Earthquake PDF: Layers of the Earth & Tectonic Plates

LAYERS OF THE EARTH TECTONIC PLATES CRUST TECTONIC PLATES TECTONIC PLATES -Outermost layer of the Earth -Large sections ofsections...

LAYERS OF THE EARTH TECTONIC PLATES CRUST TECTONIC PLATES TECTONIC PLATES -Outermost layer of the Earth -Large sections ofsections -Large rock of rock -Thinnest layer (50km) -Can be found - Can in thein be found lithosphere the lithosphere. -Consists of Different landforms PLATE BOUNDARY PLATE BOUNDARY MANTLE -Where 2 planes meet -Where 2 plates meet -Beneath the crust PLATE TECTONIC THEORY -Solid Rock -Earth’s crust is made up of separate moving pieces called plates. -Thickest layer(2900km) CONVECTION CURRRENTS -Asthenosphere can be found here -in the mantle plates move these tectonic plates, which can move towards each other, move away from each other and or move past OUTER CORE each other. -Liquid layer -composed of iron and nickle TYPES OF TECTONIC BOUNDARIES -2200km CONVERGENT/DESTRUCTIVE -5000 C -2 plates move towards each other INNER CORE DIVERGENT/CONSTRUCTIVE -Solid state -2 plates move together and one plate is driven down to mantle. -densest layer TRANSFORM/CONSERVATIVE -1200km -two plates slide past one another -6000 c SUBDUCTION –Occurs where plates move together and one of the plates is driven down into the mantle. Active Faults EARTHQUAKE - generated earthquakes within the last -Shaking of the earth 10, 000 years -caused by sudden motion along fractures in the earth’s crust called FAULTS - may still continue to generate -Charactarized by the sudden release of energy from beneath the ground earthquakes Inactive faults INTENSITY – do not show signs of ever having -How much damage it dealt. generated an earthquake in the last 10, 000 years MAGNITUDE - may possible still generate an - Total amount of energy released by the earthquake. earthquake in the future  FAULTS FAULT KINDS OF FAULTS -Fracture or break in the earth’s crust -VERTICAL MOVEMENT (DIP-SLIP FAULTS) -earthquakes are most likely to occur here -NORMAL FAULTS SAN ANDREAS FAULT -REVERSE FAULTS - -THRUST FAULTS HANGING WALL AND FOOTWALL -HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT ( STRIKE -SLIP FAULT) -the two sides of a non-vertical fault -Left lateral COMPRESSION -Rifht lateral -pushes rocks together -Oblique-slip faults TENSION -have both vertical and horizontal movement -stretches rocks SHEARING - can cause masses of rock to slip ANATOMY OF AN EARTHQUAKE SEISMIC WAVE ANATOMY OF AN EARTHQUAKE -Waves of energy caused by the Focus sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. – point of origin of an earthquake at which rocks moves TYPE OF SEISMIC WAVES Epicenter BODY WAVES - directly above the focus -can travel through the inner layers of Fault Plane the earth. – breaking surface underground -P Waves Fault Scarp -S Waves – Fault plane is exposed above the ground SURFACE WAVES Seismic Waves -Can travel on surface of earth’s crust - Vibrations that travel through the Earth as a result of an earthquake. - causes most of the damage -Love waves P-WAVES – Arrive first and shake buildings vertically. -Rayleigh waves -cause little damage. S-WAVES – Arrive next and shake buildings horizontally. MERCALLI SCALE - Giuseppe Mercalli -cause a lot of damage. RICHTER SCALE – Charles Richter Love waves – moves ground side to side SEISMOGRAM looks like a random wiggly lines that shows the ground motion Rayleigh waves – causes the ground to move up and down like a rolling ocean SEISMOGRAPH – Instrument to measure earthquake