Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction PDF

 This is due to its location along the Ring of Fire, a large Pacific Ocean region where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur.  "a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property”  life (whether property...

 This is due to its location along the Ring of Fire, a large Pacific Ocean region where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur.  "a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury, destruction, and devastation to life and property”  life (whether property human or animal)  broken torn rooftops destroyed the worst windows houses and scenario, it can collapsed walls structures lead to death. doors rendering them useless and inhabitable “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources”  a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.  loss of life Injury disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental, and social wellbeing together with damage to properties destruction of assets loss of services social and economic disruptions and environmental degradation.  Natural Disasters  A natural phenomenon is caused by natural forces. They can be classified as rapid onset disasters and those with progressive onset. These events, usually sudden, can have tremendous effects.  Earthquakes Typhoon volcanic eruptions Hurricanes Fires Tornados extreme temperatures (drought)  Disasters caused by man are those in which major direct causes are identifiable intentional or non- intentional human actions.  Technological/industrial disasters Terrorism/Violence Complex humanitarian emergencies  Unregulated industrialization and inadequate safety standards increase the risk for industrial disasters.  leaks of hazardous materials accidental explosions bridge or road collapses vehicle collisions; Power cuts  the threat of terrorism has also increased due to the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to develop weapons of mass destruction.  bombs or explosions release of chemical materials release of biological agents release of radioactive agents multiple or massive shootings mutinies  the term complex emergency is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting from an international or civil war.  In such situations, large numbers of people are displaced from their homes due to the lack of personal safety and the disruption of basic infrastructure including food distribution, water, electricity, and sanitation, or communities are left stranded and isolated in their own homes unable to access assistance.  conflicts or wars Genocide the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation “the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences” Multidisciplinary and is used in a variety of contexts. It is usually associated with the degree to which humans cannot cope (lack of capacity) with a situation (e.g. natural hazard). It refers to the potential (not actual and realized) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time period.  Disaster risk is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community. It should be noted that the effect of a hazard (of a particular magnitude) would affect communities differently. Determined by the presence of three variables: 1. hazards (natural or anthropogenic) 2. vulnerability to a hazard 3. coping capacity linked to the reduction, mitigation, and resilience to the vulnerability of a community Lesson 2 Risk Factors Underlying Disaster Ms. Nova Mae M. Varron Objectives 01 02 03 04 Identify the Describe each Apply Appreciate risk factors risk factor knowledge to the underlying avoid harm importance of disasters and ensure mitigation safety measures Fill Me! Direction: Supply the missing letters to complete the word/s that described the various effects of disaster. Statements are provided as clues.  Fill Me! 1. The elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event. _X__S__E 2. These are processes or conditions, often development-related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity. D_S___ER Fill Me! 3. The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard. _U_N__A__L__Y 4. Damage to both public and private infrastructures I_F__S_R__T_R_D__A_E Fill Me! 5. Many people must abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions which may cause large influx of refugees that disrupt accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies and clean water P__E_T__LD_S__A__M_N_  DISASTER RISK Disaster risk is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community. It should be noted that the effect of a hazard of a particular magnitude) would affect communities differently. At Risk… Activity 1 Direction: Read the scenario below. Based on your understanding of disaster, enumerate or list down the risks that are reflected from the text. Gina, an 18-year-old resident of Tacloban City, just got laid off from her job as a sales clerk in a medium-sized hardware store. She and her siblings could barely survive each day with their limited resources. Then Typhoon Yolanda struck, it killed her 2 younger sisters. Their home was destroyed by the storm surge. In her barangay alone, 2000 residents were killed, including her childhood friends and former playmates. Risks reflected in the scenario: 1. Loss of family members 2. Destruction of home and infrastructure 3. Emotional and psychological trauma 4. High death toll in the community 5. Limited resources for recovery  The boat is sinking Activity 1.2 Identifying Risk Factors Direction: Read the news article about an earthquake. After you have read the article, answer the guide questions. Guide Questions: 1. What risk/s can you identify from the news article? 2. What do you think are the factors that affect the disaster risks from the preceding article? Scenario: 6.4-magnitude earthquake in Southern Philippines Key Risks: 1. Physical damage to buildings and infrastructure 2. Fear and panic among residents 3. Potential loss of life and injuries 4. Increased vulnerability in hazard-prone areas  What can you say about the activity? From the activity, what are the risk factors being identified? Why is it important to identify the risk factors in a given situation? Three elements of Disaster Risk Hazard Exposure Vulnerability Potentially Elements at risk from Conditions that damaging physical hazards increase events or human susceptibility activities  EXPOSURE Exposure refers to the presence of people, property, ecosystems, or resources in areas that could be adversely affected by a disaster. It highlights what is at risk during a hazard. For example, if a community is located near a volcano, the people, houses, and infrastructure in that area are "exposed" to the volcanic hazard.  EXAMPLE 1. A coastal village in the Philippines is exposed to storm surges and tsunamis due to its proximity to the sea. 2. Croplands near a river are exposed to floods during the rainy season Severity of Exposure Highest risk Moderate risk Lowest risk First-hand Rescue workers Indirect observers victims and health care (via news) practitioners  VULNERABILITY Vulnerability is the degree to which a system, community, or individual is susceptible to and unable to cope with the adverse effects of a disaster. It considers factors such as social, economic, physical, and environmental conditions that influence the ability to respond to or recover from hazards. For example, a community with poorly constructed homes and limited access to emergency services is more "vulnerable" to disasters like earthquakes or typhoons.  EXAMPLE 1. A low-income family is vulnerable to destruction during a typhoon because… Answer: poorly built wooden house  EXAMPLE 2. A community is more vulnerable to the impacts of earthquakes because… Answer: limited disaster awareness and emergency services Disaster Risk HazardxExposure xVulnerability Other consideration Gender and Family Age Economic Status Risk Factors Underlying Disaster  Climate Change Alters hazard frequency and intensity  Environmental Degradation Reduces ecosystem services (e.g., deforestation, mangrove loss) Globalized Economic Development Polarizes rich and poor, increasing hazard exposure  Poverty and Inequality Impoverished people live in hazard-prone areas Limited access to insurance and resources Poor Urban Development Rapid, unplanned urbanization increases risk  Weak Governance Lack of disaster risk management and public services  THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS! Lesson 3 EFFECTS OF DISASTER IN ONE’S LIFE Ms. Nova Mae Varron What troubling situations reminded you of the scenarios? Share the feelings and opinions that you had related to the situations as shown in the illustrations. HUMAN EFFECT OF NATURAL AND MAN-MADE DISASTER DISPLACED POPULATIONS If you are strapped for cash to give to worthy causes, you can always donate your time. HEALTH RISKS If you are strapped for cash to give to worthy causes, you can always donate your time. FOOD SCARCITY If you are strapped for cash to give to worthy causes, you can always donate your time. EMOTIONAL AFTERSHOCKS If you are strapped for cash to give to worthy causes, you can always donate your time.  1.Check for hazards at home 2.Identify safe place indoors and outdoors HOW TO 3. Educate yourself and family members 4. Have Disaster kits/supplies on hand REDUCE 5.Develop an emergency communication plan EFFECTS OF 6. Help your community get ready DISASTER 7. Practice the Disaster Preparedness Cycle Direction: Consider yourself as a friend to the following people. Given their situations and the fact that they are suffering from a previous disaster, state the impact / effects of the disasters they are experiencing and what tips, advice or words can you give them to help them recover? Put your answer on a clean sheet of paper. 1. Dale Marc is a 16-year- old student. He lives in Taal, Batangas, together with his family. Fishing is their primary source of income. They found out that the Taal volcano had erupted in Taal Batangas. What are the possible effects / effects of this condition on their family, and what advice are you going to give him? 2. Anna is a primary school teacher in Cainta, Rizal. She used to be the mother of two beautiful children. Their community was hit by a Super Typhoon submerging and washed away their homes and properties. It is noticeably clear to her mind how her two children tried to hold their hands tightly, but their hands slipped away. What would be the potential effect / effects of the Super Typhoon teacher Anna is experiencing? How do you think can she be helped in coping up from the tragedy? Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute coronavirus 2 respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019 and resulted in a continuing pandemic. The first confirmed case in Hubei dates back to 17 November 2019. The virus arrived in the Philippines on 30 January 2020 when the first case of the disease was confirmed in Metro Manila. After more than a month without recording any cases, the Philippines confirmed its first local transmission on 7 March 2020. Since then, the virus has spread to the country with at least one case recorded in the 17 regions of the country. During this pandemic situation, Nurses serves as a “frontliner” to help COVID patients obtain good health and recover from their current situation. What could be the potential effect / impact of the increasingly confirmed cases of COVID patients on Nurses in the Philippines?  WHAT I HAVE LEARNED: Knowing that a disaster disturbs the usual pattern of life and can cause both physical and emotional harm among people, how would you ensure that you are prepared to face the possible effects of ANY disaster that you may encounter in life? DISASTERS FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES Coordinate logistics with your local government units. What’s in: Direction: Think about the scenario below. Write YES if it is a disaster; NO if not a disaster. Write your answer on a separate sheet _____ 1. A landslide in a mountain resort. _____2. A typhoon traversing a remote and uninhabited island. _____ 3. A volcano erupting 15 km away from a city. _____4. A mudslide towards a hill foot community. _____ 5. A strong earthquake in the city proper of Calamba. Physical perspective 1. Injuries 2. Physical disabilities or illness 3. Sanitation 4. Damage in infrastructure Psychological Perspective distress 1. hopelessness 2. intrusion/avoidance 3. emotional effects 4. hatred/revenge 5. cognitive Effects 6. dependence/insecurities 7. grief/withdrawn/isolation 8. guilt feeling 9. lack of trust Socio-cultural Perspective 1. change in individual roles 2. disruption of social relationships and personal connections Economic Perspective 1. loss of life 2. unemployment 3. loss of property 4. loss of household 5. loss of crops 6. loss of public infrastructure Political Perspective Biological Perspective ❑ Epidemic level - Dengue ❑ Pandemic level – COVID 19 1. loss of lives 2. public demobilization 3. negative economic effect 4. unemployment 5. hunger  THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS! Lesson 4 Understanding Vulnerability in Disaster Risk Reduction Ms. Nova Mae Varron preencoded.png What is Vulnerability? State of Risk Philippine Law Vulnerability is a state of being at risk, The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction where individuals or communities are and Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121) susceptible to the damaging effects of defines vulnerability as the a hazard. characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. preencoded.png Activity 4.1 1. Examine Figures A and B. Identify all the hazards that you can see. 2.Give at least three (3) potential scenarios from each picture that can occur due to the presence of hazard? preencoded.png What’s in: Direction: Read the story below and answer the questions that follow. Nick and Gary who were neighbors are both students of Looc National High School. Due to the forecasted typhoon the night before, some waited for the announcement of classes suspension. Unfortunately, there was no announcement. Nick decided to go to school bringing his books, notebooks, and laboratory materials. On the other hand, Gary also decided to go to school bringing not only his books, notebooks, and laboratory materials but also flashlight, whistle, and some supplies of food and water. Due to bad weather, the school janitor blocked off the entrances and exits because the grounds were flooded. So, Nick and Gary were stranded in a covered court near the school. Both were trying to call their family, but the signal’s down. preencoded.png What’s in: 1. Who do you think is more vulnerable? Nick or Gary? 2. In the story presented about Nick and Gary, what were the actions taken by one student that made him less vulnerable to flood? What were the reasons why the other student became more vulnerable? 3. Do you think vulnerability is situation-specific or hazard-specific? preencoded.png  Vulnerability is situation-specific A province or city prone to Factors like preparation earthquakes does not and available resources mean all areas within it are affect vulnerability levels. equally vulnerable. Vulnerability varies based on local circumstances and readiness. preencoded.png  Overall hazard outcome map showing the top-10 provinces ranked according to the aggregation of individual outcomes of five natural hazards over a 30 year period. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Overall-hazard-outcome-map-showing-the-top-10-provinces- ranked-according-to-the_fig4_258566224 preencoded.png  Vulnerability is hazard-specific Vulnerability to one hazard Hazards have unique traits (e.g., earthquakes) does that determine potential not imply vulnerability to disasters. another (e.g., typhoons). preencoded.png Factors Contributing to Vulnerability Population Density Capacity for Disaster Risk Reduction Crowded communities have higher Communities with limited resources, vulnerability because they have limited lack of access to services and facilities, space to escape quickly and easily in or poor preparedness measures are case of an emergency. more vulnerable to disasters. preencoded.png Factors Contributing to Vulnerability Population Density Near a Hazard Event Population: Total number of individuals in an area. Population Density: Number of individuals relative to the size of an area. High density = higher vulnerability (e.g., less space for evacuation). preencoded.png preencoded.png Factors Contributing to Vulnerability Capacity and Efficiency to Reduce Disaster Risk Communities less vulnerable can: 1. Provide accessible and available services during/after disasters. 2. Anticipate, adapt, and respond to potential disasters. Example: The Philippines’ advancements predicting typhoons using technology. Establishing evacuation centers. preencoded.png preencoded.png How to Reduce Vulnerability Hazard Identification The first step to building resilience is to identify the specific hazards 1 that your family might face. Resilience 2 Build resilience by improving preparedness. And developing response plans as it reduces vulnerability and enhances disaster readiness. Equipping 3 Equip communities with resources and knowledge to mitigate risks. preencoded.png Summary Vulnerability is the susceptibility of a community to hazards. It is situation- and hazard-specific. Factors like population density and disaster risk reduction capacity influence vulnerability. Reducing vulnerability involves preparedness, resource availability, and resilience-building. preencoded.png  Call to Action “Identify hazards, build resilience, and stay prepared.” “Together, we can reduce vulnerability and save lives.” preencoded.png  THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS! preencoded.png  LESSON 5 RECOGNIZE VULNERABILITIES OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARD 1.Differentiate vulnerabilities of different elements exposed to specific hazards; 2. Explain how different elements can become exposed to hazard making it more vulnerable. POPULATION DENSITY LEVELS SETTLEMENT PLACE SITE DESIGN When hazardous events occur, normally physical elements are severely damaged. INFRASTURE AND HOUSING MATERIALS happens due to Social interactions inability of people, organization, and societies to prevent Institutions severe effects from hazards because of the expected System of cultural behavior in values The poorer the country, the more vulnerable to disasters because they lack the funds or budgets to build sturdy structures and put other engineering measures in place which protect them from being affected by disasters based on the economic status of individuals, communities, and nations. Social and economic vulnerability can be combined Caused by natural resources DEFORESTATION depletion and destruction. Organisms like humans, animals, BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS and plants are all dependent on the environment for KAINGIN survival. Vulnerability can be expressed as: 0 = lowest degree of vulnerability and 1 as the highest degree. Vulnerability of people is the ratio of casualties or injured to the total population. Vulnerability of buildings is expressed as a repair cost or degree of damage. is used in estimating how much mitigation and preparedness measures will be applied. Computation is based on the previous hazard events and severity of their effects.  WHAT ARE THE REASONS WHY PHILIPPINES HAS HIGH VULNERABILITY TO HAZARDS?  The Philippines has high vulnerability due to the following reasons: It lies in the Pacific typhoon belt Rugged nature of the It is an archipelagic and we are visited by an landscape makes it vulnerable country with many small average of 20 typhoons every to landslide, mudflows, and islands where some areas year. other disasters. are at below sea level.  The Philippines has high vulnerability due to the following reasons: With poor institutional and It has the longest shoreline in It is still a primary social capacity to manage, the world at 32,400 km making agricultural and fishing respond, and recover from it vulnerable to storm surges. economy. natural hazard events.  The Philippines has high vulnerability due to the following reasons: Aside from typhoon, it is With high level of poverty also at risk to volcanic eruptions, quakes, and floods.  HAZARDS, EXPOSURE, AND VULNERABILITIES FROM ACTUAL SITUATIONS Several countries, including the Philippines, have experienced disasters affecting the property, assets and lives of the Filipino people , especially the COVID 19 Pandemic, which kills millions of people not only in the Philippines but worldwide. Today, it 's important to be extra cautious and mindful all the time.  A certain community can be exposed but it does not mean that it is vulnerable. Vulnerability depends on the preparedness and readiness to a hazard of the community. It depends mostly on how they mitigate, respond, and recover. Exposure to hazard can make If a certain community has the a community vulnerable. But ability to reduce the vulnerability not all communities that are by reducing the risk, the said exposed to hazard can be community is already considered considered vulnerable. as less vulnerable or resilient. Disaster mitigation measures are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of Mitigation is the action hazards by means of of reducing something's proactive measures severity, seriousness, or taken before an painfulness. emergency or disaster takes place. Physical elements Buildings Population Urban land use, construction types, building Density of population, distribution in space, height, building age, total floor space, distribution in time, age distribution, gender replacement costs. Monuments and cultural distribution, handicapped, income distribution heritage Essential facilities Socio-economic aspects Emergency shelters, Schools, Hospitals, Fire Organization of population, governance, Brigades, Police, community organization, government support, socio-economic levels. Cultural heritage and traditions. Transportation facilities Economic activities Roads, railway, metro, public transportation Spatial distribution of economic activities, systems, harbor facilities, airport facilities. input-output table, dependency, redundancy, unemployment, economic production in various sectors. Life lines Environmental elements Water supply, electricity supply, gas supply, Ecosystems, protected areas, natural parks, telecommunications, mobile telephone environmentally sensitive areas, forests, network, sewage system. wetlands, aquifers, flora, fauna, biodiversity.  INFORMATION BROCHURE 1. Observe a community (you can choose your own community or barangay). 2. Determine all the elements exposed to hazard in that particular locality. 3. Differentiate vulnerabilities of different elements exposed to specific hazards and explain how these elements can become exposed to hazards, making them more vulnerable.  INFORMATION BROCHURE 5. Identify Disaster Risks. 6. Suggest Risk Reduction Measures. 7. Make a tri-fold information brochure in A4 size. 8. Be creative. 9. By group with 3 members. Include your names and section in the brochure. 10. Deadline: January 20, 2025 11. You will be graded based on the rubrics given below: THANK YOU! Lesson 6 HAZARD: TYPE, IMPACT, IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT Ms. Nova Mae M. Varron  OBJECTIVES 1 Define and cite examples of the types of hazards Observe proper precautions signs and symbols in 3 hazard areas Appreciate the importance of observing 5 precautionary measures  TYPES OF HAZARD NATURAL QUASI-NATURAL TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARD HAZARD (OR MAN-MADE) HAZARDS  NATURAL HAZARD Arise from natural processes in the environment. EXAMPLE: Earthquakes Tsunami Landslides volcanic eruptions floods  QUASI-NATURAL HAZARD Arise through the interaction of natural processes and human activities EXAMPLE: Pollution Smog Fog desertification  TECHNOLOGICAL (OR MAN-MADE) HAZARD These arise directly as a result of human activities. EXAMPLE: accidental release of chemicals toxic and pesticides to floral and fauna  HAZARDS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS ✓help people to be extra cautious, aware and observant ✓Each picture is designed to become recognizable to anyone as a signal word like “danger” or “warning”. NATURAL HAZARDS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS  Source: Much Mania, Natural Disaster Warning Signs, Caution, Danger, Hazard Symbol Set, 2003-2020, https://www.shutterstock.com/image- vector/natural-disaster-warning-signs-caution- danger-302759177 QUASI-NATURAL HAZARDS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS  ENVIRONMENT Aquatic toxicity Source: Safety Symbols and Their Meanings, February 1, 2018, https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf ety- symbols-and-their-meanings-2/  ENVIRONMENT Air toxicity Source: Wamsler, Smog warning sign, grungy style, vector illustration, www.google.com., https://www.123rf.com/photo_3731285 3_stock-vector-smog-warning-signgrungy- style-vector-illustration.html TECHNOLOGY OR MAN MADE HAZARDS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS  Flammable Self heating Emits Flammable Gas Pyrophoric Source: Safety Symbols and Their Meanings, February 1, 2018, https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf ety- symbols-and-their-meanings-2/  Reproductive toxicity Respiratory sensitizer Target organ toxicity Aspiration toxicity Source: Safety Symbols and Their Meanings, February 1, 2018, https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf ety- symbols-and-their-meanings-2/  Explosives Self-reactives Organic Source: Safety Symbols and Their Peroxides Meanings,February 1, 2018, https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf ety- symbols-and-their-meanings-2/  Fatal or toxic Acute Source: Safety Symbols and Their Meanings, toxicity February 1, 2018, https://www.dcmgroup.ca/en/news/saf ety- symbols-and-their-meanings-2/ HAZARD: ITS IMPACT, IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT  WHAT’S NEW: 1 PIC, 1 WORD INSTRUCTIONS: Refer to the given pictures and captions to guess the word/s by arranging the jumbled letters.  WHAT’S NEW: 1 PIC, 1 WORD INSTRUCTIONS: Refer to the given pictures and captions to guess the word/s by arranging the jumbled letters. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.  WHAT’S NEW: 1 PIC, 1 WORD INSTRUCTIONS: Refer to the given pictures and captions to guess the word/s by arranging the jumbled letters. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.  DIFFERENT IMPACTS OF HAZARDS Danger to life which includes physical and psychological harm and diseases Denial of access like energy, water, communication and transport access Damage to the physical environment like buildings and land SIX (6) MORE SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARD IMPACTS  1. PHYSICAL IMPACT - Physical injuries (bone fracture, wounds, bruises) - Destruction and loss of vital infrastructure like transportation system, roads, bridges, power lines and communication lines. - Wide spread destruction of housing and buildings  2. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT - Grief and psychological illness - Marital conflict - Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties - Chronic anxiety  3. Socio- cultural impact - Displacement of population - Loss of cultural identity - Forced of adoption of new sets of culture - Ethnic conflicts  4. Economic impact - Loss of job due to displacement - Loss of harvest and livestock - Loss of farms, fish cages and other source of food - Loss of money and other valuables  5. Environmental impact - Loss of forest due to forest fires - Loss of fresh water due to salination - Disturbance of biodiversity - Loss of natural rivers  BEFORE AFTER  6. Biological impact - Epidemic to people, flora and fauna - Chronic and permanent illness caused by biological agents - Proliferation of different viral diseases IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS AND RISK ASSESSMENT  HAZARD IDENTIFICATION the process of determining all physical and nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment. Most occupational health and safety problems are caused by hazards which are not eliminated or managed. In order to prevent untoward incidents in a workplace or community, elimination or controlling of hazards is crucial. In some workplaces where hazards cannot be eliminated, they must be monitored and properly managed at the least.  RISK ASSESSMENT A way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact. Below are the steps in hazard identification and risk assessment. 1. IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS. Material Safety Hazard and Observation Data Sheets risk surveys (MSDSs) Discussion Safety audits groups  2. ASSESS THE RISK Once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and possible severity of injury or harm will need to be assessed before determining how best to minimize the risk. High-risk hazards need to be addressed more urgently than low- risk ones.  3. MAKE THE CHANGES These changes include removing the hazard and replacing it with something less hazardous engineering modifications like installation of exhausts safety barriers and safety exits modification of procedures  4. CHECKING THE CHANGES MADE Risk assessment doesn’t end with making changes. It is essential that these changes made are monitored and checked. It must be monitored if the changes done are being followed consistently and if these changes contribute to the improvement of safety management in the workplace.  THANK YOU $20M AND GOD BLESS! $5M