Earth And The Problems Within PDF

GROSS FEATURE OF THE EARTH  HOW DOES EARTH DO YOU KNOW THE EARTH?  Earth is also known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun The only object in the Universe known to harbour life.  The densest and the LARGEST amongs terrestrial planets. EARTH VENUS MERCURY MA...

GROSS FEATURE OF THE EARTH  HOW DOES EARTH DO YOU KNOW THE EARTH?  Earth is also known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun The only object in the Universe known to harbour life.  The densest and the LARGEST amongs terrestrial planets. EARTH VENUS MERCURY MARS  Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago 71% of its surface is covered in the water 29 percent of its visible land  How did the Earth formed? FORMATION Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the sun What is the shape of the Earth? SHAPE The shape of the Earth approximately oblate spheroidal. Earth is 40 075 km around at its widest point the equator.  SIZE AND DISTANCE With a radius of 6.371 kilometres, Earth is the biggest of the terrestrial planet, and the fifth largest planet overall. From an average distance of 93 million miles(150 million kilometres) EARTH IS EXACTLY ONE ASTRONOMICAL UNIT AWAY FROM THE SUN  ORBIT AND ROTATION Orbits the sun, completes one rotation every 23.9 hours 365.25 days to complete one trip around the sun Earth axis of rotation is tilted 23. 4 degrees with r=the respect to the Earth’s orbit around the sun.  INTERNAL STUCTURE Main layers with inner core at the planets centre, outer core, mantle and crust INTERNAL STRUCTURE It is very thin in comparison to the outer three layers 8 kilometres thick under the oceans 32 kilometres thick under the continents 870 degrees Celsius Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. INTERNAL STRUCTURE Largest layer of the Earth, 2896 kilometres thick 871 degrees Celsius at the top and 2204 degrees Celsius near the bottom Compost of very hot, dense rock INTERNAL STRUCTURE Ball of very hot metals (2204- 4982 degrees C.) Compost of melted metals nickel and iron INTERNAL STRUCTURE Inner core is solid state 6437 km beneath the crust and is about 1287 km thick 4982 degrees C. and the pressure are 45,000,000 pounds per square inch. 3,000,000 times air pressure  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVES The environment is our surroundings, consisting of all physical, social, and cultural aspects of the world that affect our growth, our health, and the way we live The physical environment is the primarily natural part of the environment, including weather, climate, landforms, rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals, as well as their characteristics, processes, and interconnections.  Ecosystems are dynamic in that their various parts are always changing. Plants grow, rain falls, animals eat, and soils develop. All these actions and processes affect ecosystems. For example, a change in the ecosystem’s weather from sunshine to rain can benefit the soil, plants, and animals The capability of different environments to adequately support a human population or absorb human impacts varies widely, and some land areas on Earth do not provide a suitable ecosystem for people  Human-Environment Interactions Physical geography includes considering environmental relationships that involve humans and human activities. Human—environment interactions are two-way relationships.  MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Pollution of Air, Water and Land Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes Land Degradation Loss of Biodiversity Ozone Depletion Climate Change Loss of natural and cultural resources  AIR POLLUTION the emission of any impurity into the air, such as smoke (including tobacco smoke), dust, cinders, solid particles, gases, mists, fumes, odors and radioactive substances. Smoke from incineration of domestic waste on banks of river  WATER POLLUTION Surface Water Pollution Ground Water Pollution Marine Water Pollution Few quality fish can survive in polluted rivers LAND POLLUTION Plastic bag and general waste dump beside communal toilets on riverbank  HAZARDOUS WASTES AND CHEMICALS MAJOR CAUSES Production, Use And Disposal Of Chemicals Including Pesticides Generation And Disposal Of Hazardous Wastes Irresponsible International Trade In Hazardous Chemicals And Wastes Production And Use Of Persistent Organic Pollutants  NATIONAL MEASURES Effective implementation of national Policies and legislation Effective management of production, transport, storage and use of chemicals Effective disposal of hazardous wastes Phasing out production and use of persistent organic pollutants (pops) Development of alternative feedstocks and disposal options  LAND DEGRADATION mainly refers to the loss of life-supporting land resource through soil erosion, desertification, salinization, acidification, etc. Lower soil productivity Poverty Drought Lack of food security  MAJOR CAUSES Over-cropping Over-grazing Land conversion Deforestation Soil pollution through industry and agriculture Erosion  LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY It is described as the loss of life on Earth at various levels, ranging from reductions in the genetic diversity to the collapse of entire ecosystems. MAJOR CONCERNS Loss of species Loss of genetic resources Agricultural vulnerability Habitat destruction  MAJOR CAUSES Over harvesting Land conversion Deforestation Climate change  OZONE DEPLETION Is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere. This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone molecules. Volcanoes, refrigerators, fire extinction, pest control/soil fumigation, solvents (used for cleaning precision parts) and climate change  GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change as a natural phenomenon Human contributions Major sources of greenhouse gases greenhouse gas emissions Natural causes Energy production Land use and animal husbandry Transport  LOSS OF CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, archive materials, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity).