Domain and Kingdom Classification PDF

# What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming living organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It involves organizing species into hierarchical categories, such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Developed by Carl Li...

# What is Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming living organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It involves organizing species into hierarchical categories, such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Developed by Carl Linnaeus, this system provides a standardized way to categorize and communicate information about the vast diversity of life on Earth. Taxonomy helps scientists understand the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, facilitating the study of biodiversity, ecology, and evolution. ## The Three Domains All organisms belong to one of three domains, depending on their characteristics. A domain is the most inclusive (broadest) taxonomic category. A single domain can contain one or more kingdoms. The three domains are: - Archaea - Eubacteria - Eukaryota (Eukarya) ### Archaea Archaea: very primitive forms of bacteria - they are unicellular, prokaryotic and some are autotrophic and others heterotrophic - They are different from bacteria in the structure and chemical makeup of their cells. - known as "ancient bacteria", they are the most primitive type of organisms - they thrive in the most extreme environments on Earth, they are often referred to as "extremophiles" - found in hot springs, very salty water, swamps, and the intestines of cows ### Eubacteria - They are found everywhere on Earth except extreme environments. - They are unicellular, prokaryotic, some are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic. - Eubacteria: more advanced forms of bacteria ### Eukaryota Eukaryota: all life forms with eukaryotic cells - Eukarya consists of organisms whose cells have a nucleus. - It's also the only domain that contains multicellular and visible organisms, like people, animals, plants and trees. ## The Grouping Of Organisms Into Kingdoms The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on the following factors: 1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph) ### Cell Type The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall. ### Cell Number - **Unicellular:** single-celled organism - protozoans, bacteria, some algae - **Multicellular:** many-celled organism - cells start to specialize/differentiate ### Feeding Type How the organisms get their food - **Autotroph or Producer**: Make their own food. - **Heterotroph or Consumer**: Must eat other organisms to survive. Includes decomposers - those that eat dead matter! ## The Six Kingdoms - Archaebacteria - Eubacteria - Protista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia | Kingdom | Cell Type | Cell # | Feeding Type | Cell Wall | |-----------------|---------------------|--------------|-----------------|---------------| | Archaebacteria | Prokaryote | Unicellular | Autotroph | Yes | | Eubacteria | Prokaryote | Unicellular | Both | Yes | | Protista | Eukaryote | Most Unicellular | Both | Yes & NO | | Fungi | Eukaryote | both | Heterotroph | Yes | | Plantae | Eukaryote | Multicellular | Autotroph | Yes | | Animalia | Eukaryote | Multicellular | Heterotroph | NO | ## Kingdom Protista - Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. ## Kingdom Fungi - The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. - By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems. - All fungi are eukaryotic - They may be unicellular or multicellular - All fungi have a cell wall ## Kingdom Plantae - All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, they are autotrophs. - 4 important plant groups are: - **Non-vascular** - Mosses (Bryophytes) - Ferns (Pteridophytes) - **Vascular** - Conifers (Gymnosperms) - Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) ### Nonvascular Plants - Mosses - the simplest of all land dwelling plants - lack an internal means for water transportation - do not produce seeds or flowers - fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg - lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their "stems" and so are usually relatively short - Liverworts & Hornworts ### Vascular Plants - Internal transportation System - Xylem - water carrying tubes - Phloem - sugar carrying tissues - enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. - Produce Seeds - protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant. - Gymnosperms - Conifers (pine cones) - Oldest vascular plants - Angiosperms - flowering plants ## Kingdom Animalia - All animals are: - **Multicellular:** cells lacking a cell wall - **Heterotrophs:** obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. - **Capable of movement:** at some point in their lives. ### Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kingdom 1. **Body Symmetry** - **Asymmetrical**: Asymmetrical animals have no general body plan or axis of symmetry that divides the body into mirror-image halves. - **Radial Symmetry**: Animals (such as coral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape. - **Bilateral Symmetry**: Bilaterally symmetrical animals (such as humans and fish) have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves. 2. **Skeletal Characteristics** - **Invertebrates**: have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton - **Vertebrates**: have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage ### Characteristics of Each Groups of Invertebrate **Porifera:** - Means pore – bearing invertebrates - They have pores all over their bodies. - They take in food and oxygen through their pores. **Cnidaria/Coelenterata** - Means hallow bodied animals with stinging tentacles - Their tentacles have sting cells with poison-filled thread called nematocysts - **Nematocyst:** A capsule within specialized cells of certain coelenterates a threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing sting when propelled into attackers and prey. **Platyhelminthes:** - Means Flatworms - Some of them are parasites. - They have no digestive system because they feed on the digested food of their hosts. - Platyhelminthes (flat worms) - Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria. **Nematoda:** - Means round worms - They are long slender and smooth. - Some of them are parasitic and can be deadly. - Roundworms - Long thin body with no segments. **Annelida:** - Means segmented worms - They live in fresh and marine water as well in the soil. - Annelids (segmented worms) - Worms & leeches. **Mollusca:** - Means soft bodied animals. - They have soft bodied and are shapeless. - **Eg:** Snail, Squid, Clams, Octopus, etc. **Echinodermata:** - Means spiny skinned animals. - Their hard bodies are covered with spines and have a design know as radial symmetry. - Echinoderms - Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers. **Arthropoda:** - Means jointed legs. - They have no bones but they have a hard outside covering called exoskeleton which serves as protection or support. - Arthropoda) are the largest phylum of Animals and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and other similar creatures. - **Insects:** - Insects are generally small in size and possess segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton made mostly of chitin. The body is divided into a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes as well as the mouth; the thorax has six legs (one pair per segment) and wings (if present in the species). The abdomen has excretory and reproductive structures. - **Arachnids:** The arachnids are easily distinguished from the insects by the fact that they have eight legs instead of six. - **Crustaceans** - They include various familiar animals, such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. They are variously found in marine and freshwater, with a few terrestrial members. ## Phylum: Chordates - The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar ## Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone) - Bilateral symmetry - Endoskeletons - Closed circulatory systems - Nervous systems with complex brains - Efficient respiratory systems - An animal of a large group distinguished by the possession of a backbone or spinal column, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. ### Vertebrates: Animals with Backbones - **Fish:** - **Birds:** - **Mammals:** - A mammal is an animal whose babies are fed with milk from the mother's body. It has a backbone and a well-developed brain. A mammal has fur or hair. It is warm-blooded. - **Reptile:** - A reptile is an animal that has dry, rough, scaly skin. It has lungs for breathing. A reptile is cold-blooded and has a backbone. Most reptiles hatch from eggs. - **Amphibians:** - An amphibian is an animal that usually lives part of its life in water and part of its life on land. It is cold-blooded and has a backbone. Most amphibians have smooth, moist skin and no scales. ### What Is a Fish? - A fish is an animal that lives in water and breathes through gills. It has a backbone. Most fish have fins, are covered with scales, and are cold-blooded.