Statistics Formulas and Calculations
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Questions and Answers

What is the symbol for the correlation coefficient in the given calculator symbols?

  • Sx
  • n
  • r (correct)
  • x

    • What is the purpose of the regression equation in statistics?

  • To find the correlation coefficient
  • To calculate the standard deviation
  • To develop a predictive model between two variables (correct)
  • To calculate the mean of a dataset

    • What is the symbol for the slope of the line in the regression equation?

  • b
  • r
  • a (correct)
  • x

    • What is the range of the correlation coefficient?

    <p>-1 to +1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the y-intercept in the regression equation?

    <p>b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is calculated by squaring the standard deviation?

    <p>Variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative value of the correlation coefficient indicate?

    <p>An inverted correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the regression equation?

    <p>Y = ax + b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of accident statistics?

    <p>To measure performance, detect trouble spots, and fulfill OSHA record-keeping requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the F-statistic associated with?

    <p>Problems involving ANOVA and inferences about standard deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true?

    <p>Type I error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body?

    <p>Anthropometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

    <p>To predict the probabilities of certain events occurring in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Safety Sampling?

    <p>To measure the effectiveness of line manager safety activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error occurs when a null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false?

    <p>Type II error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

    <p>To summarize population data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of human movement?

    <p>Kinesiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graph representing the frequency distribution of a set of data?

    <p>Histogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the air sacs in the lungs where oxygen passes freely through the membrane?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of body function?

    <p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of ways an event can occur in a specified manner to the total number of ways the event can occur?

    <p>Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the membrane surrounding the lungs?

    <p>Pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the analysis that identifies the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system?

    <p>Pareto Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account?

    <p>Confidence Interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of entry of contaminants that is of greatest concern in the majority of work environments?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe solid particles that are larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases?

    <p>Dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antibody?

    <p>To respond to a foreign substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of skin?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of protein made by certain white blood cells?

    <p>Antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle layer of skin?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the inner ear is responsible for converting mechanical energy into electrical nerve impulses?

    <p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

    <p>To equalize pressure in the middle ear with external atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs due to repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear?

    <p>Sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear separates the external ear from the middle ear?

    <p>Tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cochlear nerve?

    <p>To carry signals from the cochlea to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cochlea in the ear?

    <p>Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs gradually in most individuals as they grow older?

    <p>Presbycusis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organ of Corti responsible for?

    <p>Containing hair cells tuned to certain sound frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of observations will fall within 1.64 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of observations will fall between the mean +/- two standard deviations?

    <p>95.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the square root of?

    <p>Variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of observations will fall within 3.49 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?

    <p>99.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard deviation a measure of?

    <p>The average distance of all observations from the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of observations will fall between the mean +/- one standard deviation?

    <p>68.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ANOVA?

    <p>To compare the means of three or more groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for events where the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the second event?

    <p>Independent Events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of nonparametric statistics?

    <p>Uses ordinal or nominal data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using nonparametric statistics?

    <p>No assumption needs to be made regarding normality of the distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule that states the probability that one of several mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of the separate probabilities?

    <p>Additional Rule of Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Least Square Method used for?

    <p>To find the estimated regression equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sample of data where each item from the population has an equal probability of being selected?

    <p>Random Sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conditional probability?

    <p>The probability of an event given that another event has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the entire set of data from which the sample data is taken?

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of nonparametric statistics?

    <p>The obtained values are less precise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule that states the probability that two or more independent events will occur is the product of their separate probabilities?

    <p>Multiplication Rule of Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for events where the outcome of one event does depend on the outcome of a previous event?

    <p>Dependent Events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a chi-square statistic of 0.01 indicate?

    <p>The result is statistically significant with a probability of error of 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is calculated in ANOVA?

    <p>The between column variance, within column variance, F Ratio, and grand mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of statistical analysis in a study?

    <p>To focus on sets of numerical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the probability that one of several events will occur?

    <p>Additional Rule of Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of sound not reaching the inner ear?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the Lifting Index (LI)?

    <p>LI = L/RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended weight limit (RWL) based on?

    <p>Load constant (LC), horizontal multiplier (HM), vertical multiplier (VM), distance multiplier (DM), asymmetry multiplier (AM), frequency multiplier (FM), and coupling multiplier (CM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lifting equation?

    <p>To calculate the recommended weight for specified 2-handed, symmetrical lifting tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Ohm's Law?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for total resistance in series?

    <p>Rt = R1+R2+R3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Load Constant (LC) in the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) formula?

    <p>23 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When redesigning a workstation, what should be selected first?

    <p>The component with the minimum value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'A' weighting network on a sound level meter?

    <p>To simulate the response of the human ear to all levels of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources that differ by 3 dB?

    <p>Add 2 to the higher dB level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>20 - 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of instrument is used to determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum?

    <p>Octave-Band Analyzer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SPL at 150 ft, therefore add 12 dB?

    <p>85 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Noise Dosimeter?

    <p>To accumulate a record of noise energy to which workers were exposed during the work shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of phons at which the 'A' weighting network is used?

    <p>40 phons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of frequencies at which the 'C' weighting network is used?

    <p>1000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling method involves grouping items from a population by similar characteristics and selecting a sample group randomly?

    <p>Cluster sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the pressure exerted by a volatile liquid at equilibrium conditions?

    <p>Vapor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress occurs when a material is pulled or stretched apart?

    <p>Tensile stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point where the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Boiling point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling method involves grouping items from a population by similar characteristics and obtaining a sample by randomly selecting within groups?

    <p>Stratified sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress occurs when a material is twisted in one direction and the other end is held motionless or twisted in the opposite direction?

    <p>Torque stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress occurs when a material is squeezed or compressed?

    <p>Compression stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress occurs when a material slides against itself in opposite directions?

    <p>Shear stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship described by Fick's Law?

    <p>Rate of diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating the safety factor?

    <p>SF = ultimate/allowable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum safe working load in kg for a 2 cm rope with a tensile strength of 10,000 N?

    <p>102 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the Time Weighted Average (TWA)?

    <p>TWA = (T1C1 + T2C2) / Tt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 8-hr TWA for a worker exposed to 350 ppm for 1 hr, 200 ppm for 3 hrs, and 150 ppm for 4 hrs?

    <p>194 ppm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law covers the relationship between pressure and volume at a constant temperature?

    <p>Boyle's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the safety factor equation?

    <p>To calculate the maximum safe working load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law covers the absorption of EM radiation and its relation to concentration?

    <p>Beer's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term applied to the dispersion of liquid particles, many of which are large enough to be individually visible without visual aid?

    <p>Mist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gaseous form of a substance that is normally in a solid or liquid state at normal temperature and pressure?

    <p>Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for small gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete combustion and consisting predominantly of carbon and other combustible materials?

    <p>Smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a term loosely applied to visible aerosols in which the dispersed phase is liquid?

    <p>Fog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term derived from 'smoke' and 'fog' and applied to extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols arising from a combination of natural and man-made sources?

    <p>Smog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of particle size in microns for mist?

    <p>40-400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance above its critical temperature?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the gaseous phase of a substance below its critical temperature?

    <p>Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of entry of contaminants that is of greatest concern in the majority of work environments?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe solid particles that are larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases?

    <p>Dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of skin?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of protein made by certain white blood cells?

    <p>Antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle layer of skin?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind?

    <p>Anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antibody?

    <p>To fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total resistance in parallel?

    <p>1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of power?

    <p>force x distance / time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for WBGT with solar load?

    <p>WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR)?

    <p>decrease in air temperature with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum exposure to 140 dB peak impulsive or impact noise?

    <p>should not exceed 8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increase in sound intensity when doubling the sound pressure level?

    <p>3 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of halving the distance on the sound pressure level?

    <p>6 dB increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for power in terms of voltage and current?

    <p>P = E x I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SPL at 150 Hz, therefore, add 12 dB?

    <p>85 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'A' weighting network on a sound level meter?

    <p>To simulate the response of the human ear to low levels of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources, where the two sources differ by 3 dB?

    <p>Add 2 to the higher dB level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of instrument is used to measure sound pressure variation in air?

    <p>Sound Level Meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>20 - 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Octave-Band Analyzer?

    <p>To determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of instrument is worn by workers to accumulate a record of noise energy to which they were exposed during the work shift?

    <p>Noise Dosimeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the 'A' weighting network on a sound level meter?

    <p>To simulate the response of the human ear to low levels of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cochlea in the inner ear?

    <p>To convert mechanical energy into electrical nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane in the ear?

    <p>To transmit sound waves from the air to the ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs due to repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear?

    <p>Sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the total resistance in parallel circuits?

    <p>1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organ of Corti responsible for?

    <p>Detecting sound frequencies through hair cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for power in terms of current and resistance?

    <p>P = I^2 x R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube in the ear?

    <p>To equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the WBGT equation with solar load?

    <p>WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cochlea in the ear?

    <p>In the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum exposure to peak impulsive or impact noise?

    <p>140 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cochlear nerve in the ear?

    <p>To carry signals from the cochlea to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of doubling the sound intensity?

    <p>3 dB increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs gradually in most individuals as they grow older?

    <p>Presbycusis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in sound pressure level (SPL) for each halving of the distance?

    <p>3 dB increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate at which atmospheric temperature decreases with increasing altitude in conditions of thermal equilibrium?

    <p>Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in air temperature relative to an increase in altitude with no exchange of energy?

    <p>Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cochlea in the inner ear?

    <p>To convert mechanical energy into electrical nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the inner ear contains four rows of hair cells tuned to certain sound frequencies?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Eustachian tube?

    <p>To equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs due to repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear?

    <p>Sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear separates the external ear from the middle ear?

    <p>Tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cochlear nerve?

    <p>To carry signals from the cochlea to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cochlea in the ear?

    <p>Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs gradually in most individuals as they grow older?

    <p>Presbycusis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance in parallel?

    <p>1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of power?

    <p>Joules per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the WBGT equation used to determine?

    <p>Heat stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adiabatic lapse rate related to?

    <p>Decrease in air temperature with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum exposure time to 140 dB peak impulsive or impact noise?

    <p>The question does not provide enough information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'A' weighting network on a sound level meter?

    <p>To simulate the response of the human ear to all sound levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources that differ by 3 dB?

    <p>Add 2 to the higher dB level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of doubling the sound intensity?

    <p>A 3 dB increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of halving the distance from the sound source on the sound pressure level?

    <p>A 6 dB increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>20 - 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Octave-Band Analyzer?

    <p>To determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sound pressure level measured at 600 ft?

    <p>73 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SPL at 150ft, therefore, add 12 dB?

    <p>85 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the instrument used to measure sound pressure variation in air?

    <p>Sound Level Meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Noise Dosimeter?

    <p>To accumulate a record of noise energy to which workers are exposed during the work shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of frequency measured by a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>20 - 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cochlea?

    <p>To change the energy of sound waves from mechanical to electrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tympanic membrane?

    <p>To transmit sound waves from the air to the ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs due to repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear?

    <p>Sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organ of Corti responsible for?

    <p>Containing four rows of hair cells tuned to certain sound frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

    <p>To equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs gradually in most individuals as they grow older?

    <p>Presbycusis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cochlear nerve responsible for?

    <p>Carrying signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the ear is the cochlea located?

    <p>Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for total resistance in parallel circuits?

    <p>1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of power?

    <p>(force x distance) / time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the WBGT equation used for?

    <p>To determine relative humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum exposure to 140 dB peak impulsive or impact noise?

    <p>Should not exceed 1 second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of doubling the sound intensity?

    <p>A 3 dB increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sound pressure level when the distance is halved?

    <p>It increases by 6 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the WBGT equation with solar load?

    <p>WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR) related to?

    <p>The decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'A' weighting network on a sound level meter?

    <p>To simulate the response of the human ear to relatively low levels of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources that differ by 3 dB?

    <p>Add 2 to the higher dB level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>20 - 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of instrument is used to determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum?

    <p>Octave-Band Analyzer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Noise Dosimeter?

    <p>To accumulate a record of noise energy to which workers are exposed during the work shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SPL at 150 ft, if you add 12 dB?

    <p>85 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs due to repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear?

    <p>Noise-induced hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

    <p>To equalize air pressure in the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of observations will fall within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard deviation a measure of?

    <p>Variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of observations that will fall between the mean +/- 1.96 standard deviations?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard deviation of a set of data?

    <p>The square root of the variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of observations will fall within 1.64 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of observations that will fall between the mean +/- 3.49 standard deviations?

    <p>99.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of observations that will fall between the mean +/- 2 standard deviations?

    <p>95.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate the standard deviation of a set of data in a calculator?

    <p>Input list into calculator, (2nd STAT, enter variables, STATVAR, calculate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a cryogenic liquid?

    <p>It has a boiling point below -150°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction releases heat and gives net energy to its surroundings?

    <p>Exothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of arranging elements in order of increasing atomic number according to the periodic law?

    <p>A repetition of physical and chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chelating agent?

    <p>A chemical compound capable of forming multiple chemical bonds to a metal ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a buffer?

    <p>To reduce the change in hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a mole of nitrogen gas?

    <p>It weighs 28 grams and has 6.024x10^23 N_2 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH scale?

    <p>A measure of the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of the pH scale?

    <p>0 to 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the description of a fiber?

    <p>A particle with a 3:1 length-to-width ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of particles considered fumes?

    <p>0.01 - 0.2 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an aerosol?

    <p>A liquid droplet or solid particle dispersed in air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Level 3 aerosols?

    <p>Producing more than 13,000 Btu/lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between fumes and dusts?

    <p>Particles greater than 0.5 microns are considered dusts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Level 1 aerosols?

    <p>Producing less than 8,600 Btu/lb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of particles considered dusts?

    <p>Particles greater than 0.5 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the description of metal fume fever?

    <p>A fever caused by exposure to metal fumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'A' weighting network on a sound level meter?

    <p>To simulate the response of the human ear to all frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources that differ by 3 dB?

    <p>Add 2 to the higher dB level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SPL at 150 ft, adding 12 dB?

    <p>85 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>20 - 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Octave-Band Analyzer?

    <p>To determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Noise Dosimeter?

    <p>To accumulate a record of noise energy to which workers were exposed during the work shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'C' weighting of a sound level meter?

    <p>At 1,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of noise measuring equipment is most commonly used in a manufacturing plant?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mist?

    <p>A term loosely applied to the dispersion of liquid particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vapor?

    <p>The gaseous phase of a substance below its critical temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of particle size in mist?

    <p>Between 40-400 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fog?

    <p>A term loosely applied to visible aerosols in which the dispersed phase is liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is smog?

    <p>A term derived from 'smoke' and 'fog' and applied to extensive atmospheric contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is smoke?

    <p>Small gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mist and fog?

    <p>Mist is larger than fog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the particle size of mist and its visibility?

    <p>The larger the particle size, the more visible the mist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Pareto Analysis?

    <p>To identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of human movement called?

    <p>Kinesiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Histogram?

    <p>A graph representing the frequency distribution of a set of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for air sacs in the lungs where oxygen passes freely through the membrane?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of body function called?

    <p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the membrane surrounding the lungs called?

    <p>Pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account?

    <p>Confidence Interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Probability?

    <p>The ratio of ways an event can occur in a specified manner to the total number of ways the event can occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of entry of contaminants that is of greatest concern in the majority of work environments?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe solid particles that are larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases?

    <p>Dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antibody?

    <p>To fight against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of skin?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle layer of skin?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are used to determine the relative health hazard of an occupational contaminant?

    <p>Concentration of exposure, probability of absorption, and duration of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind?

    <p>Anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible reason for sound not reaching the inner ear?

    <p>Eustachian tube blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Load Constant (LC) in the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) formula represent?

    <p>The most that someone should lift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total resistance in series?

    <p>Rt = R1+R2+R3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Ohm's Law?

    <p>V=IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Lifting Index (LI) calculated as?

    <p>LI = L/RWL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When redesigning a workstation, which component should be selected first from the RWL formula?

    <p>The component with the minimum value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) equation?

    <p>To calculate a recommended weight for specified 2-handed, symmetrical lifting tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the Load (L) in the Lifting Index (LI) formula?

    <p>Kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'A' weighting network on a sound level meter?

    <p>To simulate the response of the human ear to relatively low levels of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources that differ by 3 dB?

    <p>Add 2 to the higher dB level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>20 - 20,000 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Octave-Band Analyzer used for?

    <p>Determining where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Noise Dosimeter?

    <p>Accumulating a record of noise energy exposure during a work shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SPL at 150 Hz if you add 12 dB to the initial SPL?

    <p>85 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of noise measuring equipment in a manufacturing plant?

    <p>Engineering control of noise-producing machines or equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using an Octave-Band Analyzer over a Sound Level Meter?

    <p>It can determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the cochlea located in the ear?

    <p>Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

    <p>To transmit sound from the air to the ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs due to repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear?

    <p>Sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

    <p>To equalize pressure in the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organ of Corti responsible for?

    <p>Containing four rows of hair cells tuned to certain sound frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hearing loss occurs gradually in most individuals as they grow older?

    <p>Presbycusis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cochlear nerve responsible for?

    <p>Carrying signals from the cochlea to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the subcutaneous tissue located?

    <p>Under the skin (inner fatty)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of observations will fall within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calculation required to find the standard deviation of a set of data?

    <p>Square root of the variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of observations that will fall between the mean +/- one standard deviation?

    <p>68.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the standard deviation?

    <p>To measure the variation of the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of observations that will fall within 1.96 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate the standard deviation using a calculator?

    <p>Input list into calculator, (2nd STAT, enter variables, STATVAR, calculate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of observations that will fall within 3.49 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution?

    <p>99.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the standard deviation in a normal distribution?

    <p>To measure the variation of the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of identifying the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system?

    <p>To allocate resources to address the most significant quality problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of the number of ways an event can occur to the total number of ways the event can occur?

    <p>Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for events where the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the second event?

    <p>Dependent events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the graph that represents the frequency distribution of a set of data?

    <p>Histogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of statistical analysis in any study?

    <p>Sets of numerical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule that states the probability that one of several mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of the separate probabilities?

    <p>Additional Rule of Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a chi-square statistic equal to 0.01 indicate?

    <p>The result is statistically significant with a probability of error of 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the membrane that surrounds the lungs?

    <p>Pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the entire set of data from which a sample is drawn?

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern in the majority of work environments in terms of the route of entry of contaminants?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the measurements and proportions of the human body?

    <p>Anthropometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Least Square Method?

    <p>To find the estimated regression equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a random sample?

    <p>Each item has an equal probability of being selected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of an event A, given that another event B has already occurred?

    <p>Conditional probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account?

    <p>Confidence interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe solid particles that are larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases?

    <p>Dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of events is described by the formula P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)?

    <p>Mutually exclusive events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistics does not make assumptions about the normality of the distribution?

    <p>Nonparametric statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antibody?

    <p>To fight against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the air sacs in the lungs where oxygen passes freely through the membrane?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability that two or more independent events will occur?

    <p>The product of the separate probabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of skin?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of human movement?

    <p>Kinesiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ANOVA?

    <p>To compare the means of three or more groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of using nonparametric statistics?

    <p>The obtained values are less precise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the probability that one event will occur given that another event has occurred?

    <p>Conditional probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle layer of skin?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is calculated in the Least Square Method?

    <p>The sum of the squares of the distances between the line and the points not on the line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the line that best describes or minimizes the sum of the squares of the distances between the line and the points not on the line?

    <p>Least Square line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind?

    <p>Anthropology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors used to determine the relative health hazard of an occupational contaminant?

    <p>Concentration of exposure, probability of absorption, and duration of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Statistics and Calculations

    • n represents the number of variables, x is the mean, Sx is the standard deviation, and r is the correlation coefficient.
    • Variance is calculated by squaring the standard deviation.
    • Regression equation is a formula for a line that models a linear relationship between two quantitative variables, represented by Y = ax + b.
    • a is the slope of the line, b is the y-intercept, and r is the correlation coefficient.

    Correlation and Inference

    • Correlation coefficient is an index of the extent to which two variables are associated, ranging from -1 to +1.
    • Inferential statistics predict the probabilities of certain events occurring in a population.
    • F-statistic is associated with problems involving ANOVA and inferences about standard deviations.

    Descriptive Statistics and Sampling

    • Descriptive statistics summarize population data.
    • Accident statistics are used to measure performance, detect trouble spots, and fulfill OSHA record-keeping requirements.
    • Safety Sampling is a technique using statistics to measure the effectiveness of line manager safety activities.

    Errors and Hypotheses

    • Type I error (alpha) is a false positive result, where the null hypothesis is rejected when it's true.
    • Type II error (beta) is a false negative result, where the null hypothesis is accepted when it's false.

    Human Body and Physiology

    • Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.
    • Kinesiology is the study of human movement.
    • Physiology is the study of body function.
    • Bronchioles are airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
    • Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs, allowing oxygen to pass freely through the membrane (pleura).

    Data Analysis and Visualization

    • Histogram is a graph representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.
    • Pictograms are pictorial symbols or signs representing an object or concept.
    • Confidence interval is a statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account.

    Quality and Probability

    • Pareto Analysis identifies the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system (80/20).
    • Probability is the ratio of ways an event can occur in a specified manner to the total number of ways the event can occur.
    • P_s + P_f = 1, where P_s is the probability of success and P_f is the probability of failure.

    Occupational Health and Safety

    • Inhalation is the route of entry of contaminants of greatest concern in the majority of work environments.
    • Factors determining the relative health hazard of an occupational contaminant include concentration of exposure, probability of absorption, ingestion, or inhalation, and duration of exposure.
    • Viruses are sub-microscopic infectious agents that are unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
    • Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist either as independent organisms or as parasites.

    Anatomy and Health

    • Epidermis is the outer layer of skin.
    • Dermis is the middle layer of skin.
    • Subcutaneous is the layer under the skin (inner fatty).
    • Cochlea is a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that triggers nerve impulses.
    • Cochlear nerve is a nerve that carries signals from the cochlea to the brain.
    • Organ of Corti contains four rows of hair cells tuned to certain sound frequencies.
    • Tympanic membrane is the eardrum, separating the external from the middle ear.
    • Eustachian tube serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure.
    • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs from repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear.
    • Presbycusis is a hearing loss that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older.

    Standard Deviations and Probability

    • Standard deviation is a measure of the average distance of all observations from the mean in a normal distribution.
    • Approximately 99% of observations fall within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean, 95% within 1.96 standard deviations, and 90% within 1.64 standard deviations.
    • Standard deviation is a measure of variation, calculated as the square root of the variance.
    • Approximately 95.4% of observations fall between the mean +/- two standard deviations, and approximately 68.3% fall between the mean +/- one standard deviation.

    Statistical Tests and Concepts

    • Chi-square test is used to test for the equality of two frequencies or proportions, with a probability of error of 1% for a result with a chi-square statistic of 0.01.
    • Least Square Method is a procedure for using sample data to find the estimated regression equation, minimizing the sum of the squares of the distances between the line and the points not on the line.
    • Conditional Probability is the probability of an event (A), given that another event (B) has already occurred.
    • Nonparametric statistics involve testing not based on population parameters, including tests of significance based on ordinal or nominal data, with the advantage of not requiring assumptions about normality of the distribution.
    • ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is an inferential statistical test for comparing the means of three or more groups.

    Probability Rules and Concepts

    • Mutually exclusive events are those where the result of the first event does not affect the second.
    • Independent events are those where the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the second event.
    • Dependent events are those where the outcome of one event depends on the outcome of a previous event.
    • Additional Rule of Probability states that the probability that one of several mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of the separate probabilities.
    • Multiplication Rule of Probability states that the probability that two or more independent events will occur is the product of their separate probabilities.

    Other Concepts

    • In statistical analysis, the focus is on sets of numerical data, with the entire set of data from which the sample came being called the population.
    • A random sample is one where each item from the population has an equal probability of being selected.
    • Sound not reaching the inner ear due to problems with the mechanical transmission of sound could be caused by problems with the three bones of the middle ear, accumulations of cerumen, or infections or irritation resulting in blockage of the eustachian tube.

    Lifting and Sound

    • Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) is calculated as RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM, where LC is the load constant, HM is the horizontal multiplier, VM is the vertical multiplier, DM is the distance multiplier, AM is the asymmetry multiplier, FM is the frequency multiplier, and CM is the coupling multiplier.
    • Lifting Index (LI) is calculated as LI = L/RWL, where L is the load in kg and RWL is the Recommended Weight Limit.
    • Ohm's Law states that V=IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
    • Total resistance in series is calculated as Rt = R1+R2+R3.
    • The origin of the "A" weighting network on a sound level meter is to simulate the response of the human ear to sound pressure levels less than 55 dB, with "C" weighting at 1,000 Hz.
    • The rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate measured noise sources, where the two sources differ by 3 dB, is to add 2 to the higher dB level.

    Sampling Methods

    • Cluster sampling: groups items from a population by similar characteristics, and the sample group is selected randomly.
    • Stratified sampling: groups items from a population by similar characteristics, and the sample is obtained by randomly selecting within groups.
    • Systematic sampling: items from a population are selected based on factors such as time or location/position.

    Stress and Materials

    • Tensile stress: pull or stretch a material apart.
    • Shear stress: slide against itself in opposite directions.
    • Compression stress: squeeze or compress a material.
    • Torque stress: twisted in one direction and the other end is held motionless or twisted in the opposite direction.

    Physics and Chemistry

    • Vapor pressure: the pressure exerted by a volatile liquid at equilibrium conditions.
    • Boiling point: the point where vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
    • Fick's Law: describes the relationships between molecular weight, diffusion coefficient, and the rate of diffusion.
    • Henry's Law: covers solubilities of gases in water.
    • Beer's Law: covers the absorption of EM radiation and its relation to concentration.
    • Boyle's Law: addresses the relationship of pressure and volume at a constant temperature.

    Safety Factor and Load

    • Safety factor equation: SF = ultimate/allowable.
    • Given a safety factor of 10, for a 2 cm rope with a tensile strength of 10,000 newtons, the maximum safe working load in kg is 102 kg.

    Time Weighted Average (TWA)

    • TWA equation: TWA = (T1C1 + T2C2 ... TnCn)/Tt.
    • Example: a worker was exposed to the following levels of stuff during the 8-hr shift, the 8-hr TWA is 194 ppm.

    Airborne Contaminants

    • Mist: a term loosely applied to the dispersion of liquid particles, many of which are large enough to be individually visible without visual aid.
    • Vapor: the gaseous form of a substance that is normally in a solid or liquid state at normal temperature and pressure.
    • Gas: a substance above its critical temperature.
    • Smoke: small gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete combustion and consisting predominantly of carbon and other combustible materials.
    • Fog: a term loosely applied to visible aerosols in which the dispersed phase is liquid.
    • Smog: a term derived from "smoke" and "fog" and applied to extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols arising from a combination of natural and man-made sources.
    • Dust: a term loosely applied to solid particles predominantly larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases.

    Health and Occupational Hazards

    • Inhalation: the route of entry of contaminants that is of greatest concern in the majority of work environments.
    • Factors to determine the relative health hazard of an occupational contaminant: concentration of exposure, probability of absorption, ingestion, or inhalation, and duration of exposure.
    • Virus: a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
    • Bacteria: single-celled microorganisms that can exist either as independent organisms or as parasites.
    • Antibody: a type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance.

    Anthropology and Skin

    • Anthropology: the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.
    • Epidermis: the outer layer of skin.
    • Dermis: the middle layer of skin.

    Electrical and Thermal

    • Total resistance in parallel: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2.
    • Power: P = (force x distance) / time, or P = ExI, or P = I^2 x R.
    • WBGT equation: WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT.
    • WBGT equation with solar load: WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB.

    Other Concepts

    • Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR): the decrease in air temperature relative to an increase in altitude such that there is no exchange of energy.
    • Maximum exposure to impulsive or impact noise: 140 dB peak.
    • Doubling the sound intensity results in a 3 dB increase.
    • A 73 dB sound pressure level was measured at 600 ft.

    Anatomy of the Ear

    • Subcutaneous refers to the area under the skin (inner fatty layer)
    • The cochlea is a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that converts sound waves into nerve impulses
    • The cochlea changes the energy from mechanical (fluid waves) to electrical (nerve impulses)

    Components of the Ear

    • The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea to the brain
    • The organ of Corti contains four rows of hair cells tuned to specific sound frequencies
    • The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external ear from the middle ear and transmits sound from the air to the ossicles
    • The Eustachian tube equalizes pressure in the middle ear with external atmospheric pressure and opens during swallowing and yawning

    Types of Hearing Loss

    • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs from repetitive noise exposure and takes place in the inner ear
    • Presbycusis is a type of hearing loss that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older

    Sound Measurement

    • The SPL (sound pressure level) at 150 ft is 85 dB
    • The "A" weighting network on a sound level meter simulates the response of the human ear to low levels of sound, below 55 dB
    • The rule of thumb for combining decibels is to add 2 to the higher dB level when the two sources differ by 2-5 dB

    Noise Measurement Equipment

    • A sound level meter is a direct reading instrument used to measure sound pressure variation in air, with a frequency range of 20-20,000 Hz
    • An octave-band analyzer is used to determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum
    • A noise dosimeter is worn by workers to accumulate a record of noise energy exposure during the work shift

    Physics and Math

    • Total resistance in parallel is calculated as 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2
    • Power (P) is calculated as P = (force x distance) / time, or P = ExI, or P = I^2 x R
    • The WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) equation is WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • The WBGT equation with solar load is WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB
    • The adiabatic lapse rate (ALR) is the decrease in air temperature relative to an increase in altitude, with no exchange of energy
    • The maximum exposure to 140 dB peak impulsive or impact noise should not exceed a certain duration

    Sound and Distance

    • Doubling the sound intensity results in a 3 dB increase
    • When the distance is halved, the sound pressure level (SPL) increases by 6 dB

    Anatomy of the Ear

    • Subcutaneous refers to the area under the skin (inner fatty layer)
    • The cochlea is a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that converts sound waves into nerve impulses
    • The cochlea changes the energy from mechanical (fluid waves) to electrical (nerve impulses)

    Components of the Ear

    • The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea to the brain
    • The organ of Corti contains four rows of hair cells tuned to specific sound frequencies
    • The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external ear from the middle ear and transmits sound from the air to the ossicles
    • The Eustachian tube equalizes pressure in the middle ear with external atmospheric pressure and opens during swallowing and yawning

    Types of Hearing Loss

    • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs from repetitive noise exposure and takes place in the inner ear
    • Presbycusis is a type of hearing loss that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older

    Sound Measurement

    • The SPL (sound pressure level) at 150 ft is 85 dB
    • The "A" weighting network on a sound level meter simulates the response of the human ear to low levels of sound, below 55 dB
    • The rule of thumb for combining decibels is to add 2 to the higher dB level when the two sources differ by 2-5 dB

    Noise Measurement Equipment

    • A sound level meter is a direct reading instrument used to measure sound pressure variation in air, with a frequency range of 20-20,000 Hz
    • An octave-band analyzer is used to determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum
    • A noise dosimeter is worn by workers to accumulate a record of noise energy exposure during the work shift

    Physics and Math

    • Total resistance in parallel is calculated as 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2
    • Power (P) is calculated as P = (force x distance) / time, or P = ExI, or P = I^2 x R
    • The WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) equation is WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • The WBGT equation with solar load is WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB
    • The adiabatic lapse rate (ALR) is the decrease in air temperature relative to an increase in altitude, with no exchange of energy
    • The maximum exposure to 140 dB peak impulsive or impact noise should not exceed a certain duration

    Sound and Distance

    • Doubling the sound intensity results in a 3 dB increase
    • When the distance is halved, the sound pressure level (SPL) increases by 6 dB

    Anatomy of the Ear

    • Subcutaneous refers to the area under the skin (inner fatty layer)
    • The cochlea is a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that converts sound waves into nerve impulses
    • The cochlea changes the energy from mechanical (fluid waves) to electrical (nerve impulses)

    Components of the Ear

    • The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea to the brain
    • The organ of Corti contains four rows of hair cells tuned to specific sound frequencies
    • The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external ear from the middle ear and transmits sound from the air to the ossicles
    • The Eustachian tube equalizes pressure in the middle ear with external atmospheric pressure and opens during swallowing and yawning

    Types of Hearing Loss

    • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs from repetitive noise exposure and takes place in the inner ear
    • Presbycusis is a type of hearing loss that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older

    Sound Measurement

    • The SPL (sound pressure level) at 150 ft is 85 dB
    • The "A" weighting network on a sound level meter simulates the response of the human ear to low levels of sound, below 55 dB
    • The rule of thumb for combining decibels is to add 2 to the higher dB level when the two sources differ by 2-5 dB

    Noise Measurement Equipment

    • A sound level meter is a direct reading instrument used to measure sound pressure variation in air, with a frequency range of 20-20,000 Hz
    • An octave-band analyzer is used to determine where the noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum
    • A noise dosimeter is worn by workers to accumulate a record of noise energy exposure during the work shift

    Physics and Math

    • Total resistance in parallel is calculated as 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2
    • Power (P) is calculated as P = (force x distance) / time, or P = ExI, or P = I^2 x R
    • The WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) equation is WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT
    • The WBGT equation with solar load is WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB
    • The adiabatic lapse rate (ALR) is the decrease in air temperature relative to an increase in altitude, with no exchange of energy
    • The maximum exposure to 140 dB peak impulsive or impact noise should not exceed a certain duration

    Sound and Distance

    • Doubling the sound intensity results in a 3 dB increase
    • When the distance is halved, the sound pressure level (SPL) increases by 6 dB

    Standard Deviations

    • A standard deviation is a measure of the average distance of all observations from the mean.
    • In a normal distribution, approximately 99% of the observations will fall within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean, 95% within 1.96 standard deviations, and 90% within 1.64 standard deviations.
    • Approximately 99.9% of the observations will fall within 3.49 standard deviations.
    • Approximately 95.4% of the observations will fall between the mean +/- two standard deviations.
    • Approximately 68.3% of the observations will fall between the mean +/- one standard deviation.

    Chemical Reactions

    • An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat and gives net energy to its surroundings.
    • A chelating agent is a chemical compound capable of forming multiple chemical bonds to a metal ion.
    • A buffer is a substance that reduces the change in hydrogen ion concentration (pH) otherwise produced by adding acids or bases to a solution.

    Chemical Properties

    • A mole of nitrogen gas can be described by all of the following: weighs 28 grams, has 6.024x10^23 N_2 molecules, and occupies 24.45 liters at 25°C and 1 atm.
    • The pH scale represents the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter and provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

    Particle Properties

    • Fibers are particles with a 3:1 length-to-width ratio.
    • Fumes are solid particles that are condensed from metal oxides (metal fume fever) with a particle size of 0.01-0.2 microns.
    • Aerosols are liquid droplets or solid particles dispersed in air that are fine enough particles to remain dispersed in air for prolonged periods.
    • Mists are dispersions of liquid particles/droplets generated by condensation from the gaseous to liquid state (vapor) with a particle size of 40-400 microns.
    • Vapor is the gaseous form of a substance that is normally in a solid or liquid state at normal temperature and pressure (NTP).
    • Gas is a substance above its critical temperature.
    • Smoke is small gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete combustion and consisting predominantly of carbon and other combustible materials.
    • Fog is a term loosely applied to visible aerosols in which the dispersed phase is liquid.
    • Smog is a term derived from "smoke" and "fog" and applied to extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols arising from a combination of natural and man-made sources.

    Sound Levels

    • The origin of the "A" weighting network on a sound level meter is to simulate the response of the human ear to all of the following: relatively low levels of sound, at 40 phons, and at sound pressure levels less than 55 dB.
    • The rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources is to add 2 when the two sources differ by 2-5 dB, and to add 3 when the two sources differ by 3 dB.
    • In a manufacturing plant, noise measuring equipment most commonly used includes Sound Level Meter, Octave-Band Analyzer, and Noise Dosimeter.

    Kinesiology and Physiology

    • Kinesiology is the study of human movement.
    • Physiology is the study of body function.

    Data Analysis

    • A histogram is a graph representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.
    • A pictogram is a pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept.
    • Confidence interval is a statistical range with a given probability, taking random error into account.

    Anatomy and Respiratory System

    • Bronchioles are airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
    • The pleura is a membrane surrounding the lungs.
    • Alveoli are air sacs in the lungs, allowing oxygen to pass freely through the pleura.
    • Dust is a term loosely applied to solid particles predominantly larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases.

    Occupational Health

    • Inhalation is the route of entry of contaminants that is of greatest concern in the majority of work environments.
    • Factors determining the relative health hazard of an occupational contaminant include concentration of exposure, probability of absorption, ingestion, or inhalation, and duration of exposure.

    Microbiology

    • A virus is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
    • Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist either as independent organisms or as parasites.
    • An antibody is a type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance.

    Anthropology and Skin

    • Anthropology is the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.
    • The epidermis is the outer layer of skin.
    • The dermis is the middle layer of skin.
    • The subcutaneous layer is the layer under the skin (inner fatty).

    Hearing and Sound

    • The cochlea is a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
    • The cochlear nerve is a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain.
    • The organ of Corti contains four rows of hair cells tuned to certain sound frequencies.
    • The tympanic membrane is the eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the external from the middle ear and transmits sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear.
    • The Eustachian tube serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure.
    • Sensorineural hearing loss is hearing loss from repetitive noise occupational exposure and takes place in the inner ear.
    • Presbycusis is hearing loss that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older.

    Lifting and Ergonomics

    • The Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) is a formula used to calculate a recommended weight for lifting tasks.
    • The Lifting Index (LI) is calculated by dividing the load (L) by the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL).
    • Ohm's Law is V=IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
    • The total resistance in series is Rt = R1+R2+R3.

    Sound and Noise

    • The origin of the "A" weighting network on a sound level meter is to simulate the response of the human ear to sound levels.
    • The rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separate noise sources is to add 2 to the higher dB level when the two sources differ by 2-5 dB.
    • In a manufacturing plant, noise measuring equipment commonly used includes sound level meters, octave-band analyzers, and noise dosimeters.

    Standard Deviations

    • A measure of the average distance of all observations from the mean.
    • In a normal distribution, approximately 99% of observations fall within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean.
    • Approximately 95.4% of observations fall between the mean +/- two standard deviations.
    • Approximately 68.3% of observations fall between the mean +/- one standard deviation.
    • The standard deviation is a measure of variation.
    • The standard deviation of a set of data is the square root of the variance.

    Statistical Concepts

    • Chi-square statistic: a test for the equality of two frequencies or proportions.
    • Least Square Method: a procedure for using sample data to find the estimated regression equation.
    • Conditional Probability: the probability of an event (A), given that another (B) has already occurred.
    • Nonparametric statistics: testing not based on population parameters; includes tests of significance based on ordinal or nominal data.
    • ANOVA (analysis of variance): an inferential statistical test for comparing the means of three or more groups.

    Human Physiology and Anatomy

    • Kinesiology: the study of human movement.
    • Physiology: the study of body function.
    • Bronchioles: airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
    • Pleura: membrane surrounding the lungs.
    • Alveoli: air sacs in the lungs, allowing oxygen to pass freely through the membrane.

    Data Analysis

    • Histogram: a graph representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.
    • Pictograms: a pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept.
    • Confidence interval: a statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account.

    Probability

    • Probability: a ratio of ways an event can occur in a specified manner to the total number of ways the event can occur.
    • P_s + P_f = 1, where P_s is the probability of success and P_f is the probability of failure.
    • Mutually exclusive events: events where the result of the first event does not affect the second event.
    • Independent events: events where the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the second event.
    • Dependent events: events where the outcome of one event depends on the outcome of a previous event.
    • Additional Rule of Probability: the probability that one of several mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of the separate probabilities.
    • Multiplication Rule of Probability: the probability that two or more independent events will occur is the product of their separate probabilities.

    Other Concepts

    • Anthrology: the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.
    • Epidermis: the outer layer of skin.
    • Dermis: the middle layer of skin.
    • Pareto Analysis: identifying the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system (80/20).
    • Dust: a term loosely applied to solid particles predominantly larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases.
    • Inhalation: the route of entry of contaminants that is of greatest concern in the majority of work environments.
    • Virus: a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
    • Bacteria: single-celled microorganisms that can exist either as independent organisms or as parasites.
    • Antibody: a type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance.

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