ECT Reviewer Mids Finals Coverage PDF

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UnconditionalBowenite8117

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Bulacan State University

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ecotourism nature tourism tourism environmental studies

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This document is a review of nature tourism and ecotourism, and discusses related concepts like hard adventure and soft adventure, highlighting different components and types of ecotourism.

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ECT REVIEWER CHAPTER 1 4. Generally taken to mean “Ecology “, or “Ecosystem “ 5. Environmentally educated...

ECT REVIEWER CHAPTER 1 4. Generally taken to mean “Ecology “, or “Ecosystem “ 5. Environmentally educated 6. Sustainably managed NATURE TOURISM  It refers to any travel with natural area or feature as destination or focus. Nature Tourism involves  Nature based tourism that is ecologically sustainable visiting natural attractions that have geographical or and is based on relatively undistured natural areas, biological features that has specific appeal to tourism is non damaging, non degrading, contributes market. directly to continued protection and management of protected areas, and is subject to an adequate Common Natural Attractions and appropriate management regime.  An enlightening nature-travel experience that  Rainforest contributes to the conservation of the ecosystem  Rivers while respecting the integrity of host community.  Desert  Responsible travel to natural areas which  Beaches conserves the environment and improves the welfare  Caves of local people.  Cliffs  First-hand experience with the natural environment.  Flora & fauna ELIZABETH BOO SUBSET OF NATURE TOURISM  ECOTOURISM – Tourism that consists in traveling  SOFT ADVENTURE to undisturbed and uncontaminated natural areas  Soft adventure activities commonly require a with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and moderate level of physical involvement by enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, participants and are less physically challenging as well as any existing cultural manifestations found in than hard activities. the areas.  They can include- Hiking, Mountain biking/bicycling, Camping, Horseback riding, Walking tours, Wildlife spotting, Whale watching, COMPONENTS OF ECOTOURISM River and Lake canoeing and fishing.  HARD ADVENTURE 1. NATURE COMPONENT  Hard adventure activities commonly involve a  Ecotourism refers to the natural environment, higher level of physical or rugged ecosystem, and ecology. These references allude to Involvement or a potentially greater personal the perception that ecotourism should be nature challenge for participants. The risk factor can based, or attractions should be based primarily on the also increase. natural environment. The later clause recognizes that  Hard adventure activities with a nature basis or ecotourism need not to be based on particular need include - Caving, Scuba diving, Trekking, ecosystem or habitat, but may instead be focused on White water rafting, Kayaking, Rock and some specific component of that ecosystem. This Mountain climbing, Safaris, Surfing, Windsurfing, indicates an elemental as opposed to holistic Ballooning and Ocean sailing. approach to the target product wherein the eco tourist  WILDLIFE TOURISM (GREEN CUSTOMER) is more interested.  Wildlife tourism involves travel to observe wildlife in natural environments and ELEMENTAL APPROACH OF ECOTOURISM preferably their native habitat. It is a further subset of nature tourism and one in which A. CHARISMATIC MEGAFAUNA – these species significantly high levels of domestic and include bears, pandas, eagles, bengal tigers, and lions, international interest exist. cheetah, elephant.  Wildlife tourism involves wild and non- B. CHARISMATIC MEGAFLORA – Flowers, trees, domesticated animals and can encompass free- plants such as redwood trees (California), Rafflesia ranging and captive circumstances, (Indonesia), Jarrah (Australia), Pygmy Trees  Wildlife tourism encompasses the chance to (Philippines) encounter fauna (and flora) in terrestrial, C. CHARISMATIC MEGALITHS – Volcanoes, aquatic/marine and aerial settings and to gain Escarpments, Caves some further understanding of a wide variety of species (including viewing kangaroos, koalas, whales, dolphins, seals, fish and birds)  ECOTOURISM 2. CULTURAL COMPONENT  Ecotourism definition usually allow secondary role for related cultural attractions. This is reasonable and desirable qualifier, because there is probably no ECOTOURISM completely no undisturbed “natural” environment. Virtually the entire surface of the earth bears some ECOTOURISM defined in many different ways ranging general evidence of human or “cultural “dimension. definition to ambigous to specific and prescriptive. 1. Nature based elements 2. Value based (must be sustainable) 3. Natural environment 1  use of specialized skills to participate ECOTOURISM IN THE CONTEXT OF successfully in the activity OTHER TOURISM TYPES 5. HYBRIDS  form of tourism deal with complex and multi-  The purpose of this section is to examine the relationship faceted situations. (example: trekking) between ecotourism and other types of tourism. As well,  An activity associated with three elements of this section considers the link between ecotourism and adventure tourism, cultural tourism and ecotourism. several types of tourism that are usually disassociated  it also employs the term NEAT (nature-based, completely with ecotourism. ecotourism, adventure tourism) 6. THE 3S OF TOURISM (SEA, SAND, SUN) 1. NATURE-BASED TOURISM  Clearly fits in the category of nature–based tourism,  Nature based tourism is any of tourism that the link with ecotourism is not often made. Yet, there relies on attractions directly related to natural are numerous situations in which two activities seem environment. Other categories of nature based to qualify as both ecotourism and 3s tourism. tourism include the 3S tourism, adventure o It includes: scuba diving, skydiving, snorkeling tourism, wildlife tourism, captive tourism, and submarine tours. extractive tourism, and some types of health tourism. 7. MASS TOURISM 8. ALTERNATIVE TOURISM MASS TOURISM ALTERNATIVE TOURISM (Market) (Market)  Pyschocentric, mid  Allocentric, mid-centric centric  low, individual  high, package tours arrangement  Distinct high, low  No distinct seasonality season (Attractions) (Attractions)  Moderately 2. WILDLIFE TOURISM  Highly commercialized commercialized  Is rapidly evolving subset of nature-based tourism  Generic, contrived  Area specific, authentic characterizes as being based on encounters  Tourist only /mainly  Tourist / locals with non-domesticated animals in non-captive and captive settings. (Accommodation) (Accommodation)  Consumptive - (hunting, fishing)  Large scale  Small scale  Non-consumptive – (observation, study,  high density  Low density research)  International style, non-  Vernacular style, sympathetic complimentary  owned by non-local and  Owned by locals, small large corporations business (Economic Status) (Economic Status)  Dominates local  Complement existing economy activity  Mainly external  Mainly internal  Extensive  Minimal (Regulation) (Regulation) 3. CULTURAL TOURISM  Non-local private sector  Local community  Ecotourism contains a cultural component in its  Minimal amount to  Extensive, minimize attraction base but equated with cultural facilitate by private local negative impacts tourism. This is because cultural tourism product sector  community stability, should place its primary emphasis on the cultural  Economic growth, well-being, integrated, component, which this element is secondary in profits sector specific holistic ecotourism.  The relationship between ecotourism and cultural 9. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM tourism can be depicted as overlapping circles.  is a subset of sustainable tourism, given that sustainability focused management.  focuses on environmental issues- relabeled from ecotourism. Although pro-poor tourism advocates would agree with much that sustainable tourism is not reduce poverty, though this may happen as a result of sustainable tourism development. 10. CONSUMPTIVE AND NON-CONSUMPTIVE TOURISM  CONSUMPTIVE TOURISM - Involving tangible products extracted from the natural environment. 4. ADVENTURE TOURISM o Examples: fishing, hunting  Activity or product generally incorporates 3  NON-CONSUMPTIVE TOURISM – Providing components intangible experiences.  element of risk o Examples: bird watching, observation of wild life.  higher level of physical exertion 2 CHAPTER 2 PHILIPPINES PROTECTED AREAS PROTECTED AREAS  Ecotourism is associated with emergence of green paradigm, although the differentiation between hard and soft tourists suggests that elements of dominant Western environmental paradigm influence the market side of the sector.  Hard and soft tourist are also differ in the type of experiences and venues that they seek which has important implications from a product development and management perspective. Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary (Tawi-Tawi) Natural: (ix)(x) The IUCN or International Union for Conservation of Nature define protected areas as:  An area of land and/ or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.  A public protected area is managed by public authority such as federal and state government department, in contrast with private protected areas, El Nido-Taytay Protected Area Palawan which controlled by private sectors and NGO’s or Natural: (ix)(x) Non-Governmental Organizations.  Protected Area in modern form were established in the 1870’s and are product of the environmental movement, although commercial considerations were also instrumental in the early establishment of parks in countries as the USA and Canada. LIST OF TOP 20 COUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST PROPORTION OF PROTECTED LAND Panglao Island (Bohol) Natural: (ix)(x) Mid-size/ Small country Largest amount of Protected land 1. Venezuela 1. Brazil 2. Bhutan 2. US 3. Germany 3. Russia 4. Switzerland 4. China 5. Belize 5. Colombia 6. Austria 6. Saudi Arabia 7. New Zealand 7. Australia 8. Dominican Republic 8. Venezuela 9. Denmark 9. Canada Taal Volcano Protected Landscape (Batangas 10. Israel 10. Tanzania 1. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT  Most of the protected areas are more or less are oriented towards the protection of relatively undisturbed natural environments and biodiversity. Therefore, provide suitable physical setting of ecotourism in light of nature based criterion.  Exceptional Natural qualities Mount Pulag National Park (Benguet)  Strategic location that that adds value as an ecotourism venue  Well known for Charismatic mega flora and mega fauna o Sichuan’s giant panda sanctuaries o Iguanas and turtles of the Galapagos National park (both in Equador) o Grand Canyon National Park (USA) o Uluru (Australia) o Gunung Mulu Cave System in Malaysia and other parks are characterized by outstanding scenery or preservation of Mount Apo Natural Park (Davao del Sur) remnant natural habitats. 3 PROTECTED AREAS The IUCN or International Union for Conservation of Nature define protected areas as:  An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sunctuary effective means. THE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES CATEGORIES UNDER IUCN 1. CATEGORY - 1A STRICT NATURE RESERVE  Area of land/sea possessing some outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or Mount Malindang Range Natural Park (Misamis Occidental) physiological features and or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring. 2. CATEGORY - 1B WILDERNESS AREA  Large area of unmodified or slightly modified land/ sea, retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural condition. Liguasan Marsh (Central Mindanao) 3. CATEGORY 2 NATIONAL PARK  Natural area of designation of land/sea, designated to: 2. HIGH PUBLIC PROFILE a. Protect ecological integrity of one or more  Some protected areas have attained a high ecosystems for present and future generations. enough profile to considered a primary or b. Exclude exploitation or occupation to the iconic tourist attraction in their country or purposes of area region. o ULURU National park (Australia) o Great Barrier Reef Marine park 4. CATEGORY 3 NATURAL MONUMENT o Tanzania ‘s Serengeti National wildlife  Area containing one, or more, specific natural/cultural reserve (Africa) feature which is of outstanding or unique value o Grandcanyon and Yellow Stone National because of its inherent rarity, representative or Park (USA) aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. 5. CATEGORY 4 HABITAT OR SPECIES CHAPTER 3 MANAGEMENT AREA  Area land or sea subject to active intervention for THE NIPAS management purposes so as to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/or meet the requirements  National Integrated Protected Area System of specific species.  This is implemented to sustain the environment and to protect or conserve the country’s natural resources. 6. CATEGORY 5 PROTECTED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPES  Area of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, NIPAS ACT OF 1992 where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character  Also known as Republic Act 7586. it is the with the significant aesthetic, ecological and cultural classification and administration of all designated value and often with biological diversity. protected areas to maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems. To preserve genetic diversity, to ensure sustainable use of 7. CATEGORY 6 PROTECTED AREA WITH resources found therein, and to maintain their natural SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES conditions to greatest extent possible.  Area containing predominantly undefined natural  The NIPAS act primary aim is to secure people of systems, managed to ensure long-term protection present and future generations the perpetual and maintenance of biological diversity, while existence of native plants and plants through the providing the same time a sustainable flow of natural establishment of comprehensive system of integrated products and services to the community needs. protected areas within the classifications of national park as provided by the constitution. 4 CATEGORY OF PROTECTED AREAS OF THE El Nido - Taytay Protected Area PHILIPPINES UNDER NIPAS Philippines Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 1. National Parks Criteria: (ix) (x) 2. Protected Areas Category: Natural 3. Natural Monuments Submitted by: Department of Environment 4. Protected Landscapes and Natural Resources 5. Protected Landscapes & Seascapes (DENR) - Protected Areas 6. Game refuges and Bird Sanctuaries and Wildlife Bureau 7. Resource Reserves State, Province or Region: Municipalities of El Nido and 8. Managed Resource Protected Areas Taytay, Palawan 9. Marine Reserves Ref.: 5034 10. Watershed Forest El Nido-Taytay Protected Area Palawan Natural: (ix) (x) PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM CATEGORIES CATEGORY I  The highest level of environmental protection  Strict prohibition on human activities.  Restrictions on the establishment of infrastructures and services. CATEGORY II AND III Chocolate Hills Natural Monument  Most important area of designations because they Philippines accommodate both environmental preservation Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 and compatible forms of recreations. Criteria: (vii) (viii) Category: Natural Submitted by: Department of Environment CATEGORY IV, V, AND VI and Natural Resources  It involves the landscapes and the seascapes that (DENR) - Protected Areas have been extensively altered by human activities and Wildlife Bureau and actively managed to achieve stipulated State, Province or Region: Towns of Carmen, Batuan conservation objectives and/ or used for sustainable and Sagbayan, Bohol extraction of renewable development. Ref.: 5024  high level of human interactions with natural environment Chocolate Hills Natural Monument  less restrictive category Natural: (vii) (viii) NATURAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT PHILIPPINES PROTECTED AREAS Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary Philippines Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 Criteria: (ix) (x) Category: Natural Submitted by: Department of Environment Apo Reef Natural Park and Natural Resources Philippines (DENR) - Protected Areas Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 and Wildlife Bureau Criteria: (vii) (ix) (x) State, Province or Region: Sulu Category: Natural Ref.: 5032 Submitted by: Department of Environment and Natural Resources Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary (Tawi-Tawi) (DENR) - Protected Areas Natural: (ix) (x) and Wildlife Bureau State, Province or Region: Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro Ref.: 5033 Apo Reef Natural Park (Sulu Sea) Natural: (vii) (ix) (x) 5 Taal Volcano Protected Landscape Mount Apo Natural Park Philippines Philippines Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 Date of Submission: 21/12/2006 Criteria: (vii) (viii) (x) Criteria: (x) Category: Natural Category: Natural Submitted by: Department of Environment Submitted by: UNESCO National and Natural Resources Commission of the (DENR) - Protected Areas Philippines and Wildlife Bureau State, Province or Region: Davao City and Bansalan, State, Province or Region: Batangas Digos and Sta. Cruz, Davao Ref.: 5026 del Sur in Region 11 and Makilala, Magpet and Taal Volcano Protected Landscape (Batangas) Kidapawan, North Cotabato Natural: (vii) (viii) (x) in Region 12, Mindanao Ref.: 5485 Mount Apo Natural Park (Davao del Sur) Natural: (x) Mount Pulag National Park Philippines Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 Criteria: (ix) (x) Category: Natural Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary Submitted by: Department of Environment Philippines and Natural Resources Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 (DENR) - Protected Areas Criteria: (ix) (x) and Wildlife Bureau Category: Natural State, Province or Region: Benguet, Ifugao, and Nueva Submitted by: Department of Environment Vizcaya Provinces and Natural Resources Ref.: 5030 (DENR) - Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau Mount Pulag National Park (Benguet) State, Province or Region: Agusan Marsh WS is near Natural: (ix) (x) Bunawan in the interior of north-eastern Mindanao, in the Agusan River Basin, Agusan del Sur. Ref.: 5023 Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary Natural: (ix) (x) Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park Philippines Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 Criteria: (ix) (x) Category: Natural Submitted by: Department of Environment and Natural Resources Mount Iglit-Baco National Park (DENR) - Protected Areas Philippines and Wildlife Bureau Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 State, Province or Region: Isabela and Aurora Criteria: (ix) (x) provinces, Central Luzon Category: Natural Ref.: 5037 Submitted by: Department of Environment Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park (Central Luzon) and Natural Resources Natural: (ix) (x) (DENR) - Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau State, Province or Region: Occidental and Oriental Mindoro Ref.: 5036 6 Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park (Mindoro) Ref.: 5035 Natural: (ix) (x) Coron Island Natural Biotic Area Palawan Mixed: (iii) (ix) (x) Mount Malindang Range Natural Park Philippines Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 Criteria: (vii) (ix) (x) CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTECTED Category: Natural AREAS Submitted by: Department of Environment and Natural Resources 1. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (DENR) - Protected Areas  Most of the protected areas are more or less are and Wildlife Bureau oriented towards the protection of relatively State, Province or Region: Misamis Occidental undisturbed natural environments and Ref.: 5029 biodiversity. Therefore, provide suitable physical setting of ecotourism in light of nature based Mount Malindang Range Natural Park (Misamis criterion. Occidental)  Exceptional Natural qualities Natural: (vii) (ix) (x)  Strategic location that that adds value as an ecotourism venue  Well known for Charismatic mega flora and mega fauna 2. HIGH PUBLIC PROFILE  Some protected areas have attained a high enough profile to considered a primary or iconic tourist attraction in their country or region. o ULURU National park (Australia) o Great Barrier Reef Marine park Batanes Protected Landscape and Seascape o Tanzania ‘s Serengeti National Wildlife Reserve (Africa) Philippines o Grand Canyon and Yellow Stone National Park Date of Submission: 15/08/1993 (USA) Criteria: ------ Category: Cultural Submitted by: Augusto F. Villalon and MAB PHILIPPINE HIGH PUBLIC PROFILE ATTRACTIONS Philippines/Protected Areas (Must-see Destination) and Wildlife Bureau State, Province or Region: Municipalities of El Nido and 1. TUBBATAHA REEFS NATIONAL PARK (PUERTO Taytay, Palawan PRINCESA, PALAWAN) Ref.: 521 Batanes Protected Landscape and Seascape (Batanes) Mixed 2. BATANES PROTECTED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPES Coron Island Natural Biotic Area Philippines Date of Submission: 16/05/2006 Criteria: (iii) (ix) (x) Category: Mixed Submitted by: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) - Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau State, Province or Region: Coron, Palawan 7 3. RICE TERRACES OF THE PHILIPPINES  Facilitating the learning and educational criterion of ecotourism.  Preservation of the natural environment is the primary purpose of national parks, but nature based recreational use is encouraged. o fishing o hunting o Motorized off road recreational vehicles 4. INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES  As public spaces that are intended to provide 4. PUERTO PRINCESA SUBTERRANEAN RIVER recreational and educational opportunities, public NATIONAL PARK (PALAWAN) protected areas receive varying levels of investment in infrastructure and services. CAPITAL INVESTMENT – refers to tangible elements of tourism industry that include facilities, equipment and infrastructure. 5. MOUNT HAMIGUITAN RANGE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (DAVAO ORIENTAL) 6. VIGAN ILOCOS 7. CHOCOLATE HILLS 3. STRUCTURAL SUITABILITY TO ECOTOURISM  The man-date of most high–order nature based protected areas includes recreational activities, such as ecotourism, that focus on the appreciation of natural environment,  It requires adequate site interpretation 8 CASE STUDY: RESULTED TO: The Challenge of Introducing Ecotourism into China’s Protected Area Network  Weak environmental regulations  Inappropriate activities CHINA’S PROTECTED AREAS  Part of the problem is that protected areas grown so rapidly that even the government would not have been  China has displayed the fastest growth of its protected able to confer an appropriate level of management and area network. planning support. CONSIST OF 2 DESIGNATIONS o Evidence of this is the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan province considered as major tourist 1. Nature reserves / Strict nature reserves attraction because of its giant pandas as the park 2. Scenic areas system, tourism growth has occurred at a level far beyond the capacity of the government can manage  In 2004, China ranked 4th under Brazil, USA, and Russia. its consequences in sustainable manner.  China has huge potential in ecotourism development.  Tourist arrival excess of 30 million visitors per year. It  Tourism is the major engine to fuel further economic gives positive impacts in China’s economic growth and growth, hence growing problems of litter, noise water, air environmental processes. pollution in China.  Both the international and domestic tourism have NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS expanded at equally impressive rate.  However, it reveals deep seated problems that hinder the  Congestion (saturated) growth of legitimate and viable ecotourism industry.  Pollution  Destruction of natural resources etc. PROBLEMS  China’s nature reserves seem to be regarded as acceptable price to pay. Short-term economic benefits of  The NATURE RESERVES, account for 90% of all mass tourism that we bring long term environmental protected land. But, all designated as category V under the problems if not controlled. IUCN.  Even China’s SCENIC AREAS fall under category VI. 10 million people actually lived in China’s protected area SOLUTION system. China had no land falling under categories I, II, and III.  Reform Protected Area System  Patterns of distributions and size (western half of the  Enforcement of existing environmental regulations country has small number of very large nature reserves,  Creations of category I and II parks while the eastern half contains very large number of small protected areas.)  Implementation of more reliable and greater funding  The country has small and fragmented protected areas  Recognition of professional standards in park because of their low order designation, they can’t able to management field. (increase category level and protect the habitat they intended to represent. coordinate with different agencies)  Coordination of different agencies prior to protected THE PROTECTED AREAS ARE: areas.  Proper training and vertical alignment of the  Most populated rural landscapes employees to their positions.  Vulnerable to harmful and unavoidable external  Effective planning and management influences such as predation from dogs and cats,  Prioritize the protection of environmental and pesticide drift and competition from invasive minimize infrastructures and services that not weed species. compatible with type of environment.  Systematic problems in planning and management. 8 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES HOLD DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY FOR DIFFERENT PROTECTED AREAS: CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 1. State Forestry Administration 2. State Environmental Protection Administrations IMPACTS OF TOURISM 3. Ministry of Agriculture 4. Ministry of Water Conservation  Many developing countries consider tourism as a 5. Ministry of Construction savior industry. The positive effects of tourism on 6. Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources the economy are highlighted while its negative effects are downplayed. It is very important for tourism 7. Ministry of Land Resources players and stakeholders to know the adverse effects 8. State Oceanic Administration of tourism on the community. The rapid growth of tourism has produced both problems for destination  No coordination with protected area system and for many countries. of these federal agencies.  Environmental protection is low priority  Inadequate of core mandate of extraction of resources or ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM physical development.  Inadequate funding system  The term “ENVIRONMENT,” connotes both human and  There is no formal career path for ecologically based physical characteristics. protected area management. o employees are appointed with no ecological background in ecology and planning. o staff are inadequate and technical capabilities is below western standard. 9 HOW LONG DOES LITTER LAST? 2. AWARENESS AND OBSERVANCE OF GREEN  CHEWING GUM (Indefinitely) PRACTICES  Discarded gum is difficult and costly to remove.  Natural resources are irreplaceable like soils, Please bin your gum when you are done. mountains, or beaches.  STYROFOAM (May be around forever)  Tourism promotes clean and green environment.  Use reusable travel mugs.  TAKE-AWAY WRAPPERS (3 months to 30 years) 3. PROTECTION OF FLORA AND FAUNA AND THE  Depending on materials. COMMUNITIES  PLASTIC BAGS (1000’s of years)  The species of wildlife are save from extinction and  Bring reusable bags with you to the shops. illegal trade.  PLASTIC BOTTLES (450 years)  Protect indigenous communities that are prone to  Plastics account for 60% of all litter collected. abuse and exploitation by lowlanders. Avoid one-use plastic bottles-invest in a reusable  Protections of wildlife bottle.  Logical resistance is based on disagreement with  GLASS BOTTLES (1 million years) facts, rational reasoning, logic and science  There’s always been a tradition of recycling glass bottles. Its decomposition time is the best reason FLORA yet!  ALUMINUM CANS (200 years) 1. Forest Over Ultramafic Soils  Aluminum is a valuable metal and it is infinitely 2. Forest Over Limestone Soils recyclable. Please recycle. 3. Montane Forest  CIGARETTE BUTTS (1 to 5 years) 4. Freshwater Swamp Forest  Please stub out and dispose of in a bin. 5. Lowland Evergreen Tropical  LEFTOVERS (6 months+) 6. Rainforest  Composed organic waste so that it can be 7. Riverine Forest reused. 8. Beach Forest  DOG LITTER (1 to 6 months) 9. Mangrove Forest  Disgusting and can cause disease – Clean up after your dog. Use any bag and any public bin or o Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius Syrichta) your own bin. o Butanding  DISPOSABLE NAPPIES (450 years) o White Viper  Need we say more... o Philippine Flying Lemur o Philippine Salt Crocodile o Philippine Tamaraw o Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus Hermaphroditus) CARRYING CAPACITY o Philippine Cackatoo o Philippine Brown Deer (Cervus Mariannus)  The maximum number of capacity in an area or o Batomys Hamiguitan (a yellow-brown furry-tailed rat destination to sustain tourist activities. Without the species endemic to the area) deterioration in the quality of visitor’s experience and environment. 4. CREATION OF GUIDELINES AND CODES ON POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RESPONSIBLE TOURISM  It is very important for communities and the 1. CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES BOTH government to respond to the challenge of NATURAL AND MAN-MADE. protecting and preserving the environment.  It is concerned with the natural resources for the  Guidelines and codes have been formulated by future use and man-made resources such as old international bodies. It is now up to the stakeholders churches, historic buildings, sites, work of art, and to implement. cultural artifacts.  Create different organizations that protects and preserves natural and man-made attractions. Natural Resources o Apo Reef Natural Park (Occidental, Mindoro) o Tubbataha Reefs National Park (Puerto Princesa, Palawan) CHAPTER 6: TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS o Batanes Protected Landscapes and Seascapes o Rice Terraces of the Philippines (Cordillera) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural o Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Organization (UNESCO) Park (Palawan)  Its purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through Man-Made Resources education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and  Tourism has provided a reason for preservation human rights along with fundamental freedom of historical buildings and creation of museums, proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. national parks, monuments, cultural and recreational resources. At present, many developing nations are realizing that the monuments mean tourists and income. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL TOURISM  Tourism has created appreciation of the ORGANIZATIONS environment by bringing scenic attractions to attention of the public. 1. Heritage Conservation Society o Vigan (Ilocos Sur)  The Heritage Conservation Society (HCS) is a o San Agustin Church of Paoay (Ilocos Norte) nonstock, non-profit organization advocating the o Sta. Maria Church (Ilocos Sur) protection and preservation of our built o Intramuros (Manila) heritage, cultural and historical sites and o Luneta Park (Manila) settings, thus upholding the Philippine o National Museum (Manila) Constitution that heritage and culture should be o Burnham Park (Baguio) developed and preserved for national identity. o Lapu-Lapu Shrine (Mactan, Lapu-Lapu City) 10 2. International Council on Monuments and  Exploitation can be form of unethical practices in Sites the animals and land resources including mountains, forest land either solid or waste.  ICOMOS is an international non-governmental organization of professionals, dedicated to the conservation of the world's historic monuments and sites. WAYS TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE OUR ENVIRONMENT 3. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 1. Partner  The International Union for Conservation of 2. Volunteer Nature is the world’s oldest and largest global 3. Travel environmental organisation. 4. Spread Awareness 5. Donate 4. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD-DOST) IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES  It is one of the sectorial councils under the Two measures have been identified to reduce the negative Department of Science and Technology (DOST). impact of tourism, thus, create a quality environment for both PCAARRD was established on June 22, 2011 the residents and the tourists. through the consolidation of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural 1. GENERAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES Resources Research and Development  designed to protect various aspects of the (PCAFNRRD) and the Philippine Council for environment- endangered animals and plants, Aquatic and Marine Research and Development beaches and forest. The creation of natural parks (PCAMRD). and wilderness areas. The man-made environment is included in the conservation and 5. The NIPAS Act restoration of historical or archaeological  The Philippines now have sufficient laws monuments, valuable buildings and governing the protection of wildlife species and neighborhoods. their habitats in the Philippines and the most important one is the Republic Act 7586, otherwise 2. REGULATION AND CONTROL known as the National Integrated Protected  refers to zoning and land use, specifications Areas System (NIPAS) Act which was enacted in on the facilities being built as to height, June 1992. This law provides for the appearance, open space, overall design among establishment and management of protected other things. areas in the Philippines. 6. The National Historical Commission of the NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS Philippines 1. Inflation  It is an arm in the culture and development 2. Leakages agenda of the government. A Filipino society with 3. Over dependence to tourism citizens informed of their history, who love their country and are proud of their cultural heritage. IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES 7. Philippine Travel Agency Association (PTAA) 8. Philippine Tour Operators Association (PHILTOA) 1. Develop tourism gradually so that the local residents 9. Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority can have sufficient time to adapt and understand it. (TIEZA) 2. Involve residents and their spokesmen in planning 10. Department of Tourism (DOT) and decision making. 3. Provide incentives to local ownership, management and operations. NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4. Develop strong linkages between tourism and other economic activities. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS 5. Plan, develop, and organize tourism. 6. Train local people to work effectively in all levels of o Pollution tourism, including managerial and technical positions. o Water o Air o Solid waste o Land/Visual o Noise o Destruction of Vegetation o Destruction of Wildlife 2. CONGESTION  The result of too many tourists in an area at the same time. o Long queues o Difficult space o Overcrowding o Traffic Snarls 3. EXPLOITATION AND EXHAUSTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES  The wildlife, land, and flora.  Tourism can lead to overused of natural resources and eventually exhaustion. 11

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