innovation and economic growth. Personal fulfillment: Engaging in creative activities can be personally fulfilling and rewarding. Social impact: Creativity can have a positive impact on society by inspiring and motivating others. How to Enhance Creativity: Brainstorming: Generate a large number of ideas without judgment. Mind mapping: Visually organize ideas and connections. Experimentation: Try new things and explore different approaches. Seek inspiration: Look for inspiration in nature, art, music, or other sources. Take breaks: Allow your mind to wander and relax. 3. Collaboration Collaboration the process of two or more people or organizations working together to complete a task or achieve a goal. It is also defined as two or more people working together to achieve shared goals.  Collaboration is the act of working together to achieve a common goal. It involves sharing ideas, resources, and responsibilities among individuals or groups. is a philosophy of interaction and personal lifestyle where individuals are responsible for their actions, including learning and respect the abilities and contributions of their peers. Key Elements of Collaboration: Shared Goal: A clear and agreed-upon objective that unites the collaborators. Communication: Open and effective communication is essential for successful collaboration. Trust: Building trust among collaborators is crucial for fostering cooperation and mutual respect. Respect: Valuing the contributions and perspectives of all team members. Shared Responsibility: A sense of shared ownership and accountability for the project or task. Conflict Resolution: The ability to address and resolve conflicts constructively. Benefits of Collaboration: Enhanced Problem-Solving: Collaboration can lead to more creative and effective solutions to problems. Increased Productivity: Working together can improve efficiency and productivity. Improved Decision-Making: Diverse perspectives can lead to better decision-making. Enhanced Learning: Collaborating with others can foster learning and personal growth. Stronger Relationships: Collaboration can strengthen relationships and build a sense of community. Strategies for Effective Collaboration: Clear Communication: Establish clear expectations and communicate openly and honestly. Active Listening: Pay attention to what others are saying and show that you are listening. Respectful Dialogue: Avoid judgmental or dismissive language. Conflict Resolution: Develop strategies for addressing and resolving conflicts constructively. Celebrate Success: Recognize and celebrate the achievements of the team. 4. Communication Communication Communicating as a 21st century skill is referred to as the varied ways and forms we connect with people. When we communicate, we choose the medium, whether using words written or oral and/or gestures. Communicating to share ideas and express feelings helps in improving relationships. On the career front, contributing to discussions and debates is seen as a big plus. Communication Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individuals or groups. It involves both sending and receiving messages, and it can take many forms, such as: Verbal communication: Speaking, listening, and writing. Nonverbal communication: Body language, facial expressions, and gestures. Written communication: Letters, emails, reports, and other written documents. Visual communication: Images, graphics, and videos. Effective communication is essential for building relationships, solving problems, and achieving goals. It requires: Clear and concise messages: Expressing your thoughts and ideas clearly and concisely.  Active listening: Paying attention to the speaker, understanding their message, and providing feedback. Empathy: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others. Respect: Treating others with respect and consideration. Nonverbal cues: Using nonverbal cues effectively to reinforce your message. Improving communication skills: Practice active listening: Pay attention to the speaker, ask clarifying questions, and provide feedback. Be mindful of nonverbal cues: Use nonverbal cues effectively to reinforce your message and understand the messages of others. Empathize with others: Try to see things from their perspective and understand their feelings. Be clear and concise: Express your thoughts and ideas clearly and concisely. Seek feedback: Ask for feedback from others to improve your communication skills.