EAG142/3 Geology for Civil Engineer PDF

Elements Silicate Sulfides Carbonates Oxides Gold Quartz Cinnabar Calcite Corundum...

Elements Silicate Sulfides Carbonates Oxides Gold Quartz Cinnabar Calcite Corundum (Au) (SiO2) (HgS) (CaCO3) (Al2O3) Carbon Biotite Galena Dolomite Cuprite (Diamond & (K (FE, Mg)3 AlSi3O10 (PBS) (CaMg(CO3)2) (Cu2O) Graphite) (C) (F, OH)2) Copper Orthoclase Pyrite Malachite Hematite (Cu) (KAlSi3O8) (FeS2) (Cu2(CO3)(OH)2) (Fe2O3) Silver Olivine EAG142/3 – Geology for Civil Engineer (Ag) ((Mg, Fe)2SiO4) Sulfur Muscovite By (S) (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F, OH)2) Sulfates Halides Phosphates Muhd Harris Ramli Hornblende Gypsum Apatite Fluorite (Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Al, (CaSO4 - (Ca5(F,Cl,OH) (CaF2) School of Civil Engineering Si)8O22(OH)2) 2(H2O)) (PO4)) Universiti Sains Malaysia Anhydrite Halite (CaSO4) (NaCl) 2 Igneous Rock Igneous Rock Formed by crystallization of masses of molten rock originating from below the earth’s surface Cooling Sedimentary Rock Magma Soft Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rock Formed from sediments which have been transported & deposited Mud and Sand Also from remains of plants & animals which have been lithified under the tremendous heat & pressure of overlying sediments or by chemical reactions Metamorphic Rock Formed from other rocks by enormous shearing stresses of orogenic processes which cause plastic flow, in combination with heat & water, or by the heat of molten rock injected into adjoining Sedimentary Rock rock, which causes chemical changes & produces new minerals 3 5  ࢽࢊ ࢁࢉ Rock Classification Texture Intrusive g/cm2 kN/m2 kN/m2 The magma is cooled & solidified beneath the surface, forming Granite Felsic 2.69 26.4 70,000 – 170,000 large bodies which generally consist of coarser-grained rocks due Coarse to Diorite Intermediate 2.82 27.7 70,000 – 170,000 Medium to slow cooling. Gabbro Mafic 2.88 28.3 100,000 – 210,000 Rhyolite Felsic 2.59 25.4 70,000 – 170,000 Extrusive Andesite Intermediate Fine 2.66 26.1 70,000 – 170,000 Associated with volcanic activity, extrusive rocks originate either Basalt Mafic 2.85 28.0 170,000 – 275,000 as lava, quite outwellings of fluid magma flowing onto the earth’s Clay Consistency ࢛ࢗ (kN/m2) surface & solidifiying into an extrusive sheet, or as pyroclastic Very Soft Clay 0 – 25 rocks, magma ejected into the air by the violent eruption of Soft Clay 25 – 50 gases which then falls as numerous fragments. Finer-grained Medium Clay 50 – 100 rocks are due to more rapid cooling. Stiff Clay 100 – 200 Very Stiff Clay 200 – 400 7 8 Hard Clay >400 Felsic (Sialic) Rock Usually light in color, dominated by quartz (silica) and feldspar (silica alumina, Al2O3). Intrusive → Coarse Extrusive → Fine Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg) & Calcium (Ca) content Sodium (Na) & Potassium (K) content Granite Rhyolite 9 10 700 °C Temperature at which melting begins 1200 °C  Intermediate group rock Mafic Rock Intermediate group rocks have a silica content between 52 & 66% The ferromagnesian group containing the dark-colored minerals (biotite mica, pyroxine, hornblende, olivine, and iron ores) Intrusive → Coarse Extrusive → Fine Intrusive → Coarse Extrusive → Fine Diorite Andesite Gabbro Basalt 11 12 Ultramafic Rock Phanerocrystalline Almost entirely magnesium & iron silicate. Dominate by olivine. Phanerocrystalline have individual grains large enough to be easily Rarely observed on the earth’s surface. Believed to be major distinguished & are classed by grain size; constituent of earth’s mantle. Coarse-grained → > 5 mm diameter Medium-grained → 1 to 5 mm diameter Fine-grained → < 1 mm diameter Microcrystalline Microcrystalline have grains that can be perceived but are too small to be distinguished 13 Peridotite Olivine 14  Volcanic Breccia Volcanic breccia are the larger fragment which fall around the volcanic vent & built a cone including: Equigranular Blocks → large angular fragment In which all of the grains are more or less the same size Bombs → rounded fragment the size of an apple or larger Cinders → which are the size of nuts Tuff Porphyritic Tuff is the finer material carried by air currents to be deposited at some distance from the vet, including: In which phenocrysts are embedded in the ground mass or finer material Ash → the size of peas Dust → the finest material Glassy Rocks Glassy rocks have no grains form that can be distinguished 15 16 Thank You for Your Kind ATTENTION By Muhd Harris Ramli