Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math PDF

Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 1. The goal of sound experi- Confounded effects mental design in safety re- search is the elimination of: 2. confounded effects an extra variable you didn't expect 3. W...

Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 1. The goal of sound experi- Confounded effects mental design in safety re- search is the elimination of: 2. confounded effects an extra variable you didn't expect 3. When considering a Total Number of cases Case Incident Rate, the nu- merator of the formula used (# cases)(200,000) / total hrs. worked to calculate rate is the: 4. TCIR vs DART Total Case Incident Rate Days Away Restricted or Transferred 5. Considering routes of en- Absorption try through intact skin, the physiochemical properties of a substance can deter- mine the rate of 6. A key characteristic of an contains carbon organic chemical is that it: 7. Mode The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set. 8. geometric mean is used when evaluating log normally distrib- uted and is equal to the median of the log normally distributed data. is the square root of the product of all the data points 9. Poisson Distribution a statistical distribution that considers the probability that an event will occur a specified number of times OR not at all. It's used for events that occur randomly. It can be used to analyze dispersion 10. Standard Deviations 1 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv a measure of the average distance of all ob- servations from the mean. In a normal distribution, approximate 99% of the observations will fall within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean, 95% within 1.96 stan- dard deviations, and 90% within 1.64 stan- dard deviations. Approximately, 99.9% of the observations will fall within 3.49 standard deviations. - approximately 95.4% of the observations will fall between the mean +/- two standard deviations. - approximately 68.3 % of the observations will fall between the mean +/- one standard deviations. The standard deviation is a measure of varia- tion. The standard deviation of a set of data is the square root of the variance. 11. calculate standard devia- input list into calculator, (2nd STAT, enter vari- tions ables, STATVAR, calculate).. calculator sym- bols: n = # of variables x = mean Sx = standard deviation r = correlation coefficient The "variance" is then calculated by squaring the standard deviation. 12. regression equation used to develop a predictive model between two variables. A formula for a line that models a linear relationship between two quantitative variables. 2 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv Y=ax+b calculator.. input 2 variables.. calculator sym- bols: a = a (the slope of line) b = b (the y-intercept) r = correlation coefficient 13. correlation coefficient an index of the extent to which two variables are associated. a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1). The negative value indicates that the correlation is inverted. 14. coefficient of variation 100 times the population standard deviation divided by the mean or the standard deviation as a percent of the mean 15. t-test used only with normal distributions to test the hypothesis that the mean score from a group does not differ from the expected mean. It's a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means used to determine if there is a difference be- tween two population parameters. This test is used in situations where one of the condi- tions, the population standard deviation, is not known and the sample size is 30 or less. The "t" distribution was developed in Ireland in the early 1900's by Gossett under the pen name "Student", hence its name. 16. z-test 3 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv used only with normal distributions to mea- sure the distance of a value from the mean. 17. Chi-Square test A statistical method of testing for an as- sociation between two categorical variables. Specifically, it tests for the equality of two fre- quencies or proportions. A chi-square statistic equal to 0.01 means that the result is statistically significant with a probability of error of 1%. 18. Least Square Method A procedure for using sample data to find the estimated regression equation. Used in calculating a best fit regression line. Refers to the line that best describes or mini- mizes the sum of the squares of the distances between the line and the points not on the line (the error). 19. Conditional Probability the probability of an event ( A ), given that another ( B ) has already occurred. 20. nonparametric statistics testing not based on population parameters; includes tests of significance based on ordinal or nominal data. Advantage - no assumption needs to be made regarding normality of the distribution. Disadvantage - obtained values are less pre- cise. 21. ANOVA (analysis of vari- an inferential statistical test for comparing the ance) means of three or more groups calculated values are the 'between column variance', 'within column variance', 'F Ratio', and 'grand mean'. 4 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 22. inferential statistics predicting the probabilities of certain events occurring in a population 23. F-statistic associated with problems involving ANOVA and inferences about standard deviations. when performing ANOVA the F-statistic is computed. Chi-Square tests involve the Chi-Square distribution. Inferences about means usually involve the assumption of nor- mal distributions for large samples and the "t" distribution for small samples. 24. descriptive statistics statistics that summarize population data 25. accident statistics used to measure performance, detect trou- ble spots, and fulfill OSHA record-keeping re- quirements. NOT to lower workers compensation costs. 26. Safety Sampling a technique using statistics to measure the effectiveness of line manager safety activities 27. Type I error (alpha) False positive results reject the null hypothesis when its true (you should accept it) 28. Type II error (beta) False negative results accept the null hypothesis when its false (you should reject it) 29. Anthropometry the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body. 30. Kinesiology study of human movement 31. Physiology The study of body function 5 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 32. Histogram A graph representing the frequency distribu- tion of a set of data (incidents) 33. pictograms A pictorial symbol or sign representing an ob- ject or concept. 34. confidence interval statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account 35. Bronchioles Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli. 36. Pleura Membrane surrounding the lungs 37. Alveoli air sacs in the lungs, allows oxygen to pass freely through membrane (pleura) 38. Pareto Analysis Identifying the vital few contributors that ac- count for most quality problems in a system (80/20) 39. Probability ratio of ways an event can occur in a specified manner to the total number of ways the event can occur. In probability: "and" implies multiply; "or" im- plies add P_s + P_f = 1 P_s = probability of success P_f = probability of failure 40. mutally exclusive (probabil- is an event where the result of the first event ity) doesn't effect the second (if flipped coin turns up heads, it can't be tails) 41. independent events (proba- The outcome of one event does not affect the bility) outcome of the second event 6 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv (coin toss turning up heads on first flip does not affect outcome of second toss) 42. dependent event (probabili- an event who's outcome does depend on the ty) outcome of a previous event (pulling a green ball from a hat, not replacing it, and then pulling a red ball) 43. Additional Rule of Probabil- the probability that one of several mutually ity exclusive events will occur is the sum of the separate probabilities. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) ("or" means add) 44. Multiplication Rule of Prob- the probability that two (or more) independent ability events will occur is the product of their sepa- rate probabilities. 45. In any study involving sta- population tistical analysis, the main fo- cus is on sets of numerical data. The entire set of data from which your data came is called the 46. random sample each item from a population has an equal probability of being selected 47. cluster sample items from a population are grouped by similar characteristic and the sample group is select- ed randomly 48. strat sample items from a population are grouped by similar characteristics and the sample is obtained by randomly selecting within groups 49. systematic sample 7 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv items from a population are selected based on factors (such as time or location/position) 50. tensile stress pull or stretch a material apart 51. shear stress slide against itself in opposite directions 52. compression stress squeeze or compress a material 53. torque stress twisted in one direction and the other end is held motionless or twisted in the opposite direction 54. vapor pressure the pressure exerted by a volatile liquid at equilibrium conditions (rate of escape of mol- ecules from the liquid equals the rate of their return to the liquid) 55. boiling point the point where vapor pressure equals atmos- pheric pressure 56. cryogenic when a liquid has a boiling point below -150° C and will not stay in the container over an extended time 57. exothermic a chemical reaction that releases heat and gives net energy to its surroundings 58. According to the period- there is a repetition of physical and chemical ic law, when elements are properties arranged in order of in- creasing atomic number, Note: Remember the four key elements: hy- then: drogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Of these four, only carbon is NOT diatomic (mol- ecules composed only of two atoms) 59. chelating agent a chemical compound capable of forming mul- tiple chemical bonds to a metal ion 60. buffer 8 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv a substance that reduces the change in hy- drogen ion concentration (pH) otherwise pro- duced by adding acids or bases to a solution 61. A mole of nitrogen gas can weighs 28 grams be described by all of the has 6.024x10^23 N_2 molecules following: occupies 24.45 liters at 25 C and 1 atm 62. The pH scale represents the 13 logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentra- (Acidic = 0; Basic = 14) tion in gram atoms per liter and provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Which of the fol- lowing represents a strong base? 13, 9, 5, 2 63. Ideal Gas Law the relationship PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of an ideal gas P=pressure (atm) V=volume (liters) n=moles R=gas constant (0.08205) T=temperature (Kelvin = Tc + 273) 64. Combined Gas Law the relationship between the pressure, vol- ume, and temperature of a fixed amount of gas. P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 P=absoluate pressure V=volume T=absolute temperature 65. Stoke's Law the settling velocity of particles. Terminal set- tling velocity of a particle is directly proportion- al to the square of its diameter. 9 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv Terminal Settling Velocity = 0.006(specific gravity)(diameter)^2 66. Newton's Laws distance = 1/2gt^2 gravity = 9.8 m/s^2 or 32 ft/s^2 67. Charles' Law V1/T1=V2/T2 describes the relationship of volume with ab- solute pressure 68. Fick's Law law of diffusion describes the relationships be- tween molecular weight, diffusion coefficient, etc., and the rate of diffusion 69. Henry's Law covers solubilities of gases in water 70. Beer's Law covers the absorption of EM radiation and its relation to concentration 71. Boyle's Law addresses the relationship of pressure and volume at a constant temperature 72. safety factor equation SF = ultimate/allowable SF=safety factor ultimate=breaking strength allowable=safe working load 73. Given a safety factor of 10 SF = ultimate/allowable, so fro a 2 cm rope with a ten- allowable = ultimate/SF sile strength of 10,000 new- tons, what's the maximum allowable = 10,000 N/10 safe working load in kg? allowable = 1,000 N F=m/a m=F/a m= 1000 N/9.8 m/s^2 m = 102 kg 10 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 74. Time Weighted Average TWA = (T1C1 + T2C2 = TnCn)/Tt (TWA) C = Concentration T = Time 75. A worker was exposed to TWA = (1 x 350 + 3 x 200 + 4 x 150)/8 the following levels of stuff = 194 ppm during the 8-hr shift. What is the 8-hr TWA? 1 hr @ 350 ppm, 3 hrs @ 200 ppm, 4 hrs @ 150 ppm 76. fibers a particle with a 3:1 length-to-width ratio 77. fumes solid particles that are condensed from metal oxides (metal fume fever) particle size 0.01 - 0.2 microns - particles greater than 0.5 microns are con- sidered dusts 78. aerosol liquid droplets or solid particles dispersed in air that are fine enough particles to remain dispersed in air for prolonged periods. a dispersion of a solid or liquid particles of microscopic size in a gaseous medium for instances, smoke, fog, and mists. Level 1 aerosols - producing less than 8,600 Btu/lb Level 2 aerosols - producing 8,600 - 13,000 Btu/lb Level 3 aerosols - producing more than 13,000 Btu/lb therefore, the most hazardous for flammable aerosols is Level 3. 11 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 79. mist a term loosely applied to the dispersion of liq- uid particles, many of which are large enough to be individually visible without visual aid suspensions of liquid particles/droplets gen- erated by condensation from the gaseous to liquid state (vapor) particle size 40 - 400 microns 80. vapor gaseous form of a substances that are nor- mally in a solid or liquid state at normal tem- perature and pressure (NTP) the gaseous phase of a substance below its critical temp. 81. gas a substance above its critical temperature 82. smoke small gas-borne particles resulting form in- complete combustion and consisting predom- inately of carbon and other combustible mate- rials 83. Fog a term loosely applied to visible aerosols in which the dispersed phase is liquid. formation by condensation is implied. 84. smog a term derived from "smoke" and "fog" and applied to extensive atmospheric contamina- tion by aerosols arising from a combination of natural and man-made sources 85. dust a term loosely applied to solid particles pre- dominately larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases 86. inhalation 12 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv which route of entry of cont- aminants is of greatest con- cern in the majority of work environments? 87. The following are used - concentration of exposure to determine the relative - p[probability of absorption, ingestion, or in- health hazard of an occupa- halation tional contaminant - duration of exposure NOT age of exposed employees 88. virus a sub-microscopic infections agent that is un- able to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. 89. bacteria single-celled microorganisms which can exist either as independent organisms or as para- sites 90. antibody a type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance 91. anthropology the science that deals with the origins, physi- cal and cultural development, biological char- acteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind. 92. epidermis Outer layer of skin 93. dermis middle layer of skin 94. subcutaneous under the skin (inner fatty) 95. cochlea a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses in the cochlea the energy is changed from mechanical (fluid waves) to electrical (nerve impulses). 13 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 96. cochlear nerve a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain. 97. organ of corti contains four rows of hair cells tuned to certain sound frequencies 98. tympanic membrane The eardrum. a thin membrane that separates the external from the middle ear. its function is to transmit sound form the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. 99. Eustachian tube serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure. It opens during swallowing and yawning. 100. sensorineural hearing loss hearing loss from a repetitive noise occupa- tional exposure and takes place in the inner ear 101. Presbycusis hearing loss hearing loss that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older 102. Sound not reaching the in- - problems associated with the three bones of ner ear due to problems the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) with the mechanical trans- - accumulations of cerumen (wax) leading to mission of sound could be the eardrum caused by the following: - an infection or irritation resulting in blockage of the eustachian tube 103. Recommended Weight Lim- RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM it (RWL) LC=load constant HM=horizontal multiplier VM=vertical multiplier DM=distance multiplier AM=asymmetry multiplier FM=frequency multiplier CM=coupling multiplier 14 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 104. Lifting Index (LI) LI = L/RWL L=load (kg) RWL=Recommended Weight Limit 105. Lifting equation is intended for calculating a recommended weight for specified 2-handed, symmetrical lifting tasks. The most that someone should lift is the Load Constant (LC) of 23 kg. When looking to redesign the workstation, select the component from the formula with the mini- mum value first 106. Ohm's Law V=IR 107. Total resistance in series Rt = R1+R2+R3 108. Total resistance in parallel 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 109. Power P = (force x distance) / time also P=ExI also P = I^2 x R 110. WBGT equation WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT WG = natural wet bulb temp GT = globe temp *WB, DB, and psychrometric charts are used to determine relative humidity. 111. WBGT with solar load equate 15 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB dry bulb temp is read from a thermometer 112. Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR) the decrease in air temp. relative to an in- crease in altitude such that there is no ex- change of energy the rate at which atmospheric temperature de- creases with increasing altitude in conditions of thermal equilibrium. 113. The maximum exposure to 140 dB peak impulsive or impact noise should not exceed: 114. Doubling the sound intensi- 3 dB increase ty results in: example: the sum of two sound intensities of 70 dB each is approximate 73 dB 115. A 73 dB sound pressure lev- For each halving of the distance you must at 6 el (SPL) was measured at dB. There were two halvings of the distance, 600 ft. What is the SPL at 150 therefore, add 12 dB. Answer: 85 dB ft.? 116. The origin of the "A" weight- - relatively low levels of sound ing network on a sound lev- - at 40 phons el meter is to simulate the - at sound pressure levels less than 55 dB response of the human ear to all of the following: It's "C" weighting is at 1,000 Hz 117. The rule of thumb for pre- add 2 dicting combined decibel readings from two separate- the rule of thumb for combining decibels ly measured noise sources, where the two sources differ from 2-5 dB, is where the two sources differ adding 2 to the higher dB level by 3 dB, is: 118. 16 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv In a manufacturing plant, Sound Level Meter - direct reading instrument noise measuring equipment used to measure sound pressure variation in most commonly used in- air. The frequency range is usually 20 - 20,000 clude: Hz. Octave-Band Analyzer - used to determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum. It is an essential piece of equipment for engineering control of noise producing ma- chines or equipment. Noise Dosimeter - worn by workers to accu- mulate a record of noise energy to which they were exposed during the work shift 119. error of measurement % error = (EV - TV)/TV EV=experimental value TV=true value if true value is 27% ppm and the experimental value is 33%, the error of measurement is 22%. 120. cumulative error *SQRT(E1^2+E2^2+...+En^2) 121. System Forces is Concurrent if the lines of action of the forces have a common point of intersection is Coplanar forces if all the forces are acting on a two-dimensional surface is Collinear if all the forces have a common line of action Is Tensile if the force applied on a body that will tend to elongate the body is Compressive if the force tends to shrink the body in the direction that it is applied 17 / 22  Domain 1 - Advanced Science and Math Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bxogkv 122. Chemiluminescence the emission of light during a noncombustible chemical reaction 123. Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons - isotopes of the same element have the same charge but different nuclear masses. - isotopes of an element have the name num- ber of protons but different number of neu- trons. Radioisotopes are isotopes that are radioac- tive. 124. Types of Hydrocarbons Alkanes - a hydrocarbon containing only sin- gle covalent bonds (also known as Paraffins.) Alkenes - Hydrocarbons with one or more car- bon-carbon double bonds Alkynes - a carbon compound with a car- bon-carbon triple bond. 125. molecular weight (MW) The sum of the atomic weights of a molecule. Air has an approx. MW of 29. Therefore, any gases with MW >29 should sink and gases with MW