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1.Text Structures **ACADEMIC VS NON-ACADEMIC** Academic writing is a formal and impersonal style of writing that is intended for a scholarly or academic audience. Non academic writing is an informal and often subjective style of writing that aims the mass public. **Text structures** 1.NARRATIVE...

1.Text Structures **ACADEMIC VS NON-ACADEMIC** Academic writing is a formal and impersonal style of writing that is intended for a scholarly or academic audience. Non academic writing is an informal and often subjective style of writing that aims the mass public. **Text structures** 1.NARRATIVE Narrates an event/story with characters, setting, conflict, point of view, and plot. **TRANSITIONS:** Descriptive language **QUESTIONS:** Who is the narrative about? Where is it set? What is the conflict? Who is telling the narrative? What is happening? **Example:** THE RED-HEADED WOMAN The red-headed woman ground her cigarette butt under the toe of her shoe, as she stood on the corner and glared at the house. There were more than a dozen cigarette butts there on the sidewalk, like little paper corpses with their burnt black guts spilling out on the pavement. It was early, five in the morning, and she knew she had to leave before they noticed her. She can\'t get too close, or she might suffer the consequences. Her goal was to be unnoticed, but her bright orange hair was rather noticeable. She pulled her baseball cap down on her head. She had a plan this time. She failed before; she won\'t fail again. That thing would not win. It would not win. She turned around and walked back down the street, repeating that mantra over and over in her head, as she gently stroked each tree, streetlight, or pole she walked by. 2\. CHRONOLOGICAL, PROCESS, OR SEQUENCE Present ideas or events in the order in which they happen. **TRANSITIONS:** First, second, third\... later next before then finally after/later when since now/previously actual use of dates **QUESTIONS:** What items, events, or steps are listed? Do they have to/always happen in this order? What sequence of events is being described? What are the major incidents that occur? How is this structure revealed in the text? **Example:** SCREEN PROTECTOR Before applying the screen protector, clean the surface of your phone\'s screen with a soft cloth. Once the surface of your screen is clean, remove the paper backing on the screen protector. Evenly apply the sticky side of the screen protector to your phone\'s screen. Smooth out any air bubble trapped on between the protector and the phone screen. Enjoy the added protection. 3\. CAUSE AND EFFECT Provide explanations or reasons for a certain phenomena **TRANSITIONS:** if/then reasons why as a result therefore because consequently since so that for due to **QUESTIONS:** What happened? Why did it happen? What caused it to happen? **Example:** THE EXTINCTION OF DINOSAURS There are many theories about why the dinosaurs vanished from the planet. One theory that many people believe is that a gigantic meteorite smashed into the Earth. Scientists believe that the meteorite was very big and that the impact may have produced a large dust cloud that covered the Earth for many years. The dust cloud may have caused plants to not receive sunlight and the large plant eaters, or herbivores, may have died off, followed by the large meat eaters, or carnivores. This theory may or may not be true, but it is one explanation as to why these giant reptiles no longer inhabit the Earth. 4\. PROBLEM/SOLUTION Identify problems and pose solutions. **TRANSITIONS:** problem is dilemma is if/then because so that question/answer puzzle is solved **QUESTIONS:** What is the problem? Why is this a problem? Is anything being done to try to solve the problem? What can be done to solve the problem? **Example:** SAVE THE TIGERS Dr. Miller doesn\'t want the tigers to vanish. These majestic beasts are disappearing at an alarming rate. Dr. Miller thinks that we should write to our congress people. If we let them know that we demand the preservation of this species, maybe we can make a difference. Dr. Miller also thinks that we should donate to Save the Tigers. Our donations will help to support and empower those who are fighting the hardest to preserve the tigers. We owe it to our grandchildren to do something. 5.COMPARE AND CONTRAST Discuss two ideas, events, or phenomena, showing how they are different and how they are similar. **TRANSITIONS:** However/yet nevertheless on the other hand but/where as similarly although also/likewise in contrast/comparison different either/or in the same way/just as **QUESTIONS:** What items are being compared? In what ways are they similar? Different? What conclusion does the author reach about these items? What conclusion does the author reach about these items? **Example:** CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically and physically. Both chemical and physical changes affect the state of matter. Physical changes are those that do not change the make-up or identity of the matter. For example, clay will bend or flatten if squeezed, but it will still be clay. Changing the shape of clay is a physical change and does not change the matter\'s identity. Chemical changes turn the matter into a new kind of matter with different properties. For example, when paper is burnt, it becomes ash and will never be paper again. The difference between them is that physical changes are temporary or only last for a little while, and chemical changes are permanent, which means they last forever. Physical and chemical changes both affect the state of matter. 6.DEFINITION OR DESCRIPTION Describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, attributes, and examples **TRANSITIONS:** for example characteristics for instance such as including to illustrate **QUESTIONS:** What are the most important? characteristics? How is it being described (what does it look like, how does it work, etc.)? What is important to remember about it? **Example:** VOLCANOES Volcanoes are a feared and destructive force for good reason. A volcano is like a pressure valve for the inner earth, but they can also be very beautiful. One part of the volcano that people rarely see is the magma chamber. The magma chamber is way beneath the Earth\'s bed rock. It is tremendously hot. Running from the magma chamber to the crater of the volcano is the conduit. The conduit connects the magma chamber to the outer world. At the top of the volcano is the crater. This is where the magma exits. Volcanoes are phenomenon. a beautiful yet dangerous natural 2.Summarizing texts Summarizing a powerful technique in which you present an author\'s most important information in shortened form. it is one of the nine most effective teaching strategies in the history of education. Paraphrasing is employed when borrowing other\'s idea or text in writing your own paper without directly quoting the source Techniques in Summarizing 1\. TITLE, AUTHOR, OBJECTIVE, THEME, FINDINGS and IMPLICATION/S or CONCLUSION. 2\. WHAT, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, WHY and HOW 3\. TRANSITIONAL SIGNALS HOW TO SUMMARIZE 1.Read and comprehend the text. 2.Identify the main idea/s in each paragraph. 3.Rewrite the main ideas in your own words. 4.Write the paraphrased main ideas in the same order the author presents the main ideas. 3.Thesis statement What is a thesis statement? Thesis statement is the brief articulation of your paper\'s central argument and purpose \"thesis\" - every scholarly paper should have a thesis statement - strong thesis statements are concise, specific, and arguable Why should your essay contain a thesis statement? - to test your ideas by distilling them into a sentence or two - to better organize and develop your argument - to provide your reader with a \"guide\" to your argument The anatomy of an argumentative thesis statement 1.Focused 2.Debatable 3.Picks a side 4.Makes claims How to write a strong thesis statement? 1\. A good argumentative thesis is focused and not too broad. Don\'t write: \"Eating fast food is bad and should be avoided.\" Do write: \"Filipinos should eliminate the regular consumption of fast food because a fast-food diet leads to preventable and expensive health issues, such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.\" 2\. A good argumentative thesis is centered on a debatable topic. Don\'t write: \"There are high numbers of homeless people living in Manila.\" Do write: \"Homeless people in Manila should be given access to services-such as regular food donations, public restrooms, and camping facilities-because it would improve life for all inhabitants of the city.\" 3\. A good argumentative thesis picks a side. Don\'t write: \"Secondhand smoke is bad and can cause heart disease and cancer; therefore, smoking should be outlawed in public places, but outlawing smoking is unfair to smokers so maybe non-smokers can just hold their breath or wear masks around smokers instead.\" Do write: \"Secondhand smoke is just as harmful as smoking and leads to a higher prevalence of cancer and heart disease; therefore, smoking in any public place should be banned.\" 4\. A good thesis makes claims that will be supported later in the paper. Don\'t write: \"Humans should relocate to Mars.\" Do write: \"It is too late to save earth; therefore, humans should immediately set a date for their relocation to Mars, where they can, with proper planning, avoid issues of famine, war, and global warming. 4.Outlining texts WHAT IS AN OUTLINE? OUTLINE is a design to follow when writing a structure, a discourse, or an article it arranges a material in a logical way into main ideas, supporting ideas, and supporting details **TYPES OF OUTLINE** 1.Sentence Outline written in full sentence 2.topic Outline in words or phrases Sentence Outline Outline A: Thesis Statement: Research shows that single-sex classes are better for girls and, therefore, should be encouraged. 1\. During the first 200 years in America, women were not allowed in schools. A. Initially, education was only for men. B. Throughout the nineteenth century, the number of coed schools increased. C. In 1972, Congress passed Title IX, a law prohibiting sex discrimination in educational institutions. II\. One significant advantage of single-sex classes is the elimination of gender bias that often occurs in coed classes. A. Teachers pay more attention to boys. 1\. Girls are not called on as often as boys in coed classes. 2\. Many times teachers tolerate disruptive behavior in boys but discourage the same behavior in girls. B. Favoritism is also an issue in coed classes. 1\. Teachers \"get a thrill from involving a boy who\'s going to be disruptive.\" 2\. Teachers have higher expectations for boys than for girls. Sentence Outline III\. Girls benefit from being free from the gender bias of coed classes. A. They perform better academically. 1\. Textbooks \"show an inherent and often inadvertent bias against females in textbOutlin 2\. This bias also shows itself in teaching techniques. B. Techniques that are disadvantageous to girls are more apparent in certain subject areas. 1\. Girls show more interest in math when taught in single- sex classes. 2\. Girls also show more interest in Science subject. Topic Outline Outline B: Thesis Statement: Research shows that single-sex classes are better for girls and, therefore, should be encouraged. 1\. Background A. Segregated education B. Coeducation C. Title IX II\. Gender Bias A. Attention 1.Opportunity 2\. Discipline B. Favoritism 1\. Encouragement 2\. Expectation III\. Academic advantages A. Grade improvement 1\. Materials 2\. Methods B. Techniques 1\. Math 2\. Science IV\. Personal advantages A. Distraction B. Comfort 1.Environment 2.Students C. Development 1\. Self-confidence 2\. Role models Types of outline 1.Decimal outline 2.alphanumeric outline **STEPS IN OUTLINING** **Steps in creating a reading outline** 1.Read the entire text first. Skim the text afterward. 2.Locate the thesis statement of the whole text. 3.Look for key phrases in each paragraph of the text. 4.Locate the topic sentence of each paragraph. 5.Look at the topic sentences and group these with related ideas together. 6.Arrange the contents according to levels. 7.Evaluate the supporting details. 8.Go back to the text to check whether you have followed the sequence closely and you have not missed any important information **TO FINALIZE YOUR OUTLINE..** 1.Place your thesis statement at the beginning. 2.List the major points that support your thesis. 3.List supporting ideas or arguments for each major point. 4.If applicable, continue to sub-divide each supporting idea until your outline is fully developed. 5.Critique paper How to write a critique paper? 1\. STUDY THE WORK UNDER DISCUSSION, 2\. TAKE NOTES ON KEY PARTS OF THE WORK, 3.DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAIN ARGUMENT OR PURPOSE BEING EXPRESSED IN THE WORK, 4.CONSIDER HOW THE WORK RELATES TO A BROADER ISSUE OR CONTEXT Parts of critique paper 1.Introduction 2.Body 3.Conclusion INTRODUCTION 1\. Describe the main argument or purpose. 2\. Explain the context of the work. 3\. Briefly summarizes the main points. 4\. Use techniques, styles, media, characters or symbols. BODY 1\. should give a systematic and detailed assessment of the different elements of the work 2\. should include a summary of the work and a detailed evaluation 3\. should present the gauge of usefulness or impact of the work in a particular field CONCLUSION 1\. usually a very b very brief paragraph 2\. includes a statement indicating the overall evaluation of the work 3\. why this evaluation was formed 4\. recommendations for improvement on the work. What are the things to consider to come up with a good critique? Writing a Good Critique 1\. Your critique should be written in academic style and should be logically presented. 2\. Order your ideas into paragraphs. 3\. Start with the broad impressions first and then move into the details of the technical elements. 4\. For shorter critiques, you may discuss the strengths of the works, and then the weaknesses. 5\. In longer critiques, you may wish to discuss the positive and negative of each key question in individual paragraphs. 6\. To support your critique, provide evidence from the work itself, such as a quote or example, and you should also cite evidence from related sources. 7\. Explain how this evidence supports your evaluation of the work. 6.Critiquing Critique A critique is a genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a work or concept. When we critique, we\... - interrogate - our own opinions and ideas become part of - our textual analysis question the text - argue with it examine into it for deeper meanings. **Approaches in Literary Criticism** 1.FORMALIST CRITICISIM ☐ regards literature as \"a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.\" elements of form style, structure, tone, imagery, etc. that are found within the text to determine how such elements work together with the text\'s content to shape its effects upon readers. 2\. GENDER CRITICISM \"examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works\" \"analyzing how sexual identity influences the reader of a text\" \"examining how the images of men and women in imaginative literature reflect or reject the social forces that have historically kept the sexes from achieving total equality 3\. HISTORICAL CRITICISM \"seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced it-a context that necessarily includes the artist\'s biography and milieu\" 4\. READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM \"literature\" exists not as an artifact upon a printed page but as a transaction between the physical text and the mind of a reader \"to describe what happens in the reader\'s mind while interpreting a text Focuses on the experience of the reader while reading the text 5\. MEDIA CRITICISM examining and judging the media find instances of media bias media seems to push a specific viewpoint, rather than reporting the news objectively media seems to ignore an important aspect of the story 6\. MARXIST CRITICISM focuses on the economic and political elements of art, often emphasizing the ideological content of literature Emphasizes class, socioeconomic status, power relations among various segments of society, and the representation of those segments 7\. STRUCTURALISM the goal is to uncover hidden meanings, structural coherence, and cultural implications of a text through examining its structures and relationships among elements. 7.Concept paper What is a Concept Paper? Concept paper a one- to two-page written document describing an idea for a project an academic or research paper that is written with the primary purpose of identifying and explaining an idea or a concept related to a particular scholarly field or discipline before conducting a research refers to a critical and detailed summary of a research project by reflecting the interest and issues pertinent to a particular academic field or study. **There are two (2) types of concept paper format:** Concept Paper for a Project Concept Paper for Academic Research **Parts of a Concept Paper** 1\. Title Page 2\. Background of the Study 3\. Preliminary Literature Review 4\. Statement of the Problem/Objectives 5\. Abridged methodology 6\. Timeline 7\. References Title Page State the proponent\'s name, institution, the title of the project, and date of submission. Background of the Study Provide the current state of the field you are researching on, knowledge and problems to be addressed by the research. Supply the site of the previous study that can prove your claims, and the reason why you want to investigate the topic. Preliminary Literature Review Provide a theoretical framework, related literature that supports your topic. Statement of the Problem/ Objectives State the general problem in one sentence, including the research questions and objectives. Abridged methodology Provide the data analysis scheme to be used, data collection procedure, instruments to be used, and the participants of the study Timeline Provide a timeline that is set in months and years. References Provide the list of all sources like books, journals, and other resources cited in your paper. Ways a Writer can Elucidate a Text Ways in Elucidating a Text 1\. Definition 2\. Explication 3\. Clarification DEFINITION It is a method of identifying a given term and making its meaning clearer: its main purpose is to clarify and explain concepts, ideas, and issues. Definition can be presented in 3 ways: informal, formal, or extended. 1\. Information definition Done through brief explanation Example: Tocopherol (Vitamin E) is naturally found in vegetable oil, fish, and nuts. 2\. Formal definition - Explains a term by indicating where that term came from and the quality that makes the term different from others. Example: Vitamin E (term defined) is a light yellow fat-soluble vitamin that acts as anti-oxidant. (category of the term) (quality) 3\. Extended definition - It is composed of at least one paragraph, providing full description and complete information. EXPLICATION It is a method of explanation in which sentences, verses, quotes, or passages are taken for a literary or academic work and then interpreted and explained in a detailed manner. CLARIFICATION It is a method in which the points are organized from a general abstract idea to specify and concrete examples are given.