Data Presentation PDF
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De La Salle
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Summary
This document provides an overview of different methods for presenting data, including textual, tabular, and graphical representations. Examples of charts and graphs like pie charts, bar charts, histograms and frequency polygons are discussed, along with calculations like class size and class boundaries in frequency distributions.
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DSILYTC (20/01/25) DATA PRESENTATION (1) Textual - Paragraph form - Writing the data in an array form or order may help to analyze data (2) Tabular - Too much data; Present using tables - Group common characteristics to simplify and s...
DSILYTC (20/01/25) DATA PRESENTATION (1) Textual - Paragraph form - Writing the data in an array form or order may help to analyze data (2) Tabular - Too much data; Present using tables - Group common characteristics to simplify and summarize the explanation of the data; Less groups = Less discussions - Ideally, 4-6 groups depending on the size of the data (3) Frequency Distribution Table - Tabular summary showing the frequency or number items in each of the several non-overlapping classes Ex: a. 18-19 b. 20-21 c. 22-23 d. 24-25 - Steps in Constructing Frequency Distribution Table 1. Determine the range, denoted by R (the difference between the highest and lowest value); Arrange in order to make the process easier 2. Decide on the number of classes, denoted by k (no. of non-overlapping classes) 3. Compute for the class size/width, denoted by c (quotient of steps 1 and 2; divide); Round up to the next whole number regardless of the decimal Class size: difference between the upper (or lower) class limits of consecutive classes; All classes should have the same class width Upper class limit - the greatest value that can belong to a class Lower class limit: the lowest value that can belong to a class 4. Identify the class intervals, CI ; Inclusive = Starting 5. Identify the frequency in each CI or tallying Ex: lowest: 10, highest: 39 R = 29 k=6 c = (4.83) → 5 CI = 10-14, 15-19, and so on… ADDITIONAL INFO ABOUT FDT Class Boundaries (CB): the numbers that separate classes without forming gaps between them Ex: 10-14 | gap | 15-19 - Difference between the gap: 15 - 14 = 1 - Divide the difference to 2 = 1 / 2 = 0.5 - Subtract 0.5 to lower limits, add 0.5 to upper limits (10-14.5, 14.5-19, and so on..) Class mark / midpoint (CM): the middle value of each dala class. To find, average the upper and lower class limits Relative frequency (RF): obtained by dividing the frequency given of each class by the total number of observations; Decimal = summation: 1.0, Percentage: 100 Cumulative frequency: refers to the number of data elements in that class and all the previous classes - Less than CF (CF): total number of observations within a class whose values are not less than lower limit of the class Presentation of Data 1. Pie chart any data % should be indicated Most Popular: 2. Bar graph a. Bar charts With gaps between bars Discrete data Base (x-axis): CI Height (y-axis): Frequency Axis must be labeled b. Histogram Without gaps between bars Continuous data Base (x-axis): CB Height (y-axis): Frequency 3. Frequency Polygon (Line Graph): Closed line graph Continuous data Base (x-axis): Class mark Height (y-axis): Frequency Imaginary line to emphasize the additional class marks on both ends to close the polygon - Ogive: a. Less than Ogive: Base: Upper class boundaries Height: cf c. Point of intersection: Base: CI Height: Cumulative Frequency
