Immunology Past Paper PDF

1. Define the following terms a. Congenital disease b. TORCH complex c. Nondisjunction d. Monosomy e. Trisomy f. Deletion g. Mutation h. Anencephaly i. Spina bifida 2. List the five (5) major factors known to induce congenital malformati...

1. Define the following terms a. Congenital disease b. TORCH complex c. Nondisjunction d. Monosomy e. Trisomy f. Deletion g. Mutation h. Anencephaly i. Spina bifida 2. List the five (5) major factors known to induce congenital malformations. 3. A hereditary (genetic) disease results from? 4. What is the genotype for the following chromosomal abnormalities? j. Turner syndrome k. Triple X syndrome l. Klinefelter syndrome 5. Down syndrome occurs when there are three copies of the 21st chromosome. Answer the following questions. m. What is down syndrome caused by? n. List two (2) manifestations of down syndrome. 6. List one example of each of the following inheritance patterns. o. Autosomal dominant p. Autosomal recessive q. – linked 7. List two advantages of chorionic villi sampling over amniocentesis. 8. List two disadvantages of chorionic villi sampling. 9. Define the following terms. r. Inflammation s. Innate immunity t. Serous exudate u. Fibrinous exudate v. Purulent exudate w. Hemorrhagic exudate x. Adhesions y. Pathogenic z. Virulence aa. Host  bb. Infection cc. Cellulitis dd. Abscess ee. Septicemia 10. List the characteristic signs of inflammation and their cause. 11. What is the most important cell in the acute inflammatory process? 12. The inflammatory reaction is the same no matter what caused the injury. The inflammatory response is not directly caused by the tissue injury. What is it caused by? 13. List the cell that releases histamine and list the effect of histamine. 14. List the three (3) factors that influence the outcome of an infection. 15. List the three main cells involved in the chronic inflammatory response. 16. Define the following terms ff. Autoimmune disease gg. Hypersensitivity hh. Allergen ii. Autoantibody 17. List three (3) characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells. 18. What is the benefit of creating memory cells during the immune response? 19. Entry of a foreign antigen into the body triggers a chain of events. List these three events. 20. List the function of the following cells. jj. Regulator T cells. kk. Helper T cells. ll. Suppressor T cells. 21. List three (3) functions of cytotoxic T cells. 22. Match the following immunoglobulins to their correct description. IgMA. Found in respiratory and GI tract secretions, preventing absorption IgGB. Found on cell membrane of B cells; found only in trace amounts in blood IgAC. Very efficient in combining with fungi IgED. Normally found only in trace amounts in blood, but concentration is greatly increased in allergic individuals IgDE. Main antibody formed in response to majority of infectious agents 23. List three three (3) functions of complement in the immune response.  24. Match the types of hypersensitivity reactions to their correct description and/or example. Type I: allergy and anaphylacticA. Antibody combines with cell or tissue antigen, resulting in complement – mediated lysis of cells; examples include incompatible blood transfusions Type II: cytotoxicB. T lymphocytes sensitized on initial contact and activated on second contact; inflammation is induced and macrophages are activated; requires 24 – 48 hours to develop Type III: immune complexC. IgE antibodies fix to mast cells and basophils; later contact with allergen triggers release of histamine; local or systemic response; examples include hay fever or bee stings Type IV: delayed or cell - mediatedD. Antigen – antibody (Ag – Ab) complexes are deposited in tissues, neutrophils are attracted to the site and cause tissue damage; examples include lupus