Biodiesel: A Renewable Biofuel PDF

# Biodiesel - A renewable biofuel, a form of diesel fuel, derived from biological sources like vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease, and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. - Typically made from fats. - The roots of biodiesel as a fuel source with transesterification of vegetable...

# Biodiesel - A renewable biofuel, a form of diesel fuel, derived from biological sources like vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease, and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. - Typically made from fats. - The roots of biodiesel as a fuel source with transesterification of vegetable oil was conducted in 1853, predating Rudolf Diesel's development of the diesel engine. - Diesel's engine, initially designed for mineral oil, successfully ran on peanut oil at the 1900 Paris Exposition. - This landmark event highlighted the potential of vegetable oils as an alternative fuel source. - Interest in using vegetable oils resurfaced periodically, particularly during resource-constrained periods, such as World War II. - Challenges such as high viscosity and resultant engine deposits were significant hurdles. - The modern form of biodiesel emerged in the 1930s, when a method was developed for transforming vegetable oils for fuel use, laying the groundwork for contemporary biodiesel production. # Biodiesel - An alternative diesel fuel, made from renewable biological sources, such as vegetable oils and animal fats. - Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straight chain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 21). - Can be prepared by Transesterification. # Schematic of Biodiesel Production Path - A diagram showing production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fat waste. - The production takes place in 6 steps: - Mixing with MeOH and Catalyst - Transesterification - Crude Biodiesel - Refining - Biodiesel - The waste product, crude glycerin, is treated with methanol recovery and glycerin refining. # Diagram 1: Biodiesel Production Path - A flow diagram showing how biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils: - The vegetable oil is first treated with dilute acid esterification to form vegetable oils. - These are then mixed with methanol and KOH (potassium hydroxide) to undergo transesterification. - This process yields crude glycerin and crude biodiesel. - Both are refined separately to produce glycerin and biodiesel. # Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodiesel | Advantages | Disadvantages | |---|---| | Can be used pure biodiesel B100 | Biodiesel is significantly more expensive compared to standard diesel | | Biodiesel has a shorter ignition delay compared to standard diesel | Biodiesel can release nitrogen oxide which can lead to the formation of smog | | Biodiesel has no sulfur content, and so it doesn't contribute to acid rain formation | Pure biodiesel has significant problems with low temperatures | | Biodiesel has good lubricating properties better than standard diesel | Food shortage can occur | # Biodiesel Feedstock - Animal fats from meat-processing plants - Used recycled cooking oil - Yellow grease from restaurants - Rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and palm oil are major feedstocks for biodiesel production in other countries. - Algae are potential sources of biofuels # Biodiesel from Different Oils | Plant Oil | Alcohol | Temp (°C) | Time (hours) | Catalyst | |---|---|---|---|---| | Soybean and Castor (Brazil) | Ethyl | 70 | 3 | NaOH | | Wastes frying oil | Methyl | 60 | 1 | NaOH | | Rapeseed | Methyl | 60 | 33 mins | KOH | # Quiz 1. State the structure and applications of biodiesel. 2. Compare bioethanol and biodiesel. # Biobutanol - A picture shows a field with a gas station pump that says biobutanol in front of it. # Comparison between Bioethanol and Biodiesel | Category | Bioethanol | Biodiesel | |---|---|---| | Process | Fermentation | Transesterification | | Greenhouse gas emissions | Both reduce emissions | | | Blended E85% | Cheaper | | | Gallons per acre | 420 gallons per acre | | | Energy | Provides 93% more net energy per gallon | | # Biobutanol Production - A flow chart showing the production of biobutanol. - Biomass containing hemicellulose, corn starch and molasses, is treated with pretreatment and hydrolysis. - This is fed to a reactor containing thermofilic bacteria for fermentation. - The product is then filtered to remove solid waste and yields butanol, ethanol, hydrogen and acetone. # Feedstock for Biobutanol Production - High cost of raw material is considered as one of the major obstacles to commercial production of butanols. - Using inexpensive and abundant feedstocks, e.g., corn stover could enhance the process' economic viability. - Metabolic engineering can be used to allow an organism to use cheaper substrate, such as glycerol, instead of glucose. Because fermentation processes require glucose derived from foods, butanol production can negatively impact food supply. - Glycerol is a good alternative source for butanol production. While glucose sources are valuable and limited, glycerol is abundant and has a low market price because it is a waste product of biodiesel production. - Butanol production from glycerol is economically viable using metabolic pathways that exist in the bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum. # Advantages of Biofuels - Renewable - Reduce greenhouse gases - Economic security - Easy to source - Lower level of Pollution # Making Biobutanol - A diagram shows a process for making biobutanol. - Lignocellulosic biomass is treated with diluted acid, detoxified with adsorptive resins, and then undergoes gas stripping. - Then a strain selection process is used to produce biobutanol. # Waste - A list of contents for a lecture concerning waste: - What are waste? - Sources of waste - Types of waste - Solid waste - Nature of solid waste - Sources of solid waste - Classification of solid waste - Municipal Solid Waste - Environmental effects of solid waste # Disadvantages of Biofuel - High cost of production - Industrial pollution - Future rise in price - Shortage of food - Use of fertilizer # Conclusion - Reduce wastes. - Cleaner air. - New agricultural markets. - Improve balance of payments. - Global warming reduction. - Benefit developing nations. # Biobutanol Applications - Gasoline (as an additive) and brake fluid (formulation component) - Solvent- for paints, coatings, varnishes. - Plasticizers - to improve how a plastic material processes. - Coatings -as a solvent for a variety of applications. - Chemical intermediate or raw material -for other chemicals and plastics. - Textiles -as a swelling agent from coated fabric - Cosmetics -makeup, nail care products, shaving products. - Butanol can be used in cars. # What is Waste? - A picture of a sad earth with a can with overflowing trash. - Trash, garbage, rubbish, junk, worthless-there are so many synonyms for waste, but what makes anything waste? And how does it become so? - 'Waste' is any unwanted or unuseful material. These are objects that have been discarded since these materials aren't functioning anymore. - Waste can be in any form (liquid, solid, or gas), although generally waste is solid. - There are various types of waste, such as unwanted food, torn clothes, kitchen waste, etc. # Sources of Waste - Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: - Industrial. - Commercial. - Domestic. - Agricultural. - A diagram shows **Sources of Waste** branching out into **Households** and **Commerce & Industry.** # Sources of Waste - **Industrial waste:** These are the wastes created in factories and industries. Most industries dump their wastes in rivers and seas which cause a lot of pollution. (Examples include: plastic, glass, etc.) - **Commercial waste:** These are produced in schools, colleges, shops, and offices. (Examples include: plastic, paper, etc.) - **Domestic waste:** The different household wastes that are collected during household activities, such as cooking, cleaning, are known as domestic wastes. (Examples include: leaves, vegetable peels, excreta, etc.) - **Agricultural waste:** Various wastes are produced in the agricultural field are known as agricultural wastes. (Examples include: cattle waste, weed husk, etc.) # Types of Waste | Type of Waste | Description | |---|---| | **Biodegradable waste** | These are the wastes that come from our kitchen and include food remains, garden waste, etc. This can be composted to obtain manure. Biodegradable wastes decompose themselves over a period of time depending on the material. | | **Non-biodegradable waste** | These are the wastes that include old newspapers, broken glass pieces, plastics, etc. Dry wastes can be recycled and can be reused. Non-biodegradable wastes do not decompose by themselves and hence are major pollutants. | # Waste: Just a Waste of Time? - 'This is such a waste of time' or 'This food is now a waste'. We use these phrases in our daily life, without giving a second thought. - Why do we call anything that's not useful waste? What is waste? How do you dispose of 'any' kind of waste? Let us study about waste below. # Production of Butanol from Ethanol - A diagram of the reaction: The use of catalysts–hydroxyapatite, hydrotalcites, etc.–for ethanol conversion into hydrocarbons. - The reaction: $2CH_3CH_2OH \longrightarrow CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2OH + H_2O$. - The catalyst in this reaction is $Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$. # Waste Generation - **A general definition of waste:** Any unwanted, discarded, or useless material. - **A diagram:** The different types of waste are shown in a pyramid. - The very top is **Waste**, and this heads down to **Types of Waste**. - **Types of Waste**: - **Municipal waste:** Common everyday items - **Hazardous waste:** Solid, liquid, and gaseous waste from industries. - Corrosiveness. - Ignitability. - Reactivity. - Toxicity. - **Biomedical waste:** Wastes from medical facilities. (Biological waste) - At the very bottom of the pyramid are **Categories of Waste**. - **Domestic waste** - **Commercial waste** - **Demolition waste** - **Waste Disposal Methods:** Various alternatives to dispose off waste. The diagram shows burial pits, incineration, recycling, and composting. # Classification of Solid Waste - Solid waste can be classified based on its origin, composition, and potential impact on the environment. - The most commonly used classification systems include: - **Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):** Generated from households and commercial establishments, MSW comprises non-hazardous waste, including paper, plastic, glass, metals, and organic materials. Effective waste management practices, such as recycling and waste-to-energy technologies, can help minimize the environmental impact of MSW. - **Hazardous Waste:** Materials that possess properties that make them dangerous to human health or the environment are classified as hazardous waste.. Examples include toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and medical waste. Proper handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste are critical to prevent contamination and protect human health. - **Electronic Waste (e-waste):** E-waste includes discarded electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones, and televisions. Improper handling and disposal of e-waste can release toxic substances, including lead, mercury, and cadmium. Recycling and proper e-waste management are essential to recover valuable resources and minimize environmental pollution. - **Construction and Demolition Waste:** This category includes debris from construction and demolition activities, such as concrete, wood, metals, and insulation materials. Proper sorting, recycling, and disposal of construction and demolition waste can help reduce the burden on landfills and promote the circular economy. # Sources of Solid Wastes - **A diagram:** Showing different sources of solid waste: - **Household** - **Industry** - **Commercial** - This diagram is followed by a picture of a large pile of trash with a caption saying **Mismanagement of solid wastes by open dumping**. - Then a circular diagram showing the **Sustainable utilization of raw materials**, with 17 different numbers around the outside. - Finally, the diagram has the following two captions: - **Urban mined plastic waste** - **Urban mined** # Classification of Solid Waste - The most commonly used classification systems include: - **Electronic Waste (e-waste):** E-waste includes discarded electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones, and televisions. Improper handling and disposal of e-waste can release toxic substances, including lead, mercury, and cadmium. Recycling and proper e-waste management are essential to recover valuable resources and minimize environmental pollution. - **Construction and Demolition Waste:** This category includes debris from construction and demolition activities, such as concrete, wood, metals, and insulation materials. Proper sorting, recycling, and disposal of construction and demolition waste can help reduce the burden on landfills and promote the circular economy. # Linear vs Circular Economy - A diagram showing **Take, Make, Dispose** with arrows headed in a linear path. - Adjacent to this, the **Circular Economy** is shown with arrows in a continuous circular path. - The **Circular Economy** shows: -* **Make** -* **Use** -* **Recycle** # Solid Waste - **A diagram:** Showing **Solid Waste** branching into **Non-Hazardous Waste** on one side and **Hazardous Waste** on the other. - **Non-Hazardous Waste** is further divided into: - **Municipal Solid Waste** - **Industrial Waste** - **Agricultural Waste** - **Hazardous Waste** is further divided into: - **Household Waste** - **Industrial Waste** - **A diagram showing the categories of Industrial waste:** - **C&D** - **Medical** - **Special** - **Treatment** - **A diagram showing the categories of Industrial waste:** - **Listed** - **Universal** - **Character** - **Mixed** # Different Sources of Municipal Solid Waste - It is roughly classified into five categories: - **Recyclable Material:** Glasses, bottles, cans, paper, metals, etc. - **Composite Wastes:** Tetra packs, toys. - **Biodegradable Wastes:** Kitchen waste, flowers, vegetables, fruits, and leaves. - **Inert Waste:** Rocks, debris, construction material. - **Domestic Hazardous and Toxic Waste:** E-waste, medication, light bulbs, etc. - **Municipal solid waste management is the need of the hour and is important for the safety of public health and a better environment.** # Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste - **A pie chart:** Showing percentages of different waste types in a pie chart, with the following categories of waste and the percentage of each: - **Wood:** 5.2% - **Glass:** 5.9% - **Food wastes:** 10.4% - **Plastics:** 9.4% - **Metals:** 7.7% - **Other:** 9.9% - **Paper, paperboard:** 38.1% - **Yard waste:** 13.4% # Environmental Effects of Solid Waste - **Pollution:** Solid waste pollution has far-reaching environmental consequences that affect various ecosystems and natural resources. Some of the prominent environmental effects include: - **Soil Contamination:** - Improper disposal of solid waste can contaminate the soil with hazardous substances, affecting soil fertility and posing risks to plants, animals, and humans. - Heavy metals, chemical pollutants, and leachate from landfills can seep into the soil, compromising its quality and long-term productivity. - **Water Pollution:** - Solid waste, particularly plastics, can end up in water bodies, leading to water pollution. - Marine life is severely impacted, as animals may mistake plastics for food or become entangled. - Pollutants from solid waste can also leach into groundwater, contaminating drinking water sources and affecting aquatic ecosystems. - **Air Pollution:** - Solid waste incineration releases toxic gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and respiratory health issues. - Burning of waste in open dumps or inefficient incineration facilities can release hazardous pollutants, including dioxins and furans, contributing to local and regional air pollution. - **Climate Change:** Organic waste in landfills produces methane, a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming and climate change. Methane has a significantly higher warming potential than carbon dioxide. Proper management of organic waste through composting or anaerobic digestion can help reduce methane emissions and mitigate climate change impacts. - **Habitat Destruction:** Improper waste disposal can degrade natural habitats, disrupt ecosystems, and harm wildlife populations.. Landfills and improperly managed waste sites can destroy habitats, fragment landscapes, and reduce biodiversity. Wildlife can be affected directly through the ingestion of waste or indirectly through changes in their food sources and habitats. # Sources of Solid Waste - **A diagram:** With the following categories: - **Industrial waste** - **Municipal waste** - **Agricultural waste** - **Construction waste** <start_of_image>-*Note: The image is of slides from an educational lecture. I have converted them to a formatted markdown document. The slides are not formatted uniformly and there are variations in capitalization and other presentation inconsistencies that I have corrected. - There is a significant amount of text that appears in Arabic, but I have removed the Arabic, as I cannot convert it to a readable markdown format.*