Ecology Midterm Reviewer PDF

INTRO 1926 Vladimir Vernandsky Ecology - Redefined Biosphere - Scientific study of interaction that 1927 Charles Elton determine distribution and abundance of organism....

INTRO 1926 Vladimir Vernandsky Ecology - Redefined Biosphere - Scientific study of interaction that 1927 Charles Elton determine distribution and abundance of organism. - Father of Animal Ecology - Oikos mean Home 1936 Arthur Tansy - Logos means Study of Home - Coined the term Ecosystem Alexander Von Humboldt Eugene & Haward Odum - Father of Ecology - He Wrote a popular Ecology textbook Aristotle (4th Century BCE) - Fundamental Ecology 1953 - Considered 1st ecologist 7 Environmental Principles Early 18th Century (2 Thoughts) - Natures knows best - Arcadian - All forms of life are important - Imperial - Everything connected to everything else Early 19th Century - Everything changes - Everything must go somewhere - Start Greek Britain and Japan - Ours is a finite earth 1859 Charles Darwin - Steward of Nature - Father of Evolution SCOPE OF ECOLOGY 1859 Alfred Russel Wallce - Some of all are external factors - Define the role of Natural Selection Eco - Explain the Speciation - Individual Population Community 1869 Ernst Haekel Ecosystem 1875 Eduardo Suess - Basic unit of Ecology - Defined a Biosphere Biosphere 1879 Carl August - Also Known as Ecosphere - Fist Developed Ecological Significant Ecology as Study Community - Biological make up of organism 1895 Eugen Warming - Relationship between organism and - Father of Plant Ecology Environment - Interaction between living and non- 1899 Henry Chandler Cowles living - Ecological Succession - Interaction between non-living to non- living 1925 Alfred Lotka Relevance of Significant of Ecology - Pioneer of Mathematical Population Model - Make us Aware - Make us Appreciate - Make us Understand  - Makes you aware of impact to an Thomas Malthus individual - Who correlated increase in a human - Makes you Environmentally Friendly population size with famine and war - Makes you Steward Gregor Mendel Aquatic Ecology - Father of Genetics - Study of Interaction of Water - Theories of inheritance - Marine (Sea grass, Coral Reefs) - Fesh Water (Spring, River) What is Natural Selection? - Lentic C (Pond, Lake) - Adaptation or adaptive trait Terrestrial Ecology Strata - Study of Interaction of Land - (Cave, Urban) - Fossil are often contained in rocks that build- up in layers Behavioral Ecology How do fossil records occur? - Basis for animal dues to ecological pressures - The adds are against finding evidence of an extinct species, because fossil Paleoecology are relatively rate - Study of interaction of environmental Comparative Anatomy across geological time scales - Body structure if different organism Applied Ecology Vestigial Structure - Applying to true life - Reduced or non-functional versions of Evolutionary features Evolution Spontaneous Generation Theory - Descent with inherited modification - Outcome nothing came Nothing Types of Evolution Biogeography - Microevolution and Macroevolution - Study of geographic distribution of plants and animals George Cuvier Speciation - Had observed changes in the fossil record - The evolutionary process by which - Theory of Catastrophism new species arise Jean Bapstiste Lamarck How do species arise? - Inherent drive toward perfections - Arise through process called speciation Charles Darwin Allopathic (Allo means “other”, patic means - Wrote the book called “The origin of “homeland” the Species” Sympatric (sym means “same”, patric means Super Ocean “homeland” - Pantasala Phylogenetics Population - Classification system based on Demography phylogeny organized species - The quantitative description of What is Phylogeny? population - Vital statistics population - Is the evolutionary history of a species Types Function of Animal Communication - Size - Communicating during contest - Sex composition - Mating Rituals - Spatial distribution - Ownership - Age - Food-related signals - Allam calls Population - Meta-communication - The numbers of individuals is not Sex Ratio uniformly distribution - The individuals in a population are - Is the ratio of males to females moving Polymorphism Density - The occurrence of different form - Number of individuals per units Types of Sex Ratio Crude Density Primary sex ratio – Fertilization - Number of individuals per units Secondary sex ratio – Birth without regard to variation in the quality Tertiary sex ratio – sexually active organism Ecological Density Quaternary – Reproductive organism - Numbers of individuals per unit are of Sexual Selection appropriate habitat - A special type of Natural Selection Lincoln – Peterson Method 2 Types of Natural Selection - Estimate absolute density Intrasexual – Males botting for mating Index of relative abundance Intersexual – Females choosing males based - Count of fecal pellet group on some phenotype - Number of animals captured per day Group of selection pet rap - Number of nests constructed - For the good of the group - Call counts - In social populations, small groups will compete with other small groups Natality for resources - Or birth rate - By cooperating they ensure each 1. Maximum Natality other's survival. - Sometimes called absolute or physiological 2. Ecological or Realized Natality - Refers to the population increase under an actual Mortality 3. Religion - 4. Sociological Factors - Or death rate 5. Other Factors 1. Ecological or Realized Mortality - Where there is a loss of an individual Life Expectancy under given environmental conditions - Is the average age at which a person 2. Theoretical Minimum Mortality calculated to live - Constant for population which represents the loss of under ideal or Why the span of time at the time to short? non-limiting condition - Due to limited knowledge about the Natural Increase Population human body - Proper nutrition was particularly - Is the difference in the birth rate and unknown death rate - Sickness was not properly diagnosed Effect of Migration - Medicines for curing and illness were practically consistent - Overcrowded population - Inadequate housing On Origin of the Species – The book Name - Poor sanitation and facility of Charles Darwin - Substandard schools H.M.S. Beagle – The name of the ship that Population Age Distribution Darwin used - Describe how the total population of 1959 – The year of the book Darwin was the country published LOCS Galapagos Island – - Have more childbearing age group Fitness – Biotic Potential Pea Plant – - Inherent ability of a given population Monogamous – ton reproduce and to survive Polygamy - Growth Factors Phenomes – - Permit a species to become more Homologous – numerous Analogous – Factors that Influence Population Growth and Geographic Distribution Seismic – 1. The ability of animals to migrate 2. The ability to adapt and to invade the habitat 3. Defense Mechanism 4. Resistance to adverse conditions and disease Factors Affecting Population Growth 1. Environmental – it is said that the rich environment 2. Biological – a country with high fecundity