Earth Science for STEM - Weathering PDF

Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 1: Weathering CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 Earth Science for STEM Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Weathering First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in...

Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 1: Weathering CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 Earth Science for STEM Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Weathering First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Lorna B. Alvarez Editors: Randie B. Atienza Reviewers: Marionel U. Briz, Francia C. Silva, Christian Dick B. Cunag, Ryan B. Garcia, Cyrus T. Festijo, Rowena D. Cabanding Illustrator: Patrick Lemuel V. Reyes Layout Artist: Paulina S. Crescini, Leomar G. Paracha Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas Job S. Zape Jr. Ramonito O. Elumbaring Reicon C. Condes Elaine T. Balaogan Fe M. Ong-ongowan Sacoro R. Comia Fe M. Fallurin Marieta N. Perez Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 1: Weathering Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master Weathering. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the different agents of weathering; 2. identify the different types of physical, chemical, and biological weathering; 3. describe physical, chemical, and biological weathering; and 4. explain how rocks undergo weathering 1 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  What I Know Read and analyze the following questions. Select the letter of the best answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following best describes weathering? a. The process by which rocks are exposed to severe weather b. The process by which rocks are formed by heat and pressure c. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down d. The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened due to exposure to heat and pressure 2. How does gravity contribute to weathering? a. by abrasion of the rocks c. by dissolving rocks’ particles b. by expansion of rocks d. by creating holes in rocks 3. Which of the following is NOT an example of physical weathering? a. Freeze- thaw b. Wind blowing sand onto a rock c. Plant that grows on the cracks of the rocks d. Abrasion due to the movement of glaciers 4. What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported by a river? a. they get smaller and rounder c. smaller and more jagged b. much larger and rounder d. gets larger and more jagged 5. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical weathering. What happens when water loosely combines with the minerals of the rock? a. cements them together b. converts the mineral into another kind c. transports the rock into a lower altitude d. weakens the molecular binding of the minerals 6. What are the two things that affect the rate of weathering? a. time and date c. rain and ice b. type of rock and climate d. size of rock and time of the year 7. Which of the following best describes chemical weathering? a. The process by which rocks are broken down by physical forces b. The process by which rocks are broken down by chemical means c. The process by which rocks are broken down by anthropogenic activities d. all of the above 2 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 8. Weak organic acids are produced by the action of the growing roots of lichens. These acids react with some minerals in rocks resulting in the decomposition of rocks. How will you classify this process? a. Physical weathering b. Chemical weathering c. Biological weathering through physical means d. Biological weathering through chemical compounds 9. Which of the following conditions promotes slow chemical weathering? a. fracturing c. high amount of rainfall b. thick soil d. cold temperature 10. Which type of rocks tends to weather more rapidly through hydrolysis process? a. Rocks that contain iron. c. Rocks that are impermeable. b. Rocks that contain quartz. d. Rocks that contain feldspar. 11. Which is an example of oxidation? a. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time. b. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water. c. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the solution. d. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume increases. 12. Which of these statements is NOT true about mechanical weathering? a. breaks rock material into smaller pieces b. changes the chemical composition of rocks c. strong winds carrying sand blows on the rocks d. beach rock gets hot in daytime and cools in the evening thus creating fracture on the rock 13. Which of the following activities has resulted in an increased rate of chemical weathering through acidification? I.The production of SO2 and NO in the atmosphere that combine with rain to form acids. II.The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turn rain into weak acid. III.The disintegration of rocks during construction and mining IV.The growth of the plant roots on the rock crack. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1 and 2 d. 2 and 3 14. Which is NOT included in the group? a. carbonation b. abrasion c. acidification d. hydration 15. In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid? a. cold and dry c. hot and dry b. cold and humid d. hot and humid 3 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  Lesson 1 Weathering The Earth is constantly changing or altered physically as we have observed. The changes driven by different forces of nature create new land forms. One of these forces is weathering. This process includes degradation or breaking down of rocks into smaller segments known as sediments. It occurs when mechanical force is applied on rocks or through chemical reactions happening on the surface or within the rocks. In this lesson, you are going to describe how rocks undergo weathering and the different agents that cause weathering on rocks. What’s In Read the paragraph about rocks and how it disintegrates or dissolves, then answer the questions below. Write your answer on your answer sheet. Rocks are naturally occurring mass of different kinds of minerals. It can be classified into different kinds such as igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. These rocks are classified based on their composition and the process of its formation. Igneous are formed from volcanic materials, sedimentary rocks are result of the cementation of different sediments to form a new rock and metamorphic rocks are produced through exposure of parent rock which can be an igneous, sedimentary or another metamorphic rock to intense temperature and pressure. This scenario proves that rocks are made up of components that can be broken down overtime. Continuous exposure to external environmental forces can separate these components. A rock disintegrates or even dissolves because a chemical reaction changes the composition of the rock. When certain types of rock come in contact with rainwater, a chemical reaction occurs, slowly transforming the rock into substances that dissolve in water. As these substances dissolve, they get washed away. How are these things carried on to our next lesson? Guide Questions: 1. Are you familiar with these changes in rocks when in contact with the environment? 2. What particular place/s in your locality where such occurrence is observed? 4 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  Notes to the Teacher Physical and chemical changes are strongly related to two types of weathering. Weathering just focuses on the breaking of rocks into its basic composition through physical and chemical means. What’s New Activity: Rock Breaking Challenge Perform the activity entitled “Rock Breaking Challenge”. Put your observations on your answer sheet. Materials: 3 rock sample, hammer, and a concrete surface Ensure safety while performing the activity especially with using the different materials. Procedure: 1. Get at least 3 rock samples found in your backyard. 2. Wrap the rock samples in a piece of cloth. 3. Put the wrapped rock samples on the concrete surface. 4. Using hammer, hit each rock sample. (Wear eye protection in doing this activity). 5. Observe what happened to the rock sample after series of hitting. Record your data in the table. No. of Sample Hits 1 2 3 4 No. of pieces No. of pieces No. of pieces No. of pieces 1 2 3 Guide Questions: 1. What happened to the rock after a series of hitting? 2. How will you describe the particles from the broken rocks? 3. What can you infer in the process of breaking down rocks? 5 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  What is It WEATHERING Weathering is the process of breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by the action of water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, gravity and changing temperatures. There are three types of weathering: physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering. Agents of Weathering 1. Water Either in liquid or solid form is one of the agents of mechanical weathering. In liquid form, it seeped into cracks and crevices of rocks and when the temperature dropped, it freezes and definitely will expand in the form of ice. The ice then works as a wedge which slowly widens the cracks and splits the rock. When the ice melts, the liquid water performs the act of erosion by carrying away the tiny rock fragments lost in the split. 2. Salt In the process of haloclasty, salts served as an agent of weathering. Saltwater sometimes gets into the cracks and pores of rock. When it evaporates, salt crystals are left behind and grow in the cracks and pores which caused pressure on the rock and slowly break it apart. 3. Temperature Temperature changes can also contribute to weathering through the process called thermal stress. During thermal stress, rock tend to expand with heat and contract with low temperature. As this happens repeatedly, the structure of the rock weakens and over time crumbles. 4. Plants Plants also served as agents of weathering. Its contribution take place when the seed of a tree being spread in the environment sprout in soil that has collected in a cracked rock. As the roots grow, they widen the cracks, eventually breaking the rock into pieces. Over time, trees can break apart even large rocks. Even small plants, such as mosses, can enlarge tiny cracks as they grow. 5. Animals Animals that tunnel underground, such as moles and prairie dogs, also work to break apart rock and soil. Other animals dig and trample rock aboveground, causing rock to slowly crumble. 6 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 Types of Weathering A. Physical Weathering Physical weathering is caused by the effects of changing temperatures on rocks, causing the rock to break apart. The process is sometimes assisted by water. It happens especially in places where there is little soil and few plants grow, such as in mountain regions and hot deserts. It occurs either through repeated melting and freezing of water (mountains and tundra) or through expansion and contraction of the surface layer of rocks that are baked by the sun (hot deserts). There are two main types of physical weathering: Figure 1. Kapurpurawan Rock formation at Burgos, Ilocos Norte 1. Abrasion. It occurs when rocks surface is frequently exposed to water, wind and gravity. 2. Freeze-thaw. It occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart. It occurs in mountainous regions like the Alps or Snowdonia. It occurs through the following process: Rainwater or snow- melt collects in cracks in the rocks→ at night the temperature drops and the water freezes and expands→ the increases in volume of the ice exerts pressure on the cracks in the rock, causing them to split further open→ during the day the ice melts and the water seeps deeper into the cracks → at night, the water freezes again. 3. Exfoliation. It can happen as cracks develop parallel to the land surface as a consequence of the reduction in pressure during uplift and erosion. It occurs typically in upland areas where there are exposures of uniform coarsely crystalline igneous rocks. The following are the process of exfoliation. The rock mass at depth is under high pressure from underlying rocks. It tends to be uniform and lack fractures. → As progressive erosion occurs, the rock mass is subjected to progressively lower pressure of overlying rocks which leads to tension in directions at right angles to the land surface → this tension is relieved by formation of cracks which follow the land surface. They are relatively flat on plateaus but can be steep on the flanks of mountains which are called exfoliation domes → once the crack is developed; water enters and causes chemical weathering leading to the formation of new low- density minerals. This enhances the cracks and encourages slabs of rock to detach from the surface. 7 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 B. Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering is caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts. These reactions occur particularly when the water is slightly acidic. These chemical processes need water, and occur more rapidly at higher temperature, so warm, damp climates are best. Chemical weathering (especially hydrolysis and oxidation) is the first stage in the production of soils. Figure 2. Kapurpurawan Rock formation at Burgos, Ilocos Norte There are different types of chemical weathering, the most important are: 1. Carbonation – carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater and becomes weakly acidic. This weak “carbonic acid” can dissolve limestone as it seeps into cracks and cavities. Over many years, solution of the rock can form spectacular cave systems. 2. Hydrolysis – the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. Hydrolysis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that are removed in solution. The only common rock-forming mineral that is not affected is quartz, which is a chemically resistant mineral. Therefore, quartz and clay are the two of the most common minerals in sedimentary rocks. 3. Hydration – a type of chemical weathering where water reacts chemically with the rocks, modifying its chemical structure. Example: H2O (water) is added to CaSO4 (calcium sulfate) to create CaSO4 + 2H2O (calcium sulfate dihydrate). It changes from anhydrite to gypsum. 4. Oxidation – the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron- rich rocks a rusty-colored weathered surface. C. Biological weathering Biological weathering of rocks occurs when rocks are weakened by different biological agents like plants and animals. When plant roots grow through rocks, it creates fracture and cracks that result eventually to rock breakage. It can be classified into: Belete tree (Ficus sp.) grows in a commercial building in Lemery, Batangas. 8 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 1. Biological Weathering by Physical Means. Burrowing animals like shrews, moles and earthworms create holes on the ground by excavation and move the rock fragments to the surface. These fragments become more exposed to other environmental factors that can further enhance their weathering. Furthermore, humans also indirectly contribute to biological weathering by different activities that cause rocks to break. 2. Biological Weathering by Chemical Compounds. Some plants and animals also produced acidic substances that react with the rock and cause its slow disintegration. What’s More A. Write C if the statement is correct and I if the statement is incorrect. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. ________ 1. Gravity is one of the agents of weathering. ________ 2. Exfoliation occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands eventually breaking the rock apart. ________ 3. Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide dissolved in water makes acid and reacts with rocks. ________ 4. Burrowing animals cannot contribute on weathering of rocks. ________ 5. Hydrolysis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that are removed in solution. ________ 6. Animals produce acidic compounds that can cause rock disintegration. ________ 7. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide when mix with water produces basic substance that can break down rocks’ components. ________ 8. Humans indirectly contribute on weathering. ________ 9. Water alters chemical components of rocks that cause weathering. ________ 10. Earthworms are physical weathering agent. B. Group the following statements as to Physical, Chemical or Biological Weathering by writing them down on the table provided below. Do this on your answer sheet. ________ 1. Balete tree grows at the wall of the building. ________ 2. Construction workers use power tools to break the rocks. ________ 3. Insects secrete acidic substance on rocks. ________ 4. Glaciers carve its pathways. ________ 5. Rainwater combined with iron on rocks produces rusts. 9 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 ________ 6. Carbon dioxide mix with water produces carbonic acid that reacts with rocks. ________ 7. Water freezes in a large crack of a rock. ________ 8. Strong winds blow small particles of the rocks. ________ 9. Rocks form bubbles after the heavy pour of acid rain. ________ 10. Rocks fall down from the mountain and break. Physical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering What I Have Learned In a separate sheet of paper, identify what type or agent of weathering is shown in the picture. Support your answer. 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 10 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  What I Can Do From the concepts you have learned in this module, create a simple 3-minute documentary video or photographic documentation of weathering you will find in your locality/area. In a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions: 1. Cite what are the risk that you might encounter upon knowing those places are found in your locality? 2. How can you prevent or what precautions will you do to be safe if danger occur? Rubrics for Documentary video/ photo documentation. Rubrics Trait Criteria Points Content Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Did the contained little had moments had a good had an presentation to no valuable where material amount of exceptional have valuable material. was present but material and amount of materials? as a whole benefited the valuable content was class. material and lacking. was extremely beneficial to the class. Organization The There were The The Was the presentation minimal signs of presentation presentation presentation lacked organization or had organizing was well well organized organization preparation. ideas but could organized, well and easy to and had little have been prepared and follow? evidence of much stronger easy to follow. preparation. with better preparation. Presentation Presenters Presenters were Presenters were Presenters were Did the were not consistent occasionally all very presenters unconfident with the level of confident with confident in speak crealy? and confidence/prep their delivery and Is it neat and demonstrated aredness they presentation they did an concise? little evidence showed the however the excellent job of Was it obvious of planning class but had presentation engaging the that the prior to some strong was not as class. material is presentation. moments. engaging as it Preparation is credible? could have very evident. been for the class. 11 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  Assessment Read and analyze the following questions. Select the letter of the best answers. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of these statements are TRUE about mechanical weathering? I. breaks rock material into smaller pieces II. changes the chemical composition of rocks III. moss growing on the wall fence creates crack on the walls IV. beach rock gets hot in daytime and cools in the evening thus creating fracture on the rock a. I and II b. I and III c. I and IV d. II and III 2. Which of the following activities has resulted in an increased rate of chemical weathering through acidification? a. The growth of plant roots on the rock crack. b. The disintegration of rocks during construction and mining c. The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turn rain into weak acid d. The production of SO2 and NO in the atmosphere that combine with rain to form acids 3. Which is NOT included in the group? a. abrasion b. acidification c. carbonation d. hydration 4. In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid? a. hot and dry b. cold and dry c. hot and humid d. cold and humid 5. Which of the following DO NOT describe weathering? I. The process by which rocks are broken during severe weather II. The process by which rocks are formed by heat and pressure III. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down IV. The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened due to exposure to heat and pressure a. I, II and III b. I, II and IV c. I, III and IV d. II, III and IV 6. How does gravity contribute to weathering? a. by expansion of rocks c. by creating holes in rocks b. by abrasion of the rocks d. by splitting rocks particles 7. Which of the following is an example of biological weathering? a. Freeze- thaw b. Wind blowing sand onto a rock c. Abrasion due to the movement of glaciers d. Plant that grows on the cracks of the rocks 8. What happens to pieces of rock as they are transported by a river? a. smaller and more jagged c. much larger and rounder b. gets larger and more jagged d. they get smaller and rounder 12 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  9. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical weathering. What happens when water loosely combines with the minerals of the rock? a. cements minerals of the rock together b. converts the mineral into another kind c. transports the rock into a lower altitude d. breaks down the molecular binding of the minerals 10. Which type of rocks tends to weather more rapidly through the hydrolysis process? a. Rocks that contain iron. c. Rocks that contain feldspar. b. Rocks that contain quartz. d. Rocks that are impermeable. 11. Which is an example of oxidation? a. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water. b. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time. c. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the solution. d. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume increases. 12. What are the two things that affect the rate of weathering? a. rain and ice c. type of rock and climate b. time and date d. size of rock and time of the year 13. Which of the following best describes chemical weathering? a. The process by which rocks are broken down by physical forces b. The process by which rocks are broken down by chemical means c. The process by which rocks are broken down by anthropogenic activities d. all of these 14. Weak organic acids are produced by the action of the growing root of lichens. These acids react with some minerals in rocks resulting in the decomposition of rocks. How will you classify this process? a. Physical weathering b. Chemical weathering c. Biological weathering through physical means d. Biological weathering through chemical compounds 15. Which of the following conditions promotes slow chemical weathering? a. fracturing c. high rainfall b. thick soil d. cold temperatures Additional Activities Create a photo gallery of places showing the examples of weathering in your locality. Upload this on social media and put a #weathering # the type of weathering. Tag it with your teachers and classmates 13 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1  Module 1 CO_Q2_ESS SHS 14 What I have Learned What I Can Do Assessment 1. Acidification 2. Carbonation 1. C 3. Sedimentation 2. D Answers may vary 4. Mass Wasting 3. A 5. Freeze thaw 4. D based from rubrics 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. D Additional Activities 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. C Answers may vary based 13. B from rubrics 14. D 15. C What’s More What I have Learned What I Know A. 1. C 1.C 1. Acidification 2. A 2. I 2. Carbonation 3. C 3. C 3. Sedimentation 4. A 4. I 4. Mass Wasting 5. D 5. Freeze thaw 5. C 6. B 7. B 6. C 8. D 7. I 9. C 8. C 10. D 9. C 11. A 10. C 12. B B. 13. A 1. B 14. B 2. B 15. D 3. B 4. P 5. C 6. C 7. P 8. P 9. C 10. P Answer Key References Books Bayo-Ang, Roly et.al (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High School, Educational Resources Corporation: Quezon City. Cuarto, Ceazar Ryan. (2016). Conceptual Science and Beyond, Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.: Quezon City. Villamil,Aurora et.al(2004) Abiva Publishing House INC. : Quezon City. Acosta, Herma D. et al, (2015). Science Learner’s Material and Teacher’s Guide, Rex Bookstore, Inc. Valdoz, Meliza P. et al, (2015). Science Links Worktest for Scientific and Technological Literacy, Rex Bookstore Inc. Online Resources https://www.academia.edu/2325019/In- National Geographic Society. (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/weathering/# https://sites.google.com/site/katiekomatzelps301/home/rock-cycle/weathering 15 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 1 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]  Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 2: Earth’s Internal Heat Sources CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2 Earth Science for STEM Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 2: Earth’s Internal Heat Source First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Rowena A. Lambongog Editors: Randie B. Atienza, Eleneth D. Escalona Reviewers: Marionel U. Briz,Francia C. Silva, Adelinda A. Fajardo, Raquel A. Diola, Cyrus T. Festijo, Rowena D. Cabanding Illustrator: Patrick Lemuel V. Reyes Layout Artist: Paulina S. Crescini, Leomar G. Paracha Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas Job S. Zape Jr. Ramonito O. Elumbaring Reicon C. Condes Elaine T. Balaogan Fe M. Ong-ongowan Sacoro R. Comia Fe M. Fallurin Marieta N. Perez Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 2: Earth’s Internal Heat Sources Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you understand the concepts on Earth’s internal heat sources. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. The module explains the essential details on the different internal heat sources of Earth. It contains activities that you need to complete to grasp the essential details of the lesson. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the sources of the internal heat of the Earth; and 2. explain the process of the production of internal heat of Earth. 1 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. The heat __________ from the crust down to the inner core due to several reasons. Which of the following words will best complete the thought of the given statement? a. Decreases b. Equals c. Increases d. Proportional 2. Each layer of the earth has its own distinct features, composition, properties and characteristics. Which among the layers of the earth has the highest temperature? a. The core which has decaying isotopes. b. The crust which is the most exposed to ultraviolet rays. c. The lithosphere which is the solid part of the earth. d. The mantle which is the mostly solid bulk layer of the earth. 3. Different elements with varying properties comprises the layers of the earth. Which layer of the earth has the highest amount of molten state iron? a. The core which is the hot and dense inner most layer of the earth. b. The crust which is the lightest and thinnest layer of the earth. c. The lithosphere which is known as the solid outermost part of the earth. d. The mantle which is the most massive layer of the earth. 4. Why do you think Earth is considered as a thermal engine? a. As a natural satellite the moon gives thermal energy to earth. b. Decay of isotopes contributes to the internal heat of the earth. c. The energy coming from the sun gives tremendous heat on the surface. d. Too much pressure on the crust causes materials to be molted which gives large amount of heat. 5. What do you think will happened to the amount of heat from the outermost layer of the earth down to its core? a. As you move from the surface of the earth to the inner core the amount of heat lower. b. As you move from the surface of the earth to the inner core the amount of heat becomes higher. c. The amount of heat in the surface of the earth is equal to its interior. d. The amount of heat is indirectly proportional to the location of the earth. 2 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2 6. Which of the following pertains to the process by which gasses and dust of cloud were attracted by gravitational energy 4.6 billion years ago? a. Accretion b. Gravitational pull c. Solidification d. Planetesimal 7. Direct observation is not possible to know all the details about the interior of the earth due to its changing nature of internal composition and tremendous heat that come from its inner most layer. Which of the following will best describe the given sentence? a. The statement conveys correct information. b. The statement conveys incorrect information. c. The statement is dependent on the inner or outer core. d. The thought of the statement cannot be determined due to the nature of Earth. 8. Which among the layers of the earth has the greatest pressure which contributes to the production of the tremendous internal heat? a. Crust has the greatest pressure due to movement of rocks. b. Inner core has the greatest pressure among the layers of the earth. c. Mantle contains most volume of the earth causing it to have high pressure. d. Outer core has greater pressure than the inner core. 9. There are several sources that contribute to the internal heat of the earth. Which of the following is NOT a major process that contributed to Earth’s internal heat? a. As radioactive isotopes decay, it releases heat which contributes to the earth’s internal heat. b. Heat released by colliding particles during the formation of the planet c. Primordial heat from the formation of the planet contributes to its internal heat. d. When iron is crystallized heat is released causing the inner core to be the hottest layer. 10. How did the Earth generate heat on its early stage of formation? a. Due gravitational pressure at the center of the planet. b. Due to radioactive decay of some isotopes. c. Due to the collision of huge amount of gas and dust particles. d. Through absorption of energy from planetisimals. 11. What process exist as heat is transferred from one plate to another along plate boundaries? a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiation d. Thermal transfer 3 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2 12. How do radioactive isotopes emit heat energy and contribute to Earth’s internal heat? a. Due to preservation of primordial heat from the earliest stage of the earth. b. Due to spontaneous radioactive decay of isotopes. c. Through gravitational pressure between particles. d. Through pressure freezing of the particles. 13. How do naturally occurring isotopes play a vital role in the production of earth’s internal heat? a. Due to chemical stability. b. Due to its abundance and emission of heat when it decays. c. Due to its high energy capacity. d. Due to the heat it releases as it is subjected to low temperature. 14. What happened to the pressure inside the Earth as you go deeper? a. The pressure decreases as you descend to the interior of the earth. b. The pressure increases as you descend to the interior of the earth. c. The pressure is the same all throughout. d. The pressure is unstable and is affected by gravity. 15. Why does Earth’s internal heat builds up due to gravitational pressure? a. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is greater than the heat generated. b. Heat cannot escape from the interior of the earth since it is a closed system. c. The amount of heat that can be generated on the earth’s interior is tremendous while lesser amount can escape on the surface. d. The amount of heat that can be released on the surface is greater. 4 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  Lesson Earth’s Internal Heat 2 Sources Heat is needed in order for organisms to survive. This heat may come from internal and external sources. The Earth's internal heat provides the heat and energy which supplies the force for natural phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It also provides energy for the movement of the plates. However, despite the large amount of heat that the Earth possesses, its internal energy is greater during its early stages. What’s In Based on the illustration given, identify and give the description of each layers of the earth. _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Notes to the Teacher This module is a self-assisted module however your help is necessary in monitoring and evaluating students work. Make sure that the students completely accomplish all the activities to ensure high quality transfer of learning in this module. 5 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  What’s New Read the situation below and answer the following guide questions. Taal volcano was considered as the world’s smallest volcano. After being inactive for a long time, it began to have a phreatomagmatic eruption from its main crater last January 12, 2021. It does not only affect the municipalities of Batangas but also the provinces of Cavity and Laguna. Due to this geologic phenomena, people had evacuated, numerous families were affected and caused damages to agricultural areas and infrastructures. Like any other volcano, its magma originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. One way on which magma is formed is through heat transfer in which liquid rock intrudes into Earth’s crust. As it solidifies, it loses and transfer heat to its surrounding rocks causing to melt which then formed into magma. Another way in which magma can be formed is through decompression melting which involves the upward movement of mantle. When the hot material rises to an area of lower concentration it reduces the overlying pressure that enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. \ Taal Volcano during its eruption on January 12, 2020. Photos are taken from one of the evacuees Mr. Apolonio Enriquez at Brgy. Bilibinwang, Agoncillo, Batangas Guide Questions: 1. Where does the magma come from? 2. How does internal structure of Earth produce magma? 3. What can you infer on the Earth’s internal temperature? 6 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  What is It Earth’s Internal Heat Source Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago and continue to serve as habitat to diverse organisms. Its biotic components remain alive due to proper regulation of internal heat. It has massive amount of heat that varies from its layer. The heat increases from the crust down to the inner core due to several reasons. This internal heat comes from the following sources. 1. Primordial heat of the planet remains from its early stage. The Earth was formed from the process of accretion wherein gasses and dust of cloud was attracted by gravitational energy. When these masses compacted it formed planetisimals. In the process, due to the collision of these masses, heat was generated. This process formed the earliest stage of planet Earth which is molten in state and heat is trapped in the core of the planet. Eventually, the accrued heat did not vanish. It took a long time for heat to move from the internal part of the planet going to its surface. There had been the convective transport of heat within the core to the mantle of the earth. While conductive transport of heat occurs through different plate boundary layers. This resulted in the preservation of some amount the primordial heat in the interior earth. 2. Heat from the decay of radioactive elements. Earth is considered as thermal engine since its main source of internal heat come from the produced decay of some naturally occurring isotopes from its interior. This process is known as radioactive decay by which the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus causes the release of energy and matter from the nucleus. Some of the isotopes are potassium – 40, Uranium - 235, Uranium - 238 and Thorium - 232. There are other radioactive isotopes that are also present in the Earth however they play a minor role in the production of heat due to its small abundance and low heat capacity. This process of radioactive decay which emits heat energy as one of the products prevents the Earth from completely cooling off. 3. Gravitational pressure The more a person descend into Earth’s interior, the amount of pressure increases due to the force pressing on an area caused by the weight of an overlying rocks. The pressure near the center is considered to be 3 to 4 million times the pressure of atmosphere at sea level. Again, because rocks are good insulators, the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat generated from internal gravitational attraction or squeezing of rock, so heat builds up within. At high temperature, the material beneath will melt towards the central part of the earth. This molten material under tremendous pressure conditions acquires the property of a solid and is probably in a plastic state. 7 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2 4. Dense core material in the center of the planet. Due to increase in pressure and presence of heavier materials towards the earth’s center, the density of earth’s layers also increases. Obviously, the materials of the innermost part of the earth are very dense. The inner core as the inner most layer is composed primarily of iron and nickel which contributes to the density in the core that ranges between 12,600-13,000 kg/m3. This suggests that there must be other heavy elements such as gold, platinum, palladium, silver and tungsten that are present in the core. Like in the descent of the dense iron-rich material that makes up the core of the planet to the center that produce heating in about 2,000 kelvins. The inner core’s intense pressure prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements from melting. The pressure and density are simply too great for the iron atoms to move into a liquid state. Thus, this contributes to the intense heat in the interior of the planet. What’s More A. Analyze the given set of statements. Choose what best describes the statements from the given choices. A. The given statements convey correct information. B. The first statement is correct while the second is incorrect. C. The first statement is incorrect while the second is correct. D. Both statements convey incorrect information. 1. The Earth’s interior has tremendous amount of heat. The amount of heat increases from the crust of the earth down to its core. 2. Accretion is the process wherein gasses and dust cloud were attracted by gravitational energy. Some of the gasses from the earliest formation of the earth remains which contributes to the heat on earth. 3. Frictional heating also contributes to the heat inside the earth. This is caused by less dense core material sinking to the planet's interior. 4. All isotopes of naturally occurring elements are present inside the core of the earth. Radioactive decay of isotopes and radioactive elements results to release of energy in a form of heat which contributes to internal heat. 5. The internal heat of the earth serves as source for some geologic activities. It is also the major source of heat in the crust and atmosphere. 6. Pressure increases from the interior of the earth up to its crust. Thus, at low temperature, the material beneath the crust will melt towards the central part of the earth. 7. Energy in a form of heat is transported all throughout the earth. This is transported in the process of conduction or convection. 8 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  B. Choose from the word bank the most appropriate word to complete the statements below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. thermal engine heat energy molten material pressure gravitational attraction heat metling plastic state convection transport inner core liquid state radiation 8. It took a long time for ___________ to move from the internal part of the Earth going to its surface. 9. There had been ______________ of heat within the core to the mantle of the earth. 10. Earth is considered as ______________ since its main source of internal heat come from the produced decay of some naturally occurring isotopes from its interior. 11. Radioactive decay emits _____________ that prevents the Earth from completely cooling off. 12. The escape of heat from Earth’s surface is less than the heat generated from internal _____________, so heat builds up with. 13. _______________ under tremendous pressure conditions acquires the property of a solid and is probably in a ____________. 14. The ______________ intense pressure prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements from ____________. 15. The ____________ and density are simply too great for the iron atoms to move into a ____________. What I Have Learned Complete the concept map below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. Earth’s Internal Heat Source 1 2 3 4 Produced Heat by 5 6 7 8 9 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  What I Can Do Read and analyze the scenario below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. Refer to the rubrics below as your guide in answering the questions. In school, students tend to do a lot of activities, research, and assignments in all subjects. Once the deadline is near, they tend to work UNDER PRESSURE. They get easily mad and complain about everything. Why do you think this thing happen? How will you relate this scenario in the earth’s interior that is also under pressure? ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Rubrics Category 5 4 3 2 1 Content It shows an It has some It has many It has many It does not understanding mistakes in mistakes in mistakes in show of the topic’s terminology or terminology terminology understanding concepts and shows a few and shows a and shows a of the topic’s principles and misunderstandings lack of lack of concepts and uses of concepts. Few understanding understanding principles. It appropriate misconceptions of many of many has many terminology are evident. concepts. concepts. misconception. and notations, However, the Some Some It does not There is no relation between misconceptions misconceptions show any misconceptions the topic and real are evident. are evident. relation or errors life situation was The relation The relation between the evident. clearly and between the between the topic and real The relation precisely stated. topic and real topic and real – life situation. between the life situation life situation topic and real was valid but was vague. life situation not precise. was clearly and precisely stated. Organization The ideas and Some ideas and Few ideas and Few ideas and All ideas and of ideas concepts are concepts are concepts are concepts are concepts are precisely vague but in a vague and incoherent and incoherent and organized in a logical format but unorganized misleading. misleading logical format easy to follow. but not and easy to misleading. follow. 10 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  Focus and There is one There is one clear, There is one There is more The topic and details clear, well well focused topic topic and than one focus main ideas are focused topic and content. Main content. Main of topic and not clear. and content. ideas are clear but ideas are content. Main Main ideas are are not well somewhat ideas are clear and are supported by clear. vague and not well supported detailed detailed. by detailed and information. accurate information. Total Score: Assessment Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What happens to the temperature as you move from the surface of Earth to its inner most layer? a. The temperature decreases as the amount of heat increases. b. The temperature fluctuates from the crust done to the core. c. The temperature increases from the crust down to the core. d. The temperature stays the same in all the layers. 2. As you move from the surface of Earth to the inner core, what happens to the density of the materials of each layer? a. Density of materials decreases due to its composition. b. Density of materials may increase but will decrease from time to time. c. Density of materials remains the same in all the layers. d. Density of the materials increases from the crust to the core. 3. What prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements in the core from melting? a. Density b. Pressure c. Temperature d. Vapor 4. How do naturally occurring isotopes play a vital role in the production of earth’s internal heat? a. Due to chemical stability b. Due to its abundance and emission of heat when it decays. c. Due to its high energy capacity d. Due to the heat it releases as it is subjected to low temperature. 11 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2 5. Heat flows from the different layers to the earth. What type of heat transport occurs between the mantle and the core? a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiation d. Sublimation 6. Which of the following is an isotope that is present in the core of the earth which contributes to immense heat in its interior? a. Uranium – 235 b. Uranium – 253 c. Uranium – 523 d. Uranium – 325 7. Which of the following terms pertains to the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus which results to the release of energy and matter from the nucleus? a. Convection b. Gravitational pressure c. Radiation d. Radioactive decay 8. What happens to the amount of pressure as you move from the outermost layer of Earth to its inner most layer? a. The amount of pressure decreases from the outermost layer to the innermost layer. b. The amount of pressure increases from the crust down to the core. c. The amount of pressure remains the same. d. The pressure will increase then decrease from each layer. 9. Why do you think Earth is considered as a thermal engine? a. As a natural satellite the moon gives thermal energy to earth. b. Decay of isotopes contributes to the internal heat of the earth. c. The energy coming from the sun gives heat tremendous heat on the surface. d. Too much pressure on the crust causes materials to be molted which gives large amount of heat. 10. Why does Earth’s internal heat builds up due to gravitational pressure? a. Because the escape of heat from Earth’s surface is greater than the heat generated. b. Heat cannot escape from the interior of the earth since it is a closed system. c. The amount of heat that can be generated on the earth’s interior is tremendous while lesser amount can escape on the surface. d. The amount of heat that can be released on the surface is greater. 11. How did the Earth generate heat on its early stage of formation? a. Due gravitational pressure at the center of the planet. b. Due to radioactive decay of some isotopes. c. Due to the collision of huge amount of gas and dust particles. d. Through absorption of energy from planetisimals. 12 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2 12. Which of the following sentences about the internal heat of the earth is INCORRECT? a. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the density of the materials increases, thus, the temperature increases. b. As someone goes down the center of the earth, the pressure increases, thus, the temperature increases. c. Due to radioactive decay in the center of the Earth, the planet is cooling off. d. There are remains of primordial heat of the Earth. 13. The heat that flows from the inner most layer makes materials move in the different layers of the Earth. Which of the following best describe the given sentence? a. It cannot be determined due to the composition of Earth. b. The given statement conveys correct information. c. The given statement conveys incorrect information. d. The information is dependent on the given layer of the Earth. 14. How do radioactive isotopes emit heat energy and contribute to Earth’s internal heat? a. As gravitational pressure is applied to isotopes, it condenses then emits heat. b. High amount of pressure freezes the isotopes. c. Isotopes preserves the primordial heat of the earth. d. Radioactive isotopes releases heat upon undergoing spontaneous radioactive decay. 15. Which of the following is the main source of Earth’s internal heat? a. Decay of radioactive elements in the core of the earth. b. Dense materials in the core of the Earth. c. Gravitational pressure acting on the materials of the internal layers. d. Primordial heat from the beginning of the earth. 13 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  Additional Activities Write an essay on how humans harness the internal heat of the earth in producing electricity. Refer to the rubric below as your guide in writing your essay. Rubrics Category 5 4 3 2 1 Content It shows an It has some It has many It has many It does understandin mistakes in mistakes in mistakes in not show g of the topic’s terminology terminology terminology understan concepts and or shows a and shows a and shows a ding of principles and few lack of lack of the topic’s uses misunderst understandi understandi concepts appropriate andings of ng of many ng of many and terminology concepts. concepts. concepts. principles. and notations, Few Some Some It has There is no misconcepti misconcepti misconcepti many misconception ons are ons are ons are misconcep s or errors evident. evident. evident. tions evident. Organizati The ideas and Some ideas Few ideas Few ideas All ideas on of concepts are and and and and ideas precisely concepts concepts are concepts are concepts organized in a are vague vague and incoherent are logical format but in a unorganized and incoheren and easy to logical but not misleading. t and follow. format but misleading. misleadin easy to g follow. Focus and There is one There is one There is one There is The topic details clear, well clear, well topic and more than and main focused topic focused content. one focus of ideas are and content. topic and Main ideas topic and not clear. Main ideas content. are content. are clear and Main ideas somewhat Main ideas are well are clear clear. are vague supported by but are not and not detailed and well detailed. accurate supported information. by detailed information. Total Score: 14 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2  Module 2 CO_Q2_ESS SHS 15 What I Know What’s In 1. c 1. Crust 2. a 2. Mantle 3. a 3. Outer Core 4. b 4. Inner Core 5. b 6. a 7. a The description may vary 8. b depending upon the 9. d description of the learners. 10. c 11. d 12. b 13. b 14. b 15. c What’s New What's More Assessment 1. Magma originates in 1. A 1. c the lower part of the 2. A 2. d Earth’s crust and in 3. B 3. b the upper portion of 4. C 4. b the mantle. 5. B 5. b 2. Magma is form from 6. D 6. a heat transfer and 7. A 7. d decompression 8. heat 8. b melting. 9. convection transport 9. b 3. From the surface of 10. thermal engine 10. c the Earth going to 11. heat energy 11. c its internal layers, 12. gravitational 12. c the amount of heat attraction 13. b increases. 13. molten materials – 14. d plastic state 15. a 14. inner core – melting 15. pressure – liquid state Answer Key References Online Resources Boden, David R. Geology and Heat Architecture of the Earth’s Interior. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://www.routledgehandbooks. Com/doi/10.1201/9781315371436-4 Earth’s Interior and It’s Materials. Accessed June 3, 2020. http://cbseworld.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/1/5/28152469/gcl2.1.pdf Earth Observatory of Singapore. Why is the interior of the Earth hot? Accessed May 31, 2020. https://earthobservatory.sg/faq-on-earth-sciences/why-interior- earth- hot#:~:text=Why%20is%20the%20interior%20of%20the%20 Earth%20hot%3F,the%20decay%20of%20radioactive%20elements. National Geographic. Core. Accessed June 4, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/core/#:~:text=The%20in ner%20core%20is%20a,Celsius%20(9%2C392%C2%B0%20Fahrenheit). National geographic. Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/magma-role-rock-cycle/ NDT Resource Center. Radioactive Decay. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Radiography/ radioactivedecay.htm#:~:text=Radioactive%20decay%20is%20the%20sponta neous,to%20hold%20the%20nucleus%20together. Rappler.com. Taal Volcano's January 2020 eruption. Accessed August 18, 2021. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/timeline-taal-volcano-eruption- 2020 The Earth's Internal Heat Energy and Interior Structure. Accessed June 3, 2020. http://sci.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Heat.html#:~:text=As%20the%20 proto%2Dplanet%20grew,even%20more%20objects%20its%20surface.&text= The%20very%20large%20amount%20of,the%20Earth's%20internal%20heat %20source. The Earth’s Internal Heat Energy and It’s Internal Structure. Accessed June 1, 2020. http://sci.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Heat.html 16 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 2 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]  Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 3: Endogenic Processes: Plutonism and Volcanism CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3 Earth Science for STEM Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 3: Endogenic Processes: Plutonism and Volcanism First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Razel M. Ferrer Editors: Randie B. Atienza, Czarina Portia M. Villalobos Reviewers: Marionel U. Briz, Francia C. Silva, Anna Marie O. Cueto, Karl Marloe M. Ochoa, Cyrus T. Festijo, Rowena D. Cabanding Illustrator: Patrick Lemuel V. Reyes Layout Artist: Paulina S. Crescini, Leomar G. Paracha Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas Job S. Zape Jr. Ramonito O. Elumbaring Reicon C. Condes Elaine T. Balaogan Fe M. Ong-ongowan Sacoro R. Comia Fe M. Fallurin Marieta N. Perez Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 3: Endogenic Processes: Plutonism and Volcanism Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written to help you understand concepts on Endogenic Processes such as plutonism and volcanism. The scope of this module allows it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of the learners. This module contains significant activities in which you will be able to describe the endogenic processes specifically Plutonism and Volcanism which involves the magma formation. After accomplishing this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the composition of magma; 2. discuss how magma is formed; and 3. explain what happens after magma is formed. What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Magma varies widely in composition. Which is the most abundant element composition in magma? a. Aluminum b. Oxygen c. Silicon d. Sodium 2. What is the tendency of the magma with high silica content? a. It tends to be hotter. b. It tends to be less viscous. c. It tends to be more viscous. d. It tends to be less explosive. 3. What is the effect of the magma’s high viscosity on volcanic eruption? a. It becomes less explosive. b. It becomes more explosive. c. It has less magma emission. d. It has more magma emission. 4. Magma plays an important role in geologic processes. Which of the following best describes magma? a. a molten rock b. a molten metal 1 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3  c. a mixture of liquids and gases d. a molten rock came out to the Earth’s surface 5. Which geologic process takes place inside cracks and infiltrates the upper mantle allowing liquids and gases to reach the surface of the earth? a. Plutonism b. Hydration c. Tectonic d. Volcanism 6. Why does partial melting of rocks occur on the earth’s mantle? a. Because rocks are made of metals. b. Because rocks are pure materials. c. Because rocks are made up of silicates. d. Because rocks’ composition has different melting points. 7. What rock is produced when the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust? a. Plutonites and Volcanites b. Plutonites c. Volcanites d. None of the above 8. Which of the following factors affect the melting of rocks? a. temperature and pressure b. pressure and minerals components of a rock c. temperature and minerals components of a rock d. temperature, pressure and mineral components of a rock 9. Which geologic process occurs on the earth’s surface correlated with flow and transportation of igneous material? a. Metamorphism b. Plutonism c. Volcanism d. Seismic activities 10. Geologist found out that rocks melted under various pressures. Which of the following best describes how pressure affects the melting of rocks? I. The higher the pressure, the lower the melting point. II. The lower the pressure, the higher the melting point. III. The higher the pressure, the higher the melting point. a. I and II b. II only c. III only d. II and III 11. Which statement best describes plutonism? a. A geological phenomena that occurs on the surface of the earth b. A motion that takes place inside the cracks that infiltrate the upper mantle c. A process where magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust but fails to make it to the surface d. A process correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material towards the surface 2 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3 12. Which igneous rock formation is produced when the process of crystallization takes place on the Earth’s surface? a. Plutonites and Volcanites b. Plutonites c. Volcanites d. None of the above 13. What condition is ideal for metallogenesis? a. magma differentiation occurs b. magma reaches the Earth’s surface c. magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust but fails to make it to the Earth’s surface. d. magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust, fails to make it to the Earth’s surface and magma differentiation occurs. 14. What happens during flux melting? a. Rock’s melting point is reduced when mixed with some water or carbon dioxide. b. Rock’s melting point is increased when mixed with some water or carbon dioxide. c. Rock’s melting point is reduced when mixed with some oxygen or carbon dioxide. d. Rock’s melting point is increased when mixed with some oxygen or carbon dioxide. 15. What temperature and pressure conditions allow magma to form? I. low pressure and low temperature II. high pressure and low temperature III. low pressure and high temperature a. I only b. I and II c. II and III d. III only 3 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3  Lesson Endogenic Processes: 3 Plutonism and Volcanism We know that the Earth transmits seismic waves which makes the planet solid for thousands of kilometers down to the core-mantle boundary. The evidence of volcanic eruptions, however, tells us that there must be liquid regions where magma originates. What’s In In the previous module, you learned that primordial heat, spontaneous radioactive decay, gravitational pressure and dense core materials are the reasons why Earth’s interior is hot. These Earth’s internal heat fueled different endogenic activities that enable the planet to sustain life. Meanwhile, in this new lesson, you will learn information about magmatism as one of the endogenic processes. Specifically, you will understand concepts on composition of magma, how it is formed and what happens after it’s formed. Notes to the Teacher This Self-Learning Module encourages learners to answer independently. However, you must orient the learners to answer ALL ACTIVITIES included in this module. 4 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3  What’s New Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites. The poem below will give you an idea on the composition and properties of magma. Read the poem silently, then identify the properties of magma. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. What is Magma? by: Razel M. Ferrer Magma is a combination of molten rocks And gases of the Earth’s mantle and cores Temperature ranges from 600-1300 degree Celsius And comprises of mineral mixtures. Magma varies widely in composition But in general, only 8 elements are on Namely oxygen, silicon, aluminum and iron Potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium. The most abundant element in magma is oxygen Which comprises a little less than half of the total And over one quarter, followed by silicon The other one quarter is for other elements in all. Vast amount of heat causes magma’s temperature to rise In that case, melting point may reach for some minerals But pressure also plays an important role as well For materials to melt partial this way. Magma’s properties and composition Are truly impressive and awesome But what happens after it was formed? That’s a question, I want to be informed. 5 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3  What is It An endogenic process is a geological process that was formed, originated, and located below the surface of the earth. It involves geologic activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and magmatism. How is magma formed? Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special location deep in the crust or in the upper mantle. Magma forms from partial melting of mantle rocks. Rocks undergo partial melting because the minerals that compose them melt at different temperature. Partial melting takes place because rocks are not pure materials. As temperature rises, some minerals melt and others remain solid. If the same conditions are maintained at any given temperature, the same mixture of solid and melted rock is maintained. To visualize the partial melt, think of how chocolate chip cookies would look if you heated it to the point at which chocolate chips melted while the main part of the cookie stayed solid. The chips represent the partial melt or magma. (https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma- formation/) To understand melting, pressure is also considered. Pressure increases with depth as a result of the increased weight of overlying rock. Geologists found out that as they melted rocks under various pressures, higher pressure led to higher melting points. According to Bayo-ang, et.al (2016), the two main mechanisms through which rocks melt are decompression melting and flux melting. Decompression melting takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held at approximately the same temperature but the pressure is reduced. This happens because the rock is being moved toward the surface, either at a mantle plume (a.k.a., hot spot), or in the upwelling part of a mantle convection cell. If a rock that is hot enough which is close to its melting point is moved toward the surface, the pressure is reduced, and the rock can pass to the liquid side of its melting curve. At this point, partial melting starts to take place. Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature is reduced and partial melting starts. As the magma moves toward the surface, and especially when it moves from the mantle into the lower crust, it interacts with the surrounding rock. This typically leads to partial melting of the surrounding rock because most such magmas are hotter than the melting temperature of a crustal rock. 6 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3  At very high temperatures (over 1300°C), most magmas are entirely liquid because there is too much energy for the atoms to bond together. As the temperature drops, usually because the magma is slowly moving upward, things start to change. Silicon and oxygen combine to form silica tetrahedra, and then, as cooling continues, the tetrahedra start to link together to make chains (polymerize). These silica chains have the important effect of making the magma more viscous (less runny), and magma viscosity has significant implications for more explosive volcanic eruptions. As the magma continues to cool, crystals start to form. (https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma-formation/) What happens after magma is formed? Cuarto (2016) described that magma escaped in two forms: intrusion and extrusion. An intrusion is magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes the volcano to grow on the inside. What is meant by the intrusion of magma is the inclusion of the rock layers forming the earth's crust (magma does not get out). Plutonism ❖ Plutonism refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth's surface. ❖ In cases where magma infiltrates the Earth's crust but fails to make it to the surface, the process of magma differentiation gives birth to ideal conditions for metallogenesis and that is a kind of Plutonism. ❖ This is the exact process that gives birth to magma, when the presence of various oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds that are necessary for the creation of magma is guaranteed. ❖ The solidification and crystallization of magma takes place mainly inside the Earth's interior. Figure 1. Plutons and Volcanic landforms When the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are called plutonites, which is another major category of igneous rock formation. Plutonites are igneous rock formations that are created when the process of crystallization and solidification of magma takes places below the Earth's surface and particularly in the crust. 7 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3  An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth. Magma extrusion causes the formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks in the earth's crust. Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called the eruption. Magma that came to the surface of the earth is called lava.(http://page- edu.blogspot.com/2014/02/volcanism-intrusion-and-extrusion-of.html) Figure 2. The Movement of Magma Magma can move up because of a high pressure exerted by magma and gases. In the lithosphere, magma occupies a bag which is called magma chamber. The depth of the magma chamber causes the differences in the strength of volcanic eruptions. In general, the deeper the magma chamber, the stronger the explosion. Volcanism ❖ Volcanism is used to describe all geological phenomena that occurs on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes and hot springs. (Grotzinger et.al ,2008) ❖ It refers to all sorts of geological activities correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material from the planet's interior towards the natural terrestrial surface. ❖ This motion takes place inside the cracks that are known among geologists as natural pipes that infiltrate the upper mantle. In many cases, the mantle allows massive quantities of liquids and gases to reach the upper layers of the planet and in various cases, even the natural terrestrial surface. Volcanoes are created and formed when the energy generated by inductive currents flowing from the Earth's core towards the surface hits the upper layers in the form of pressure and smashes the overlaying rock formations. The presence of 8 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3 dilated water vapor plays an important role in the creation of craters by assisting the flow of magma towards the surface. This also explains why massive amounts of water vapor concentration in magmatic gases with an average value of 80% are emitted into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface gives birth to rock formations known as volcanites. These are one of the major categories of igneous rock formations. Volcanites are composed of gray, dull pink colored track basaltic lava with large phenocrysts and pyroclastic. What’s More After reading the details on the geologic processes within the Earth, let’s see if you understand it by answering the following activities. Identify the terms related to the given geologic processes using the given illustrations. Arrange the jumbled letters that follow each statement. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper. 1. Melting that takes place within Earth when a body of rock is held at approximately the same temperature, but the pressure is reduced. NSMPDECORESIO 2. This happens when some minerals melt, and others remain solid. ITRPAAL EMLINTG 3. An eruption of magma that causes the volcano to grow on the outside. SIOTRUNEX 9 CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 3 4. Magmatic rocks that crystallized inside the crust. LOUTESPNIT 5. It refers