ECME-214 Lecture Week 2 Alarm System Components and Operation PDF

ECME – 214 Instrumentation 2 & Monitoring Systems School of Engineering Technology & Applied Science (SETAS) Week 2 Alarm System Components and Operation SETAS - AMAT: Course Co...

ECME – 214 Instrumentation 2 & Monitoring Systems School of Engineering Technology & Applied Science (SETAS) Week 2 Alarm System Components and Operation SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Objectives Study of alarm systems and their components including: Pull Stations Heat Detectors Smoke Detectors Bells Strobes Speakers Thumpers Ancillary relay circuits Annunciators SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems The primary purpose of fire alarm systems is to protect lives The secondary purpose is to protect property and to initiate fire fighting in the event of a fire The best way to fight a fire is to prevent it from starting by avoiding circumstances that could initiate a fire Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Types of Systems Passive systems – These include a variety of building components and choices made during the design and construction of a building – Choices are mandated by the building and fire safety codes; these would include Fire walls Separation between hazardous locations Fire resistance ratings Flame spread ratings together with smoke control and fire stops Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Types of Systems Passive systems (cont’d) – There must be approved exit systems to give occupants a means of emergency egress from a building – High-rise buildings pose special problems because of the stack effect created by wind and temperature differences – The stack effect can cause stairwells and corridors to fill with smoke during a fire Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Main Components of Fire Alarm Systems Fire Alarm Systems have three main components: 1. Manual and automatic initiating and detection devices 2. Audible alarm signal devices 3. A central control unit to process the information Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Types of Systems Detection/signaling systems (cont’d) – Pull stations, heat detectors, flame detectors, and smoke detectors detect the fires and then send a signal to the FACP, which in turn puts the signaling devices (below) to work – Visual: Strobe lights – Audible Bells Horns Sirens Speakers Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Main Controller The brains of the system Provides power to the system, monitors inputs and controls outputs through various circuits Performs other functions as required by the appropriate code SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Elements of a Control Panel Requires two Power Sources Primary (AC) Secondary (DC) SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Elements of a Control Panel Inputs A fire alarm system can have a variety of input devices. Smoke Detector Manual Pull Station SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Inputs Initiating Device: A system component that originates transmission of a change of state condition, such as a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, supervisory switch, etc... Initiating Device Circuit (IDC): A circuit to which automatic or manual initiating devices are connected where the signal received does not identify the individual device operated SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Elements of a Control Panel Outputs Horns Strobes SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Outputs Notification Appliance: A fire alarm system component such as a bell, horn, speaker, light, or text display that provides audible, tactile, or visible output, or any combination thereof. Notification Appliance Circuit: A circuit or path directly connected to a notification appliance. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 The Basic System Main Controller Inputs Primary (AC) Outputs Secondary 24V (DC) SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Initiating Devices Manual Fire Alarm Stations Manually-operated device used to initiate an alarm signal – Single Action Stations require a single operation to activate it. Generally a pulling down action. – Dual Action Stations require two distinct operations. A set-up and an activating action. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Fire Lite BG-12 BG-12 – Dual action model with screw terminal connections and a hex lock reset SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Fire Detection Principles Automatic Detectors – Spot type 2007 NFPA 72, 3.3.43.21 Spot Type Detector. A device in which the detecting Element is concentrated at a particular location. Typical examples are Bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy detectors, certain pneumatic rate-of-rise Detectors, certain smoke detectors, and thermoelectric detectors. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Smoke Detectors: Photoelectric Light scattering principle of smoke detector Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Smoke Detectors: Ionization Type Hochiki SIJ-24 detector Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Smoke Detectors Ionization vs. photoelectric smoke detector Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Smoke Detectors Ionization vs. photoelectric smoke detector Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Heat Detectors Heat detectors – Heat detectors are available that sense a specific fixed temperature, such as 57°C or 90°C – Available also are rate-of-rise heat detectors that sense rapid changes in temperature (6°C per minute), such as those caused by flash fires – Fixed and rate-of-rise temperature detectors are available as a combination unit Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Flame Detectors – Due to their fast detection capabilities, flame detectors are generally used only in high-hazard areas, such as fuel-loading platforms, industrial process areas, hyperbaric chambers, high-ceiling areas, and atmospheres in which explosions or very rapid fires may occur. Because flame detectors must be able to 'see' the fire, they must not be blocked by objects placed in front of them. The infrared- type detector, however, has some capability for detecting radiation reflected from walls. Hochiki HF-24 Flame Detector SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Flame Detectors Similar to the human eye, flame detectors have a 'cone of vision', or viewing angle, that defines the effective detection capability of the detector. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Beam Detectors – Projected Beam-Type Detector. A type of photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector 2007wherein NFPA 72,the beamLine-Type 3.3.43.10 spans the protected Detector. area. A device in which detection is continuous along a path. Typical examples are rate-of-rise pneumatic tubing detectors, projected – Photoelectric Light Obscuration Detection. beam smoke detectors, and The principle heat sensitive of using a lightcable. source and a photosensitive sensor onto which the principal portion of the source emission is focused. When smoke particles enter the light path, some of the light is scattered and some of the light is absorbed, thereby reducing the light reaching the receiving sensor. The light reduction signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Air sampling/ Duct detectors – Air Sampling-Type Detector. A detector that consists of a piping or tubing distribution network that runs from the detector to the area(s) to be protected. An aspiration fan in the detector draws air form the protected area back to the detector through air sampling ports, piping, or tubing. At the detector, the air is analyzed for fire products. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Notification Appliances Types Audible - Horns, Bells, Sounders, Sirens, Chimes, Speakers Visual - Strobes Physical - Bed shakers Olfactory – Smell Thumper – A notifying device used to alert the blind that a fire is occurring SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Building Notification Notification Appliances – Notification Appliance: A fire alarm system component such as a bell, horn, speaker, light or text display that provides audible, tactile, or visible outputs, or any combination thereof. – Audible Notification Appliance: A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of hearing. – Visible Notification Appliance: A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of sight. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Audible Devices – Bells: Used if they are only for fire, or have a distinctive sound from other bell signaling devices. Often used as an external gong to indicate the flow of water in the sprinkler system. – Horns: Loud and distinctive output. Often used in high-noise environments, such as manufacturing plants. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Audible Devices Sounders: Electronic or mechanical audible devices, which are capable of producing a variety of tones. Often, the tone is selectable during installation of the device. Chimes: Soft-toned appliances used where loud noises could be disruptive to other operations. Generally used where qualified personnel are continuously in attendance. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Audible Devices Sirens: Extremely loud devices generally limited in use to outdoor or heavy industrial areas. Speakers: Audible devices used in conjunction with voice evacuation messages. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Visual Signaling Appliances - Visual signaling appliances are used in high-noise environments, in areas occupied by hearing-impaired individuals, or in areas where audible devices may not be desired. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Visual Signaling Appliances Strobe Chime/ Strobe Speaker/ Horn/ Strobe Strob e SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Annunciators An annunciator is a fire alarm notification appliance that displays fire protection system modes, status, and alarms. Many addressable FACPs can be customized to display system information within a drawing of the building floor plan. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Types of Fire Alarm Control Panels (FACP) Conventional (hard wired) –Fixed –Programmable Addressable (multiplexed) Intelligent (analog data transfer) SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Conventional “Hard Wired” System Simplest type of control unit. Generally, a single circuit board contains power supply, control, initiating and notification circuitry. Some models use auxiliary circuit boards to perform special functions. Input/output devices connect to dedicated circuits. Designated outputs occur when initiating signals are received. Limited special functions and capabilities. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Conventional “Programmable” System Basic “Designed System” Components selected by the designer to meet the direct needs of the customer. Initiating circuits are programmable for fire, waterflow, supervisory service, etc. Output circuits are programmable for code selection and silenceability. On some systems, input-to-output CIRCUIT (not device) mapping. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Addressable System Each device (detector, pull station…) has a unique number assigned to it called the address for reporting alarms and troubles. Employs a Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) Loop along which all addressable input and output devices are connected to the fire alarm control panel. Addressable devices transmit an electronic message back to the Control Unit representing their state (Normal, Alarm, Trouble) when polled by the Control Unit. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Addressable System Always an Addressable System. Processes detailed, analog data from detectors about smoke levels. Can provide sensitivity data for each detector. Employs Drift Compensation (self calibration) in its detectors. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Non-addressable: Class B Circuits Class B Initiating Device Circuit 4.7K EOLR Class B Notification Appliance Circuit 4.7K EOLR SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Non-addressable: Class B Circuits Class B Initiating Device Circuit 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Class B Notification Appliance Circuit SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Initiating Device Circuits (IDC) Class B SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Notification Appliance Circuits Class B A notification appliance circuit (NAC) is an electrical circuit of fire alarm notification appliances that are activated by the fire alarm control panel (FACP) under certain signal conditions SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Notification Appliance Circuits Class B A notification appliance is a fire alarm system component that provides an audible and/or visible indication of alarm signals Diodes are used as one way current flowing devices. When used in a fire alarm they operate in two modes. When they block the current the alarm is off. When the current is reversed the alarm will sound SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Non-addressable: Class A Circuits Class A Initiating Device Circuit Class A Notification Appliance Circuit SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Non-addressable: Class A Circuits Class A Initiating Device Circuit Class A Notification Appliance Circuit SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Power-limited Wiring Requirements Power-limited and nonpower-limited circuit wiring must remain separated in the cabinet SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Special Wiring Considerations Only two wires are allowed to be joined together No looping a wire around a terminal screw. The wire must be cut! Then both sides placed under the terminal screw. EOL ( End of Line) resistor must be placed in a separate termination box when there is more then 1 notifying device. SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  Special Wiring Considerations Copyright NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm Code® SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2 Terminology FACP - Fire Alarm Control Panel ULC - Underwriters Laboratories Canada NFPA - National Fire Protection Agency AHJ, LAHJ - Authority Having Jurisdiction, Local AHJ IDC - Initiating Device Circuit NAC - Notification Appliance Circuit ELR, EOL - End of Line Resistor NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturing Association EIA - Electronics Industry Association Cd - Candela dB, dBA - Decibels ANSI - American National Standards Institute SFPE - Society for Fire Protection Engineers Shall - Indicates a mandatory requirement Should - Indicates a recommendation or advisement SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2  ULC Standards CAN/ULC-S524 Installation of Fire Alarm Systems CAN/ULC-S525 Audible Signal Devices for Fire Alarm Systems, Including Accessories CAN/ULC-S526 Visible Signal Devices for Fire Alarm Systems, Including Accessories CAN/ULC-S527 Control Units for Fire Alarm Systems CAN/ULC-S528 Manual Stations for Fire Alarm Systems, Including Accessories CAN/ULC-S529 Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems CAN/ULC-S530 Heat Detectors CAN/ULC-S531 Smoke Alarms CAN/ULC-S533 Egress Door Securing & Releasing Devices CAN/ULC-S536 Inspection & Testing of Fire Alarm Systems CAN/ULC-S537 Verification of Fire Alarm Systems CAN/ULC-S540 Installation of Residential Fire Warning Systems CAN/ULC-S541 Speakers for Fire Alarm Systems, Including Accessories CAN/ULC-S545 Residential Fire Warning System Control Units CAN/ULC-S548 Devices & Accessories for Water Type Extinguishing Systems CAN/ULC-S552 Inspection & Testing of Smoke Alarms CAN/ULC-S553 Installation of Smoke Alarms CAN/ULC-S559 Equipment for Fire Signal Receiving Centres and Systems CAN/ULC-S561 Installation and Services for Fire Signal Receiving Centres and Systems CAN/ULC-S573 Installation of Ancillary Devices CAN/ULC-S571 Flame Detectors CAN/ULC-S567 Door Closers and Electromagnetic Door Holders CAN/ULC-S575 Commissioning of Life Safety & Fire Protection Systems CAN/ULC-S572 Photo-luminescent and Self Luminous Exit Signs & Path Markers CAN/ULC-S576 Mass Notification Systems SETAS - AMAT: Course Code ECME- 214 Week #2