Eastern and Southern Africa Chapter Notes.docx

Eastern and Southern Africa Section 1: Physical Geography-What is the physical geography of Eastern and Southern Africa like? Regions of eastern Africa The Great Rift Valley Rift Valley-A valley caused by the junction of tectonic plates Ethiopian Highlands, Eastern Rift, Western Rift, Lake Turkana,...

Eastern and Southern Africa Section 1: Physical Geography-What is the physical geography of Eastern and Southern Africa like? Regions of eastern Africa The Great Rift Valley Rift Valley-A valley caused by the junction of tectonic plates Ethiopian Highlands, Eastern Rift, Western Rift, Lake Turkana, Lake Malawi, Great Lakes of Africa, Serengeti Plain, Lake Victoria Swahili Coast Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia Sahara Libyan Desert, Nubian Desert, Marra Mountains, Red Sea Hills Sahel Dahlak Archipelago Regions of southern Africa Southwestern Plateaus Bié Plateau, Angola Plateau Indian Ocean Islands Madagascar, Comoros Islands, Mount Karthala, Seychelles Islands, Mauritius, Reunion Island Southern Deserts Kalahari Desert, Namib Desert Southeastern Plateaus Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld Bodies of Water Oceans and Seas Red Sea Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Rivers Nile River Cataracts-Areas of shallow water in rivers where boulders break the surface Blue Nile and White Nile Ruvironza and Nyabarongo Rivers Zambezi River Victoria Falls Limpopo River Orange River Augrabies Falls Lakes Lake Victoria Lake Tanganyika Lake Malawi Lake Turkana Lake Albert Lake Kivu Climates of Eastern and Southern Africa Eastern Africa Hot coast Cooler inland Desert regions Sub-Saharan Africa Rainy and dry seasons Resources of Eastern and Southern Africa Eastern Africa: arable land (good for growing crops) Ethiopia: coffee Kenya: tea Sorghum Southern Africa: mineral wealth Southern Africa: pasturelands Diamonds, gold, copper Lesotho: water, electricity Section 2: Human geography-How do the people of Eastern and Southern Africa live? History Arab Muslims conquered Sudan. Everything south of Ethiopia was colonized by Europeans. Ethiopia was never colonized. Colonization The Scramble for Africa refers to when Europeans grabbed pieces of Africa. Britain controlled most of Eastern and Southern Africa. Portugal and Germany controlled colonies on both coasts. Independence Most of the countries in these regions gained independence in what was called decolonization during the late 1950s through the 1960s. Decolonization-The process of gaining independence from a colonial ruler South Africa was the first to gain independence after the Boer War. The major push for independence among the rest of the countries began after World War II. Governments Most of the governments in these regions are representative democracies. Eritrea is a dictatorship. Eswatini and Lesotho have constitutional monarchies. Civil war Civil wars and insurgencies have been a defining characteristic for many years. Somalia South Sudan and Tanzania Racism Ethnic division has been a major hindrance to peace and stability in Southern Africa. In South Africa, apartheid became the standard for society, and every area of life was segregated. Apartheid-An oppressive political system of segregation in South Africa Although apartheid ended in the 1990s, South Africa is being isolated from the rest of the continent because of its continued internal strife. Tribalism Tribal conflicts have played a large part in limiting the success of these countries and have led to the death of millions. Rwanda experienced genocide in the 1990s when conflict broke out between the Hutus and Tutsis. Socialism Most of the newly formed African countries adopted socialism, which resulted in manmade famines, atrocities, and the degradation of the infrastructure. Many infamous dictators stole what little wealth the countries had. Ex: Idi Amin-Uganda https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvVIkXPvp-4 Growth A new concept called Africapitalism has developed in which Africans invest in private energy, transportation, building, and agricultural projects to benefit the greatest number of people. While East African economies are growing rapidly, Southern African economies are slow. Ethiopia, Rwanda, Djibouti, Uganda, and Kenya are some of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Ex: Nairobi https://youtu.be/v4c4pCq-mTI Debt China holds more African debt than any other foreign country. Africans prefer to do business with China because it does not attach government reform requirements to the loans as other countries do. Demographics Sub-Saharan Africa has a high fertility rate. Almost everyone in sub-Saharan Africa is bilingual. Bantu: Swahili Ethiopia: Amharic South Africa: Afrikaans Madagascar: Malagasy Three notable tribes, the Masai, San, and Himba, continue to live as they have for centuries. Culture and diversity Sub-Saharan Africans are friendly and courteous. Family is the most important group. Music and dance are central in African culture. Ex: “Baba Yetu” sung by a children’s choir in Tanzania Ex: “Jambo Bwana” There is a diversity of foods in sub-Saharan Africa. Nyama choma-roasted meat Ugali-boiled white cornmeal Plantain-cooking banana Ndiwo-greens Injera-flatbread made of out of the grain “tef” Chapati-flatbread made of out flour Mandazi-doughnut Religion Christianity arrived early in Eastern Africa. David Livingstone was the first to take the gospel into the interior of sub-Saharan Africa. Islam is growing at a slightly faster rate than Christianity. Religion Many Africans have accepted prosperity theology, which appeals to their animistic worldview. Section 3: INTERACTIONS OF PEOPLE AND PLACES: What are some of the challenges of living in Eastern and Southern Africa? Many sub-Saharan countries have reserved 20 to 30 percent of their land as parks and reserves to protect the wildlife. Uganda and Rwanda Serengeti Plain Masai Mara Game Reserve Interaction with the Environment Water Pollution Water-related diseases Limited access Overused surface water Drained wetlands Dying coral reefs Invasive hyacinth plants Air Pollution Indoor pollution from cooking fuels Land Deforestation Desertification Soil erosion Waste disposal Toxic waste Heavy metal pollution Endangered animals Reasons for Environmental Issues Proposed Solutions The air pollution is a result of coal power plants, vehicle emissions, indoor cooking and heating fires, and the use of individual diesel generators. In many parts of Africa, there is a destructive cycle of deforestation and desertification occurring. The water pollution is caused by chemical runoff from farms, industrial and mining waste runoff, and unfiltered human waste. Hyacinth is an invasive species that came from South America. Poaching is a major problem Creating alternative forms of energy Providing conservation training Reversing desertification Using hyacinth for paper and baskets Advertising wildlife conservation vacations Eliminating poaching