Earth Science PDF

Earth Science Why is the sun important? - Scientific study of earth and universe - Supports most life on earth around it by providing warmth required Importance of Earth science...

Earth Science Why is the sun important? - Scientific study of earth and universe - Supports most life on earth around it by providing warmth required Importance of Earth science survival - Understanding of forces which - Allows plants to grow via shaped the earth thus life on earth. photosynthesis which in turn What Conditions Make Earth unique? absorbs carbon dioxide and - Only planet known to sustain life creates oxygen. - Presence of liquid water - Moderate temperature range - Free oxygen in the atmosphere Bodies of water: - Adequate sunlight Salt Water - 97.5% (oceans and seas) - No toxic substances in the Fresh Water - 2.5% atmosphere - Absence of lethal radiation Atmosphere - Traps heat, shields the surface from Earth - Sun’s Goldilocks Zone/Goldilocks harmful radiation and provides Planet nitrogen and carbon dioxide. - 4.543 Billion years Atmospheric Composition: old: By radiometric dating 78% Nitrogen 0.9% Argon 21% Oxygen 0.1% Trace Gases What makes a planet habitable? HABITABLE Layers of Atmosphere - Suitable or good enough to live in. TROPOSPHERE - clouds, plane STRATOSPHERE - ozone layer T - Temperature MESOSPHERE - meteors W - Water THERMOSPHERE - satellite E - Energy EXOSPHERE - spaceship A - Atmosphere N - Nutrients Ionosphere (lower level) - Gas molecules are electrically Temperature charged - Influences how quickly atoms, - Aurora borealis and Northern lights molecules move. Exosphere (outer layer) - Allows liquid water to exist on earth’s - Air pressure is low (few molecules surface. floating around - Satellites and space shuttles Low Temperature - Slows down chemical reaction and The Sun produces ice that makes liquid water - Earth’s main source of energy unavailable. High Temperature Greenhouse Effect - Breakdown of important biological - Earth absorbs radiation from the molecules sun. Nutrients Temperature increases as you gain - Used to build and maintain an altitude in the stratosphere and organism's body. thermosphere. 1. Carbohydrates - energy and fiber Temperature decreases as you gain source altitude in the troposphere and 2. Protein - structural building blocks mesosphere. 3. Fat - energy storage; cell repair 4. Water - solvent & lubricant; transport Geosphere nutrients - “Geos” - ground, earth, solid, land 5. Vitamins - involved in chemical - Consist of solid and rigid portion of reactions earth (lithosphere) 6. Minerals - involved in enzyme Lithosphere - crust to upper mantle functions, bone structure, nerve Geosphere - crust to core impulses Regolith Lesson 2: Four Subsystems of Earth - Loose particles of rock that envelopes the surface of Earth System - Group of related objects that work Hydrosphere together. - “Hydro” - water; 70% is liquid on Ex. solar system, body system, ecosystem, earth earth system - Composed of any water in any form - Heat is absorbed and redistributed Ecosystem of surface → ocean circulation - Abiotic - non living → water, soil, light, minerals and air. Water Cycle (hydrologic cycle) - Biotic - living → plants, protists, - Evaporation → condensation → animals and bacteria. precipitation Cryosphere Law of Conservation of Energy - Under hydrosphere; “kryos” - cold - Applies to ecosystem - Frozen water part of earth’s system - We can potentially trace all the Ex. snow, glaciers, ice cap, ice sheet energy Permafrost - permanently frosted Atmosphere - Greek word “atmos” - GAS Biosphere - Blanket that protects and support - “Bios” - life life; “sphaira” - globe/ball - Consist of living things Troposphere - Higher altitude Spheres Interaction - the process that Mesosphere moves waters and energy. - Coldest layer Lesson 3: Minerals Hardness - Resistance of a mineral to abrasion Minerals - Any naturally occurring inorganic Abrasion solid that possesses an orderly - Scrapping particles of rock crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula. Mohs Scale of Hardness (Characteristics) - Scale used to measure scratch - Building blocks of rocks resistance of minerals - Discovered by Friedrich Mohs Elements (German) - Building blocks of minerals Crystal Form How Minerals Form? - External shape of crystals/groups of - Crystallization from magma crystals displayed - Precipitation - Relative growth in 3 dimensions: - Pressure and temperature length, width and height. - Hydrothermal solutions Amorphous Crystals - minerals that don’t have structure Two ways minerals can form: 1. Crystallization of magma Color 2. Crystallization of materials dissolved - Property of minerals that is easy to in solution observe Idiochromatic - self colored 7 Crystalline structure minerals Cubic Allochromatic - color may vary due Triclinic to presence of trace elements Monoclinic Pseudochromatic - false colored Orthorhombic minerals, due to light diffraction Hexagonal Trigonal Streak Tetragonal - Color of mineral in powdered form Physical Characteristics of Mineral Cleavage - Way crystals break along smooth, Luster even and flat surfaces. - The way a mineral reflects light Metallic - can reflect Fracture Non-metallic - cannot reflect - Irregular, rough and non - planar Translucent - some light passes (broken surface) Transparent - all light passes Opaque - no light passes\ Magnetism - Ability of mineral to attract/ repel other minerals Specific Gravity d. Oxide Class - Heaviness of mineral by its weight - Minerals containing Oxygen water anion (O₂) combined with 1 or more metal ions Chemical - Most important class, as this contains metals considered Solubility valuable. - Ability of minerals to dissolve in a e. Sulfides/ Sulphide Class solvent at a specified temperature. - Minerals containing Sulfur anion (S₂) Melting point - Some sulfides are sources of - Temperature which a solid mineral economically (copper, lead, turns into liquid zinc) f. Sulfates/ Sulphate Class Classification of Minerals - Minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion (SO₄) Silicate Minerals combined with other ions. - Contains 2 of the most abundant - Found in areas with high element in the earth’s crust: silicon evaporation rate, where salty and oxygen waters evaporate. - Divided into MAFIC (magnesium), FELSIC (feldspar) Rock Forming Minerals - Minerals that form igneous, Non - Silicate Minerals sedimentary or metamorphic rocks - Doesn’t contain silicon and oxygen - Forms as an intimate part of rock-making process a. Carbonate Class - minerals containing the Common Rock - Forming Minerals carbonate anion (CO₃)² - ‘Quartz’ known as “rock - crystal” - Mostly found deposited in marine environments Pyroxene b. Halide Class Amphibole - Minerals containing halogens Olivine elements combined with 1 or more elements - Contains natural salts and includes fluorite, halite, sylvite, and ammoniac components. Usually found in lakes. c. Native Elements - Minerals that form as individual Rock Cycle Formation of Sedimentary Rocks - How rocks are transformed from one type to another. Compaction - Squeezes or compacts sediments Types of Rock Cementation - Takes place when dissolved Igneous Rocks minerals are deposited in the tiny - Ignis “fire” spaces among the sediments - Solidification of molten rock material - Process of solidification involves the Types of Sedimentary Rocks formation of crystalline solid called minerals. Elastic Sedimentary Rocks - Found near volcano - Formed from compacted sediments Ex. Breccia and conglomerate Intrusive Igneous Rocks (Plutonic) Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Solidified magma underneath the - When dissolved materials earth precipitated from solution - Gradual lowering of temperature Ex. Halite (slow cooling) Organic Sedimentary Rocks - Coarse - grained crystals (large - Form from the accumulation of plant crystals) or animal debris. Extrusive Igneous Rocks (Volcanic) Ex. Fossiliferous limestone - From solidified lava, fast rate of cooling Metamorphic Rocks - Fine - grained crystal (small crystal) - “Meta” change, “morph” form and, vesicular - Formed due to extreme heat and Porphyritic Texture pressure - Caused by different rates of cooling resulting in varied sized minerals Formation of Metamorphic Rocks Contact Metamorphism Sedimentary Rocks - Heat as the main factor; occurs - Derived from sediments (remaining when rock is in contact to magma particles) Regional Metamorphism - Sediments are the product of - Pressure as the main factor; directed weathering, the process of breaking pressures and high temperatures down rocks. occur during mountain building. - Came from pre - existing rocks that have been lithified or cemented Types of Metamorphic Rocks together naturally. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks Lithification - Have a layered or banded - Process by which rock undergoes appearance compaction and cementation. Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks - Don’t have a layered or banded appearance Weathering Grade - Disintegration or breaking down of - Refers to the concentration of the rocks into smaller pieces called valuable minerals in an ore deposits Sediments. Cut - off Grade Deposition - Is the minimum grade required in - Occurs when the agents (wind or order for a mineral or metal to be water) of erosion lay down economically mined (processed). sediments. Minerals Resources in 2 Groups: Erosion Metallic Mineral Resources - Movement of weathered rock from - Gold, iron silver, copper, lead, zinc, one place to another caused by the nickel. And aluminum. different agents such as water, wind, Nonmetallic Resources gravity, and glacier. - Coal, clay, salt , marble, tals, and fluorite. Types of Erosion Water Erosion Four Groups of Mineral Deposits - Where the water carries the Energy Resources sediments to different parts of the - Can be further divided into fossil bodies of water such as rivers. fuels and nuclear fuels Wind Erosion Metal Resources - Happens when light materials, such - Includes structural metals and as small rocks and pebbles are economic metals. carried by wind to different places. Industrial Mineral Resources Glacial Erosion - Include commodities such as salt, - Happens when the ice moves potash and sand downhill and plucks out chunks of Essential Minerals rocks and causes scraping between - Minerals that pertain to those the ice and the rock. needed by living organisms. Soil Erosion - Happens when the topsoil is removed and leaves the soil infertile. A. Mineral Explorations - Searching for the valuable ore is called mineral explorations. Mineral Deposits - Mose ore deposits are found in - Are aggregates of minerals present mixture with minerals called gangue in high concentration. minerals. - Various exploration techniques were Ore used to assess ore deposits: - Is a natural rock or sediment that 1. Remote Sensing contains one or more valuable 2. Geophysical Methods minerals containing metals, that can 3. Geochemical Methods be mined, treated and sold at a profit  1. Project Design Types of Mining - Involves review of all data (geologic 1. Surface Mining reports, mining history, maps etc), - Used to extract ore minerals near government requirements in the surface of Earth. acquiring the projects, review at - Different types include open pit social, environmental, political and mining, guarrying, placer mining and economic acceptability of the strip mining. project, and budget and a. Open - Pit / Open - Cast Mining organizational proposals. - Common type of surface mining. Open Pit means big 2. Field Exploration hole in the ground A. Regional Reconnaissance - Pit in mine is created by - The activities involve regional blasting with explosives and surface investigation and drilling. interpretation. - It is used to mine gravel and B. Detailed Exploration sand and even rocks. - This involves more detailed surface b. Strip Mining and subsurface activities with the - Usually used in extracting objective of finding and delineating coal targets or mineralized zones - Cheapest type of mining C. Prospect Evaluation c. Dredging Mining - Assess market probability by: 1. Extensive Resource, geotechnical and engineering Mountaintop Removal Mining drilling. - Form of strip mining where the 2. Metallurgical Testing mountain tops are removed to 3. Environmental and societal extract coal, and wastes are dumped cost assessment to nearby areas are called valley fills. 3. Pre - Production Feasibility Study - Determines and validates the Highwall Mining accuracy of all data and information - An open cut mining which can be a collected from the different stages. combination of surface and underground mining. Mining Underground Mining - Is the extraction of valuable minerals - Utilized to extract ore minerals from from mineral deposits the ore body that is deep under the - Two methods of mining: surface and earth’s surface underground mining  but when you look closely, you will see that Introduction to fossil fuel it has layers. 3. Subbituminous Coal is black in color and Fossil fuels are basically remains of plants dull, and has a higher heating value than and animals that died millions of years ago. lignite. They are the world’s primary energy source 4. Lignite is also known as brown coal. It is that provide most of the energy support in the lowest grade coal with the least transportation, electricity, and industries. concentration of carbon. They are natural and finite resources that OIL are very abundant and has a cheaper cost Most of the oil that we are using today production compare to other resources started forming millions of years ago. Oil is present on Earth. They are considered as an organic material, mostly algae, which non-renewable energy source as they take was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea millions of years to form. and lakes. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all It is used mainly for the production of considered fossil fuels because they were transportation fuels and petroleum-based formed from the fossilized, buried remains products. Philippines imports crude oil and of plants and animals that lived millions of petroleum from Saudi Arabia and Russia. years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content. The majority of the market are Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron Types of fossil fuels Philippines. Petroleum products supply about 37 COAL percent of U.S. energy needs, with the It is an important and primary fossil fuel transportation sector consuming the most. present on Earth. Coal resources are found predominantly where forest trees, plants NATURAL GAS and marshes existed before being buried It is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas and compressed millions of years ago. with the mixture of methane. It is the Earth’s Philippines uses approximately 50% coal cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and resource to produce energy and electricity. colorless in its natural state. There are four major ranks of coal. Natural gas is produced from sedimentary rock formation by forcing chemicals, water, 1. Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. It is and sand down a well under high pressure. a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often The Philippines’ main domestic source of referred to as hard coal, containing a high energy is the Malampaya natural gas field percentage of fixed carbon and a low which is located at Palawan Island. percentage of volatile matter. Formation of fossil fuels 2. Bituminous Coal it usually has a high Millions of years ago the remains of heating value and is the most common type prehistoric plants and animals are buried of coal used in electricity generation. It beneath the Earth’s surface. These remains appears shiny and smooth at first glance, were covered by mud. The mud sediment was buried by more sediments and It started to change into rock as the Natural Factors that Contribute to Soil temperature and pressure increases. Degradation Soil Resources Physical - include rainfall, runoff, floods, wind Soil erosion, tillage, and mass - is the thin top layer of Earth’s crust. movements. It consists of minerals, organic Biological material, organisms, water, and air. - activities by organisms and humans that degrade the soil. Layers of Soil Chemical - involve reduction of soil quality due Horizon O to changes in alkalinity and acidity of - A dark layer composed of decaying water. plant matter (like leaves) and humus FAO that is only a few centimeters thick. - Food and Agriculture Organization Horizon A - Works to make agriculture - A dark layer called topsoil that is sustainable composed of more humus and small BSSS pieces of rock. It is home to many - The British Society of Soil Science animals. For example, around 1 - Ideas for soil improvement billion small and microscopic LI animals live in one cubic meter of - The Land Institute topsoil. Minerals dissolve from this - Aims to end soil erosion layer in a process called leaching. SCMD Horizon B - Soil Conservation and Management - A layer of clay and small rocks Division (under BWSM) called subsoil where dissolved BWSM minerals from Horizon A collect. The - Bureau of Soils and Water color of this layer depends on the Management rock and mineral types in the soil. Horizon C Human Activities - A layer of weathered rock pieces - Agricultural Depletion and minerals. - Overgrazing Animals Horizon D - Deforestation - Solid rock, called bedrock, which - Mining formed over time. This layer cannot - Development and Expansion support plant life. - Recreational activities, like driving vehicles off-road or hiking Soil Degradation - change in soil health which results in decreased capacity of soil to support Agricultural Depletion organisms.  - Rotating the crops planted can help - Deforestation exposes the soil and return nutrients to the soil to prevent affects the retention of water. its degradation, as well as ensuring - Pesticides and fertilizers can alter they are evenly distributed. the composition of soil and Overgrazing Animals organisms. - Grazing animals are animals that - Industries and mining activities live on large areas of grassland. reduce nutrients or increase the They wander over the area, eat amount of toxins in the soil. grasses and shrubs, and can - Urbanization increases the amount remove large amounts of plant of pollution. cover. If too many animals graze the - Overgrazing contributes to the same land area, they will use their erosion of soil. hooves to pull plants out by their roots. Soil conservation practices - Enhance organic matter content of Deforestation soils - Long-lived trees are important - Avoid excessive tillage because they put down roots that - Apply proper pest management help hold the soil together. Logging - Prevent soil compaction kills these plants, and even if new - Maintain a ground cover trees are planted, they require years to put down the kind of root system Renewable Energy that once protected the soil. Renewable Energy Source Mining - those that are replenished naturally - Mining operations are major at anthropogenic time scale contributors to erosion, especially on - cannot be depleted a local level. Non-renewable Energy Source - sources that will run out or will not Development and Expansion replenish within time scale - Urban and suburban development can also exacerbate erosion, Renewable energy especially if developers ignore the - Generated from natural sources natural state of the land. - Also known as alternative or clean energy sources Recreational Activities - Can be replenished faster than fossil - Erosion is caused by humans fuels and have a lower causing soil to erode over time, environmental impact. leaving bare spots where no plants can grow. Geothermal Energy - Earth’s heat energy - Heat at the earth’s core Human Activities - 1904 in Larderello, Italy Geothermal Gradient  - Increase in temperature with depth - May not need a dam to operate Pumped Storage 3 Main Elements of Geothermal Energy - Works like a battery storing the generated electricity - Water from the reservoir; lower Heat source elevation pumped uphill to reservoir - Magmatic intrusion at higher elevation Reservoir - Layers of permeable rock capped by Classification of Hydroelectric Power impermeable rock Plants Geothermal Fluid - Occurs in the form of water Micro - Hydro - Can be liquid or steam - Can produce 1-100 kWh of electricity Hydroelectric Energy Mini - Hydro - “Hydro” - water, “electric” - - Can produce 1-1 kWh to 10 MW of generation of electricity electricity - Generation of electricity using Large - Hydro energy from the flowing water - Can produce more than 10 MW of electricity Elements of Hydroelectric Energy Solar Energy Reservoir - is radiant light and heat from the sun - Where huge amounts of water are harnessed using a range of stored technologies such as solar heating, Dam or Barrier solar photovoltaics, etc. - Used to hold back the water on the Wind reservoir - is caused by the uneven heating of Pipe or Penstock the atmosphere by the sun and the - Connects the reservoir to the turbine irregularities of the earth's surface - i.e. the variations in temperature, pressure, and surface area. Types of Hydroelectric Power Plant Biomass - is biological material derived from Impoundment living, or recently living organisms - Common type - Water released from the reservoir Water Resources spins the turbine and generates electricity Water - A compound, made of two atoms of Diversion or Run-of-river type hydrogen and one atom of oxygen - Rely on large elevation rocks bonded together. allowing water to fall down the penstock Rivers  - River water usually comes from - Medical (ex. Medical equipment) larger freshwater sources, such as - Industrial (ex. factories) rain or snow, or can also come from underground or rainfall. Reservoirs or Lakes Nutrient Enrichment - These water sources usually are - happens when excessive nutrients surface run-offs and may be are introduced into water. groundwater seepage, or from rivers or rainfall that have accumulated in a Acid Rain low area. - happens when rain becomes excessively acidic as a result of Groundwater processes in the atmosphere. - Water found below the earth’s surface Salinity Changes - Can be found in coastal plains - Changes in the salt content can be caused by human activities. Artesian Wells - are an example of a method of Pathogenic Organisms extracting groundwater, and these - Pathogens are agents that cause wells can do it without being diseases. pumped. - Examples of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Aquifers - are bodies of rock and/or sediment Contamination with the ability to store and transmit - Can be caused by chemicals and water. pesticides. Unconfined aquifers - collect water - This leads to toxicity of the straight from the surface environment, or nutrient enrichment Confined aquifers - are trapped in some cases. between two rock layers. Agricultural Activities The water table is the top of an aquifer - tilling and clear cutting, have the below which is water and above is rock or potential to affect groundwater and soil mixed with air. adjacent bodies of water Desalination Poor Water Quality - This is the process of removing salt - All organisms within the habitat are from saltwater. It usually involves potentially affected. The effects vary purification of water. from light to severe, depending on the organism. Uses of Water - This can also affect humans, since - Domestic (ex. homes) poor water quality can cause - Agricultural (ex. farming) diseases. Four types of waste - Cooking using oils and lard contributes to liquid waste production. SOLID WASTES - Bleaches, liquid detergents, and are considered as the most common and insecticides that are disposed of in drains most abundant type of wastes. are also liquid wastes. These may be in the form of food leftover, - Disposed mechanical oils from car repair paper, plastics, wood, ashes, rubber, and shops and car manufacturing sites also metals. These are generated from different contribute to liquid wastes. human activities. GASEOUS WASTES Examples and sources of solid wastes Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, methane, - Disposal of excess food causes the sulfur oxides, and aerosols are the most generation of food refuse. Surprisingly, it common type of gaseous wastes. They are constitutes a large percentage of solid usually produced through the combustion of wastes even if there is a global problem of different materials. Many of the materials we hunger. use are produced in facilities that emit these - Paper wastes come from businesses and gaseous wastes. homes as well. As a person uses more paper, more wastes are generated. Examples and sources of gaseous wastes - A newspaper can be useful for a day but is - A person’s use of materials such as usually disposed of when out of date. plastics and metals indirectly contributes to - When a person consumes pre-packaged the increase of gaseous wastes in the products, solid wastes are generated. The atmosphere. excess packaging of products, such as - Improper garbage disposal of households, food, electronics, and furniture, contributes industries, and commercial institutions to the great amount of paper and plastic promotes methane production. wastes. - The use of hairsprays and aerosols at - Constructions of different structures also home adds to the gaseous wastes in the contribute to other types of solid wastes atmosphere. - Garbage incineration such as wood, cement, rubbers, metals, and produces harmful carbon oxides. ashes. - Automobile usage is one of the major sources of carbon monoxide wastes. LIQUID WASTES - Using electricity has a part in generating usually come in the forms of wastewater, gaseous wastes due to the fossil fuels used fats, oil and grease, household fluids, and in the production of energy. mechanical oil. They are regularly generated because of constant human HAZARDOUS WASTE activities. More wastewater is generated as Hazardous waste includes all kinds of people use excessive water in activities rubbish that are flammable, toxic, corrosive such as household and industrial cleaning, and reactive. watering of plants, and feeding animals. These items can potentially be extremely harmful to you as well as the environment Examples and sources of liquid wastes and must be disposed of correctly Effects of wastes to health and - Run-offs from farms that reach coasts, environment rivers, and lakes cause eutrophication. Eutrophication happens when excess The increase in the population of the world nutrients such as nitrates and phosphorus causes an increase in the number of wastes go into water resources. These compounds generated. Large amounts of wastes need cause algal blooms that overcrowd the to be properly disposed of every day. If water surface. these wastes are not properly managed and - Chemical wastes and eutrophication due disposed of, they will have negative effects to run-offs both cause fish kills and death of not only on the environment but also on the other organisms. health of the people. Effects of gaseous wastes to environment Solid waste is the most abundant type of - Gas exhausts from automobiles and waste. It may be in the form of food refuse, factories cause acid rain when these wastes paper, plastics, wood, ashes, rubber, and combine with the rain. Acid rain destroys metals. Liquid waste usually comes in the plants, buildings, and livelihoods. They also form of wastewater. Fats, oil and grease, contaminate the soil and water resources. household fluids, and mechanical oil are - Methane from decomposing solid wastes some of its examples. Finally, gaseous contributes to greenhouse gases. waste is usually produced from the - Chlorofluorocarbons from gaseous wastes combustion of different materials. The most cause the depletion of the ozone layer. The common examples include carbon ozone layer is important because it protects monoxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, sulfur us from the harmful rays of the sun. oxides, and aerosols. Effects of solid wastes to health - Solid wastes contaminate water resources. Effects of solid wastes to The contaminated water may cause environment gastrointestinal diseases. - People residing near landfills experience - Solid wastes end up in waterways that skin diseases due to continuous contact pollute water resources. with wastes. - Floods are caused by improperly disposed - Solid wastes, especially biodegradable wastes that block the drainages. ones, attract rodents and flies that bring - Some non-biodegradable wastes can various diseases to people. reach the oceans. Marine animals Effects of liquid wastes to health sometimes see them as food and ingest - Liquid wastes such as mercury from mines these wastes. Sometimes, these wastes and hospitals cause poisoning in humans affect the growth of marine animals. when they consume mercury-contaminated Effects of liquid wastes to fishes. environment - Shellfish contamination due to algal - Liquid wastes from solid wastes and blooms may cause poisoning in humans chemicals produce leachate that seeps when consumed. through the soil and water. It causes soil - Strong chemicals that make up some sterilization and water pollution. liquid wastes distress the reproductive systems of humans, especially those of males. - Water poisoning also threatens humans because of liquid wastes in water resources. Effects of gaseous wastes to health - Gaseous wastes in the atmosphere are one of the primary causes of respiratory diseases in humans. - Some of these wastes increase cancer risks and lung weakening. - Carbon monoxide, generated from exhausts, can cause neurological dysfunctions and even death. Simple waste management practices - Avoid plastics - Buy food that has minimal packaging Compost your kitchen wastes - Perform transactions electronically to reduce the use of paper - Consider making soaps and detergents at home