Earth Science Lesson 1 PDF

 Our Place in the Universe We on Earth are part of a solar system. Which is part of a galaxy called the Milky Way. Earth Science ❖it the branch of science that deals with the physical nature of the Earth's materials, including rock and landscapes, oceans and water resources, and the a...

 Our Place in the Universe We on Earth are part of a solar system. Which is part of a galaxy called the Milky Way. Earth Science ❖it the branch of science that deals with the physical nature of the Earth's materials, including rock and landscapes, oceans and water resources, and the atmosphere. ❖Earth Science encompasses the study of all facets of the Earth's physical environment, but can apply to other planets and stellar objects as well. Earth Science encompasses the branches of science including: Geology ❖ Greek word “geo” means earth “logia” means study. ❖Is the study of the Earth. ❖The structure of a specific region of the Earth's crust. ❖the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the solid matter of a celestial body.  The term earth and life science is a broad term that integrates many aspects of science, and includes geology. Geology is an older discipline that primarily focuses of the solid earth, earth materials and resources, and processes shaping the Earth's surface Geologists ❖search for fuels and minerals, study natural hazards, and work to protect Earth's environment. Physical geology ❖is a branch of Earth Science concerned with understanding the composition of the Earth and the physical changes occurring in it, Oceanography ❖ Isthe branch of science concerned with the physical and biological properties of the world's oceans, seas, and coastal marine environments. ❖The oceans also have a major influence on the weather, and changes in the oceans can drive or moderate climate change. Oceanographer ❖They work to develop the ocean as a resource and protect it from human impact. ❖Their goal is to utilize the oceans while minimizing the effects of our actions. Meteorology ❖Is the branch of science concerned with atmospheric processes and phenomena, including weather. ❖the study of the atmosphere and how processes in the atmosphere determine Earth's weather and climate.  Astronomy ❖Is the branch of science that concerns celestial objects in space, and physical Universe as a whole. ❖That includes objects we can see with our naked eyes, like the Sun , the Moon , the planets, and the stars Geologists consider themselves earth scientists, but not all earth scientists are geologists. Astronomers examine the positions, motions, and properties of celestial objects. Astrology attempts to study how those positions, motions, and properties affect people and events on Earth. Structure Composition an Age ❖The universe as we currently know it comprises. All space and time, and all matter and energy in it. ❖It is May up of 4.6 % baryonic matter ("ordinary" matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebula and other bodies) Structure Composition an Age ❖24% cold dark matter (matter that has gravity but does not emit light), and ❖71.4% dark energy (a source of anti-gravity). Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so Dark energy can explain the observed, accelerating, and expansion of the universe. ❖Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements. ❖Stars ❖the building block of galaxies - are born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. BIRTH, EVOLUTON, DEATH AND REBIRTH STARS ❖The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as a planets, asteroid, or the other bodies in the accompanying planetary system. BIRTH, EVOLUTON, DEATH AND REBIRTH STARS ❖Galaxy is a cluster of billions of a stars and cluster s of galaxies from super clusters. ❖The universe is 13. 8 billion years old. The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light years. Expanding Universe ❖in 1929, Edwin Hubble announce his significant discovery of the "redshift" and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, ❖Red shift light observed from distant stars and galaxies gives evidence that the universe is expanding (moving away from a central point) Expanding Universe ❖in 1929, Edwin Hubble announce his significant discovery of the "redshift" and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, STEADY STATE MODEL ❖ The steady stated model of the universe was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and Gould and by Hoyle. ❖ It maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density. ❖the density of matter in the expanding universe remains unchanged due to a continuous creation of matter. BIG BANG THEORY ❖Postulate that 13.8 billion years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state. ❖ It is the idea that the universe began as just a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right now. ❖the very large explosion of a single mass of matter that many scientists believe was the beginning of the universe. The theory rest on two ideas : GENERAL RELATIVITY and The COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE. Einstein's General Theory of relativity, gravity is thought of as distortion of space time and no longer described by a gravitational field in contrast to the Law of Gravity of Isaac Newton. ❖General relativity - explanation of how speed affects mass, time and space. - The speed of light to define the relationship between energy and matter ❖Cosmological Principle - On the largest cosmic scales, the Universe is both homogeneous and isotropic. The big bang theory has withstood the tests for expansion: 1) the redshift 2) The abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium, and 3) The uniformly pervasive cosmic wave background radiation- the remnant heat from the bang. EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE ACCORDING TO THE BIG BANG THEORY ❖From time zero (13.8 billion years ago) , all matter energy in the universe existed as a hot, dense, tiny state ❖Universe continued to cool down, matter collected into clouds giving rise to only stars after 380,000 years and eventually galaxies would form after 100 million years.  EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE ACCORDING TO THE BIG BANG THEORY ❖From time zero (13.8 billion years ago) , all matter energy in the universe existed as a hot, dense, tiny state ❖Universe continued to cool down, matter collected into clouds giving rise to only stars after 380,000 years and eventually galaxies would form after 100 million years. ❖From 9.8 years until the present, the universe become dark energy dominated and underwent accelerating expansion. At about 9.8 billion years after the big bang, the solar system was formed. Ancient Egyptians ❖believed in many gods and myths. ❖The story describes how the sun god Ra, also called Atum, created his son Shu and daughter Tefnut and they worked together to create order in Nu - the chaos of the universe. Ancient Egyptians ❖Nu - the chaos of the universe. They created humans from tears of happiness and then made Yah the moon, Geb the earth, and Nut the sky. the Kuba people of central Africa tell the story of a creator a god Mbombo (or Bumba) The story of Mbombo's creation tells that in the beginning, Mbombo was alone, darkness and primordial water covered all the earth. It would happen that Mbombo came to feel an intense pain in his stomach, and then Mbombo vomited the sun, the moon, and stars. in India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind become the sky, earth, sun and moon an androgynous primal human, who separated through a primordial self- sacrifice into man and woman and from whom the world was created with all its contrasts. The monotheistic religions ❖Monotheism is the belief in a single all- powerful god, as opposed to religions that believe in multiple gods. ❖Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim that a supreme being created the universe, including man and other living organisms. End of The Lesson !!! Thank you for listening/watching Have a Bless day Activity time  Activity 1.1: Briefly Discuss What is the fate of the universe? Will the universe continue to expand or will eventually contract because of gravity. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _