Civil Engineering Orientation PDF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING ES 5– CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION Engr. Gladys V. Conge  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1...

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING ES 5– CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION Engr. Gladys V. Conge  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 PREFACE The main purpose of this module is to provide the student with a knowledge on the various tracks of specialization of Civil Engineering, emphasis on ethics, responsibility and professionalism. To achieve this objective despite of this pandemic due to COVID-19, this work has been shaped by the comments and suggestions of the peer reviewer in the teaching profession, as well as the other faculty members who will ensure quality of the modules that will be distributed to the LGU. The course involved understanding the history of Civil Engineering and the profession. It also includes familiarization with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with the society as well as the trend of Civil Engineering development. It will also explain the relationship of Civil Engineering to Environmental Science.  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 UNIT I: HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.0 Intended Learning Outcome a. To explain Civil Engineering and determine its origin. b. To describe the evolution of Civil Engineering. 1.1 Introduction Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including architectural engineering, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, control engineering, structural engineering, earthquake engineering, transportation engineering, forensic engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, offshore engineering, aerospace engineering, quantity surveying, coastal engineering, construction surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. 1.2 Topics/Discussion (with Assessment/Activities) Evaluation Criteria: Organization 15% Timeliness 30% Cleanliness 25% Originality 30% 100% Pre – Assessment What type of work you want to engage when you graduate in the Civil Engineering program? Explain not more than 500 words.  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 3 1.2.1 History of Civil Engineering 1.2.1.1 Definition of Civil Engineering - Civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline. It deals with the built environment and can be dated to the first time someone placed a roof over his or her head or laid a tree trunk across a river to make it easier to get across. - The built environment encompasses much of what defines modern civilization. Buildings and bridges are often the first constructions that come to mind, as they are the most conspicuous creations of structural engineering, one of civil engineering's major sub- disciplines. - Roads, railroads, subway systems, and airports are designed by transportation engineers, another category of civil engineering. 1.2.1.2 Civil Engineering Historical Inheritance - Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, creating a need for the construction of shelter. - During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably. - The construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700–2500 BC) were some of the first instances of large structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management system (the oldest is older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km, the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447– 438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads.  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 4 The first engineers were irrigators, architects, and military engineers. The same man was usually expected to be an expert at all three kinds of work. This was still the case thousands of years later, in the Renaissance, when Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Durer were not only all-around engineers but outstanding artists as well. Specialization within the engineering profession has developed only in the last two or three centuries. After 4000 B.C., when humans began to abandon the nomadic way of life, the need for water, permanent shelter, religious monuments and burial sites, and fortification emerged. Early river valley civilizations, such as those around the Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia), Nile (Egypt), Indus (India), and Hwang-ho (China), required canal systems to irrigate surrounding land so that farmers could raise sufficient food to support the population. Kings or rulers desired houses larger than huts of stone, clay, or reed; and priests wanted homes for the gods at least as grand. To protect the growing wealth of these early settlements, walls and moats needed to be constructed. These were the challenges that occupied Fig. Seven wonders of the ancient world the first engineers. From left to right, top to bottom: Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of Artemis, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Mausoleum of Maussollos, Colossus of Rhodes, and the Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria. (©Wikipedia)  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 5 1.2.1.3 The Ancient Engineers Some early writing on stone and brick in Mesopotamia and Egypt has survived, but other written accounts of ancient engineering in those areas have perished. The same can be said about the documentation of the ancient engineering feats of the Persians, Indians, and Chinese. Because of the limited number of written accounts, relatively more is known about ancient Greek and Roman engineering. Around 100 B.C., several Greek writers created lists of the seven most magnificent engineering feats of which they were aware. Shown in the figure above, the typical list included: 1.Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt 2.Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Mesopotamia 3.Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece 4.Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, modern Turkey 5.Tomb of King Mausolos of Karia at Halikarnassos, Greece 6.Colossus of Rhodes, Mediterranean 7.Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt Of the ancient wonders included on these lists of, the Pyramids of Egypt (circa 2700–1600 B.C.) alone survive in a recognizable form today. (See Figure 2.2 for more information on the Egyptian Pyramids.) The Greek writers could list only the wonders they had heard of, so the Great Wall of China, the dam at Ma’rib, which furnished water to a valley in southwest Arabia for about 1,000 years, the Buddhist stupas of Sri Lanka, enormous domed structures over religious relics, and other feats of civil engineering are missing from the Greeks’ lists.  Persian Engineers - Around 550 B.C., Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire, modern Iran, which ruled the Near and Middle East for more than 200 years. Persian kings did not rule from a single capital but maintained four capitals among which they moved. Darius, his son Xerxes, and his grandson Artaxerxes labored for decades in the 5th century B.C. to create a magnificent royal center at what the Greeks named Persepolis, ‘‘Persian City,’’ one of the four capitals. In 331 B.C. Alexander the Great burned Persepolis and it was abandoned. Alexander’s action strangely conserved more to be appreciated in our times because the other three capitals continued as great cities, and what existed has been demolished or built upon. - The Persians spread ideas about building, such as a system of irrigation, far and wide. One of their innovations, a ghanat, was adopted widely. A ghanat is a sloping tunnel that conveys water from an underground source in a range of hills to a dry plain below. - The Persians also accomplished major feats in military bridge- building. In 480 B.C. in a campaign involving the famous battle at Thermopylae that pitted the Persian King Xerxes and his forces against Leonidas and his 300 Spartans, Persian engineers constructed 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 6 a pontoon bridge over the Hellespont, a narrow straight dividing Europe and Asia Minor.  Greek Engineers - Around 1000 B.C., when Kings David and Solomon ruled in Israel, Aryan invaders began to attack the Aegean coastline and Mediterranean islands. Three to four centuries later, the aggressors and locals had mingled to form a new people, the Greeks. The Greeks were influenced by other people—the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Phoenicians (seafaring people whose home was the coast of current- day Lebanon). Figure. Sewers: Knossos, Crete, 3000-100 B.C. ©Wikipedia - Greeks began doing something different—they were starting to connect engineering and pure science, freed for the first time from the supervision of priests, who until then had controlled intellectual life. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3d century B.C. - In the 5th century B.C. during Greece’s Golden Age, the leader of Athens— Pericles—commissioned leading artists, architects, and engineers to cover the Acropolis with temples, shrines, and statues. The Acropolis is a huge rock outcropping whose top was reached through a winding, processional path. At the top of this path, worshippers entered the site through a monumental gateway, the Propylaia. The Propylaia is notable for the wrought iron bars used to reinforce marble ceiling beams, among the first known use of metal structural members in a building.  Roman Engineers - The founding of ancient Rome is traced to the 8th century B.C., and the fall of the Roman Empire dates to the 5th century. Roman engineering, like that of other defining empires, relied on intensive application of existing principles and tools, cheap labor, and time. Rome possessed plenty of raw materials in the form of clay for brick, 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 7 stone, and timber; and because of its rapid expansion, it also had an abundance of slave labor. Romans devoted more resources to constructing useful public works than their predecessors and developed civil structures throughout their empire, including aqueducts, harbors, bathhouses, markets, bridges, dams, and roads. Some scholars argue that Rome contributed little to pure science; but Roman genius had more to do with pragmatism. Remarkable Roman statesmen, soldiers, administrators, and jurists built on others’ scientific findings and artistic creations. - Principally, Roman engineering is civil engineering. Romans themselves developed new building methods, which continued from the early years of the Empire’s expansion in the 4th century B.C. for nearly 800 years. By the 1st century B.C., Vitruvius—author of the only surviving book on engineering and architecture from classical antiquity—wanted his ideal architect (engineer) to be a scholar, a skillful draftsperson, a mathematician, a student of philosophy, familiar with historical studies, acquainted with music, not ignorant of medicine, knowledgeable of jurisconsults’ responses, and familiar with astronomy—a point of view that resonates with the ASCE’s 2008 Body of Knowledge 2. - About 300 B.C., Romans discovered concrete. They found that when sandy volcanic ash was mixed with lime mortar, a cement formed and dried rock-hard, even under water. Concrete was created by mixing this cement with sand and gravel. After centuries of exposure, some examples of Roman concrete are harder than many natural rocks. - The Romans not only invented new construction materials and ways of combining new and old materials, they also created new architectural forms. They excelled in building secular rather than religious edifices. Romans improved the arch and vault, making public buildings adaptable due to large, clear spans and giving these buildings a feeling of spaciousness. They developed methods of erecting huge, well-constructed buildings in a fraction of the time and for far less expense than other ancient engineers. They also were able to adapt circular dome ceilings to square or rectangular buildings. - Romans also were master road builders. Only since the advent of the car have road-building standards returned to anything close to Roman engineering criteria. Today the Appian Way, constructed in the 4th century B.C., still exists southeast of Rome. - Roman surveyors laid out routes using simple instruments, such as water levels and plumb-bobs, to establish horizontal lines. To determine right angles, they used a pair of boards nailed to make a right-angled cross, which they mounted on a post. Then they leveled and sighted along the cross pieces. - The Romans also excelled in bringing water to their cities. They were not the first to build aqueducts. The Mesopotamians, Greeks, 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 8 and Phoenicians all had constructed them, but the Romans built more and bigger aqueducts. Rows of arches remaining from Roman aqueducts can be seen today in Italy, France, Spain, North Africa, Greece, and other locations in Asia Minor. Figure. Roman aqueduct. Pont du Gard, Nimes, France  Indian Engineers - Further to the east of the Mediterranean, kings kept up roads and irrigation systems, especially the great canal network in Babylonia. Iranians built many bridges, including one constructed in the 8th century near Susa that had abutments made of iron slag and lead, using these materials as concrete. East of Iran lies India, but much less is known about the ancient history of India. When the Persian King Darius conquered the Punjab in approximately 515 B.C., Persian construction techniques were introduced into India; but the Indians continued to prefer to build in wood rather than stone. - Over many centuries, Hinduism and Buddhism vied for dominance and Hindus also constructed many magnificent temples carved from rock hillsides. Other Hindu temples were large compounds Figure. Buddhist Stupa, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka accessed through monumental gateways. Indians used post-and-lintel construction 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 9 with domes and arches. Rather than mortar, Indian builders preferred to use iron dowels to join large stones. In fact, ancient Indians knew the secret of good steel. In Roman times, Indian steel was exported widely. Then and later, Indian steel found its way to Damascus, where it was made into sword blades that became famous for their strength and durability.  Chinese Engineers - Due to great barriers such as jungles, mountains, deserts, forests, and seas, China remained largely cut off from the activities of the ancient Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans to the west. Based on archeological remains, a civilization similar to that of ancient Sumer existed in northwest China around 2000 B.C., located near a narrow band of passable territory that became a trade route. Another civilization arose approximately 500 years later in Hunan, also connected to a trade route. - China had many building materials at its disposal and was not limited to clay bricks as were the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia. Stone foundations with wood and occasional brick superstructures topped by clay tile roofs were usual. The Chinese also knew about the barrel vault and used wood post-and-lintel construction; but they did not use the truss. By the 4th century B.C., the Chinese had discovered how to make cast iron. By the 10th century A.D. continuing to the 15th century A.D., the Chinese constructed pagodas, memorial towers adjacent to temples that were derived from the stupa form, entirely of cast iron. - Ancient China was not as large as it is today; most development took place in the north-central part of modern China. There were periods of relative unity and also of great division, with lesser rulers opposing the dynasty in power and imposing a sort of local feudal power. Figure. Great Wall of China at Jinshanling  African Engineers 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 0 - Bordering the Mediterranean, the Roman Empire extended across the top of the African continent, but the Roman Empire’s prosperity did not extend beyond its boundaries. The sociopolitical arrangement of mainland Africa contrasted sharply with that of the Romans. Hundreds of self-reliant groups lived in the arid sub- Saharan zone, tropical savannahs, coastal forests, and in quiet river basins. - Because of the wide variation in climate and landscape, there was no pan-African style of building. Construction methods included banco, a wet-clay process similar to coil pottery, and other readily available building materials—stones, wood, grass, animal skins. Groupings of homesteads and villages reflected social structures and functions. Each family unit had a grinding house and granary, stable, and beer store; these buildings were grouped and linked by straight or enclosing walls. Figure. Great Zimbabwe - However, in the south of modern-day Zimbabwe on a high plateau between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, lie the Great Zimbabwe ruins. The Great Zimbabwe ruins are what is left of a once thriving religious and civic center. Starting in the 11th century for approximately 300 years, the ancestors of today’s Shona people, who currently inhabit that area, enjoyed a thriving cattle-based economy and traded luxury goods with outsiders—beads and pottery fragments have been found from China, Persia, and other Middle Eastern countries. The Great Zimbabwe site offered abundant resources: reliable rainfall, freedom from tsetse flies and malaria, ample woodlands for timber and fuel, arable soil for crops, open grasslands for grazing cattle, minerals, and gold.  American Engineers - Although war and trade connected Europe, Asia, and Africa, the American continents stood alone from the rest of the ancient world. Of course, the earliest Americans came from Asia across what is now the Bering Straight approximately 30,000 years ago. Once these inhabitants had settled in North, Central, and South America, they adopted a wide variety of building materials and systems. The earliest Americans built stone domes braced with whale bone, igloos made from snow and ice, gabled cedar houses, and partially sunken  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 1 pit houses, for protection against the cold and wind. In the Southwest of the United States there is evidence of flood irrigation systems dating from several centuries B.C. - By the 5th century B.C., in central Mexico and the Gulf Coast the social order involved a ruling class with priests who were experts on the calendar and weather. Figure. Teotihuacan, Mexico D.F. 1.2.1.4 Engineering in Medieval Times The term ‘‘medieval’’ literally means ‘‘between ages’’ and is used to describe the time in Western Europe between the end of the Roman era and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 15th century. Of course, the people living then had no concept that they were between anything—except perhaps a rock and a hard spot. Much has been said of the fall of the Roman Empire, usually dated 476. While civilization continued in the eastern Mediterranean, Iran, Iraq, India, and China as before, the fall of the Western Roman Empire was no small event. Due to the lack of a strong central government, Roman roads, aqueducts, and harbors fell into ruin over a vast area. In the West, communities demolished Roman buildings to make fortifications and dismantled roads and bridges to slow down marauding Goths, Germans, and Vikings. Literacy almost vanished, science became superstition, and engineering deteriorated to rule-of- thumb craftsmanship. The 12th and 13th centuries were a period when conflicts between the major monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam, and schisms within them were an everyday reality. There were frenzied outbreaks of religious hysteria and fanaticism, including massacres of ‘‘heretics.’’ European feudal lords fought incessantly. However, engineering began to regain some of the ground lost after the fall of Rome. Scholars pondered the nature of motion, force, and gravity; and Medieval builders made advances in structural forms. In addition to the semi- circular arch of the Romans, the Islamic pointed arch was introduced. 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 2 Another advance was the use of the truss to support roofs. Unfortunately, no one could analyze these structures so Medieval roof trusses had unnecessary members that contributed to visual clutter but nothing to the trusses’ load-carrying capacity. The most significant engineering achievement of the time, however, was the development of the Gothic cathedral. The word ‘‘Gothic’’ meant barbarous to the Italians (due to the name of one of the early invading ethnic groups, the Goths), but the style spread over most of Europe. As shown in Figure 2.12, Gothic cathedrals were characterized by soaring vaulted interiors and large stained-glass windows. In anticipation of modern skyscrapers, the structure of the Gothic cathedral was a skeleton, represented by piers and flying buttresses. The walls were used to keep out the weather, not as structural support. Vaults were developed that enabled clear spaces of over 100 feet high. Lacking scientific principles, Medieval builders relied on trial and error. The roof of Beauvais Cathedral with a ceiling of 154 feet, the tallest of all Gothic cathedrals, collapsed twice. These massive undertakings could take several generations to complete. Medieval times also saw advances in the use of water wheels. The ancients had used water wheels for raising water and for milling grains. The notebook of a 13th-century craftsman shows a water-powered sawmill. In the later Middle Ages, water power also was applied to the bellows of smelting furnaces, to trip hammers for crushing ore or bark in tanneries, and to grinding and polishing armor and other metal wares. Figure. Chartres Cathedral, France: Gothic masterpiece  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 3 1.2.1.5 Engineering in the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment The term ‘‘Renaissance,’’ which means rebirth, applies to Western Europe in the 15th through 16th centuries. In a narrow sense, the name refers to the revival of learning that took place in that period. Fashionable people had at least a veneer of scholarship. Study of classical antiquity, the writing and architecture of Greece and Rome, became vogue. However, many other sweeping changes also were taking place: the Reformation, world exploration, the downfall of the old astronomy that put Earth at the center of the universe, and the creation of the first patent systems for encouraging innovation. Engineering again grew to be respected, and engineers became famous and, sometimes, well paid. They were no longer anonymous craftsmen; they promoted themselves and were not shy about arguing with employers or rivals. One of the earliest engineers of the Renaissance was the Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi. He mastered perspective drawing and competed for and won the commission to build the famous dome on Florence’s cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore, among other accomplishments. Brunelleschi first competed for the award in 1407, received the order to build in 1419, and finished the task in 1436. The entire cathedral is 351 feet high, and the dome is 105 feet high (approximately ten stories) and 143 feet in diameter. The City of Florence also gave Brunelleschi the first known patent, for a canal boat fitted with cranes capable of moving heavy cargo. Like others of the same period—Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Andrea Palladio—Brunelleschi had to serve as both a civil and military engineer. Most early Renaissance engineers achieved fame through word of mouth. Later in the 15th century, the printing press helped to disseminate engineering knowledge. An Italian engineer/architect/painter/philosopher/musician/poet, Leon Battista Alberti, wrote a book in Latin on rules of thumb for the proportions of structures, such as bridges. 1.2.1.6 The Industrial Revolution At the close of the 18th century, the first stirrings of the Industrial Revolution were beginning to be felt. In England, earlier than in the rest of Western Europe, the transition from an agrarian, handcraft-based economy to a machine-dominated economy was underway. The trend had earlier roots, but mechanized labor, inanimate power— particularly steam—and inexpensive raw materials accelerated dramatic changes. Workers were moving away from home-based (cottage) industry and shops to mills and factories. In England the countryside was under assault as scores of towns emerged around country plants making anything from cast iron to cotton cloth. In the country, industry could flourish away from the influence of guilds and government regulations. Up until the late 18th century, military engineers had undertaken the construction of public infrastructure in support of expanding industry. However, in 1768, an Englishman named John Smeaton is  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 4 credited with being the first person to call himself a civil engineer. By describing himself as a ‘civil engineer,’ Smeaton identified a new and distinct profession that encompassed all nonmilitary engineering. Smeaton’s work was backed by thorough research, and he became a member of the prestigious Royal Academy of Engineering. In 1771, he founded the Society of Civil Engineers (now known as the Smeatonian Society). His objective was to bring together engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to promote the building of large public works, such as canals (and later railways). These new professionals also recognized that they needed to obtain parliamentary approval necessary to execute their schemes. The Industrial Revolution brought new materials and methods for producing and using them. Cast and wrought iron are good examples. As early as 1780, cast iron columns began to be substituted for wood posts supporting the roofs of cotton mills in England. Bricks and timber (lumber) were produced using industrial methods and glass began to replace oiled paper as window coverings. Structural innovations accompanied these developments enabling spectacular early applications in bridges and railroad tracks. 1.2.1.7 Modern Civil Engineering Civil engineering has continued to evolve. The 20th century saw increasing specialization and advancements in theoretical understanding, materials and methods, and technologies. Just as the Greeks compiled a list of The Wonders of the Ancient World, the American Society of Civil Engineers has compiled a list of wonders of the modern world. Other innovative projects continue to excite the imagination. The Millau Viaduct, a large cable-stayed road- bridge spanning the valley of the River Tarn in southern France, was completed in 2004. Designed by structural engineer Michel Virlogeux and British architect Norman Foster, it is the tallest vehicular bridge in the world. One mast’s summit is 1,125 feet (343 meters), only 125 feet (38 meters) shorter than the Empire State Building. The bridge won the 2006 International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) Outstanding Structure Award. Taipei 101, completed in 2005 in Taipei, Taiwan, was the world’s tallest building until being surpassed by Burj Khalifa. Designed by C.Y. Lee & Partners and constructed by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Taipei 101 incorporates many innovations necessary to build skyscrapers in earthquake and high wind zones. 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 5 Figure. John August Roebling; Niagara suspension bridge; Cincinnati suspension bridge; Brooklyn Bridge ©Wikipedia Figure. Founders of modern geotechnical engineering From left to right: Karl Terzaghi: Published his theory of consolidation in 1923, which taken together with his earlier theories on earth pressures and piping, established modern soil mechanics. Arthur Casagrande: As a professor at Harvard University, continued and expanded upon Terzaghi’s work through experimentation and development of soil testing techniques. Ralph Peck: Taught at the University of Illinois, conducted research and an active international consulting practice, coauthored Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice with Terzaghi in 1948; emphasized judgment in engineering practice. ©Wikipedia  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 6 © Wikipedia Modern Wonder Started Finished Location 1 Channel Tunnel 1987 1994 Strait of Dover, between the United Kingdom and France 2 CN Tower o Tallest freestanding 1973 1976 Toronto, Ontario, Canada structure in the world 1976-2007 3 Empire State Building 1930 1931 New York, NY, U.S. o Tallest structure in the world 1931– 1967 o First building with 100þ stories 4 Golden Gate Bridge 1933 1937 Golden Gate Strait, north of San Francisco, California, U.S.  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 7 5 Panama Canal 1880 1914 Isthmus of Panama, Panama 6 Delta Works/Zuiderzee 1950 1997 The Netherlands Works 7 Itaipu Dam 1970 1984 Parana River, between Rizal and Paraguay Figure. ASCE’s seven wonders of the modern world Figure. Millau cable-stayed road bridge, France: tallest vehicular bridge in the world ©Wikipedia The building is 101 stories above ground (1,670 feet, 509 meters) and five stories underground. A steel-tuned mass damper (TMD) weighing 662 metric tons and consisting of 41 layered steel plates welded together to form a 5.5-meter diameter sphere is suspended from the 92d and 88th floors. The TMD acts like a giant pendulum to counteract the building’s movement, reducing sway by 30 to 40 percent. Figure. Taipei 101, Taiwan: incorporates many innovations necessary to build skyscrapers in earthquake and high wind zones  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 8 Figure. The World’s tallest Buildings ©Wikipedia - Burj Khalifa, formerly called Burj Dubai, has held the record for the world’s tallest building at 2,717 feet (828 meters) since 2010. A collection of the world’s tallest man-made structures. 1.2.1.8 Civil Engineering in the Philippines Increases in the civil engineering body of knowledge have resulted in a formalized approach to civil engineering education. The Ecole Polytechnique was founded in Paris in 1794, and the Bauakademie was started in Berlin in 1799, but no such schools existed in Great Britain or the United States until several decades later. The University of Glasgow, Scotland, was the first university school of engineering in the United Kingdom to establish a chair in civil engineering. The first degree in Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, in 1835. Today’s civil engineering is linked to advances in understanding of physics, mathematics, and the social and political forces of its time. Civil engineers typically earn a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree with a major in civil engineering, though some universities award a Bachelor of Engineering. Students usually pursue their studies for four or five years. Typical civil engineering programs initially cover most, if not all, of the sub-disciplines of civil engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more sub-disciplines toward the end of their degrees.  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 1 9 The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE) is a five-year degree program in the Philippines that is concerned with the use of scientific and mathematical principles in the construction of buildings and infrastructures such as roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, and the like. By enrolling in this program, you will learn the things you need to consider when constructing buildings and infrastructures such as the natural contour of the land, the chemical properties of the soil, the kind of materials you’re going to use and their effects on the structure’s capacity to withstand natural and man-made disasters. Aside from those, it will also teach you about the different operating procedures you need to follow to keep buildings and infrastructures safe and accessible. Some of the courses you may take under this program are: 1. Surveying 2. Building Design 3. Advanced Engineering Mathematics for Civil Engineering 4. Structural Theory 5. Structural Design 6. Hydraulics 7. Hydrology 8. Water Resources Engineering 9. Highway Engineering 10. Computer Aided Drafting 11. Construction Materials and Testing 12. Construction Methods and Project Management 13. Civil Engineering Laws, Contracts, Specifications and Ethics Aside from taking the courses you mentioned above, your schools may also facilitate an On-the-Job training at construction firms and similar government agencies where you may also work with architects or architects in training in the construction of different structures. Careers Career opportunities in the following fields are open to BS Civil Engineering graduates: 1. City Planner 2. Structural Engineer 3. Traffic Engineer 4. Water Resources Engineer 5. Other similar professions  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 0 1.2.2 Civil Engineering and Society and other Professions 1.2.2.1 Importance of Civil Engineering What Civil Engineering is all about? - Civil Engineering studies the science of building and designing bridges, roads, highways etc. It is a profession where people namely civil engineers build dams, bridges, water systems, highways and other buildings. - They are expected to find creative ways in which they can improve the infrastructure of their construction through the changes in climate, increased urbanization and drought. The use of Civil engineering is considered to be the oldest engineering discipline. - Professional civil engineers often work both in offices and in the field. First, for each project, they must carefully design the technical systems and select materials to ensure efficiency and a high level of safety. Then, on the job site, civil engineers must monitor the project’s structural and environmental details both during and after construction. What Is the Importance of Civil Engineering in Shaping the World? Modern society would not exist without civil engineers. For example, civil engineers were necessary to build every part of our transportation infrastructure, from roads and bridges to docks, train stations, and airports. The development of our utilities, such as water, electricity, and phone and internet service, similarly required professional civil engineering knowledge. All that is before we  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 1 even get into the use of civil engineering for huge public structures like dams, power plants, water treatment plants, and highways. What Are Some Important Civil Engineering Projects? You may have heard of certain famous civil engineering projects. Every major building had a civil engineer. For example, the creator of the Eiffel Tower, Gustave Eiffel, was a civil engineer. Similarly, every famous bridge (like the Golden Gate Bridge) and dam (like the Hoover Dam) was born in the mind of a professional civil engineer. Recent advances in civil engineering have even allowed for the construction of wondrous structures such as the human- made Palm Islands of Dubai. In the past, civil engineers were crucial to the advancement of society by coming up with new concepts such as viaducts, tunnels, and canals. These inventions effectively improved the quality of life for many generations of humans to come. Why Do We Need Civil Engineers? We rely on civil engineers when we need to get water on hot summer days (by building reservoirs and pipelines). We also need them to design and build protective structures like levees and traffic barriers. In addition, every major construction project needs a civil engineer to account for the various things that may cause danger in the future, including natural disasters. Moreover, civil engineering is a broad field, and its impacts are felt outside of just engineering. People in diverse fields are reliant on the expertise of their civil engineer counterparts. For instance, as part of their profession, civil engineers may:  Assist architects in the design of large buildings  Work with environmental engineers to ensure that each project is safe for the environment  Consult with transportation agencies on how best to manage traffic  Help public officials design new ways of meeting the needs of the public 1.2.2.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Civil Engineer What do Civil Engineers Do? - To put it in simple terms, civil engineers build. Civil engineers perform various functions depending on their area of specialization. Engineers may specialize in one of the following areas: construction engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, and transportation engineering. - Here is a typical civil engineer job description, comprising tasks, duties, and responsibilities commonly associated with the role:  Perform preparation of design specifications  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 2  Incorporate special features which relate to the project at hand into specifications. These include order of work, physical conditions at the site, construction work schedules, method of payment and measurement, construction procedures and special methods, and coordination with contractors and other stakeholders  Perform technical review on specifications to ensure clarity, completeness, and exactness, and to remove restrictive descriptions so as to ensure competitive bidding  Prepare project for advertisement by compiling contract specification into Electronic Bid Set (EBS)  Visit proposed project site to obtain necessary information for use in creating project specification. This include condition and location of project site, location of storage and staging areas, and character and scope of work  Provide guidance and technical advice to various persons and departments, including engineering personnel, Branch Chief, Section Chief, Engineering and Construction Department, and Architect- Engineer firms where necessary to develop basic specification procedure and policies to cover new types of projects and structures, and to make clearer various phases of the construction work  Communicate with higher authorities on issues concerning specifications, engineering interpretations and explanations, supply of items, and items of work, and offer recommendations on reviewing specifications. What are the responsibilities of a Civil Engineer? 1. Assess Construction Site – Civil engineers have to assess and do a complete feasibility study of the construction site. They have to consider many factors, including the impact on nature and the surrounding environment, and plan accordingly. 2. Planning the construction – Civil engineers have to plan out the whole construction process beforehand. This has to be a systematic process to facilitate the smooth flow of work. Every step has to be meticulously planned. 3. Budgets – If the budget already has been set for the work, it is the job of the civil engineer to make sure all the construction happens within the budget. If the budget has not been set, the civil engineer, along with the planner, will take into account the raw materials required, machinery & equipment costs, labor required for the project, and set the budget and deadlines accordingly. 4. Oversee the Construction – The biggest responsibility of a civil engineer is to oversee the construction. They have to be there to see the construction being done in phases set by them. They also check the quality during construction. 5. Final Inspection – Before the project can be termed complete, civil engineers have to do a thorough final inspection of the construction. Once  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 3 the structure is deemed safe, they prepare a report and label the construction as complete. 1.2.2.3 Civil Engineering as a Profession What is an Engineer? “Engineering is concerned with the implementation of a solution to a practical problem. A scientist may ask "why?" and proceed to research the answer to the question. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a problem and how to implement that solution. In other words, scientists investigate phenomena, whereas engineers create solutions to problems or improve upon existing solutions. A scientist builds in order to learn. An engineer learns in order to build.” (http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Engineering) Civil engineering is “the modification of nature to create and improve human habitats.” Civil engineers work toward an ideal that is “a standard of perfection, beauty, or moral and physical excellence, especially as an aim of attainment or realization.” Civil engineers strive to “match deep functionality with aesthetics in every manifestation of the profession.” Engineers should be mindful that there is a “moral compact between the engineer and world society.” What is a profession? A PROFESSION is defined by: 1. Knowledge = requires formal education, judgment and discretion that are not routine and cannot be mechanized; continuing education required 2. Organization = sets standards for admission to profession, enforces standards of conduct, establishes codes of ethics 3. Public Good = purpose of service and preservation of public welfare Engineers in the Philippines have always played a vitally important role in developing way of life and standard of living. From constructing bridges and highways to exploring the vast earth beneath us, Engineers are helping to keep Philippines moving and safe. The engineering profession needs to reassert its leadership; to raise its eyes and voices, roll up its sleeves, and do again for the nation what it did a century ago: make it a winner in the world marketplace. If competing and winning -- rather than puttering and theorizing -- become the real stuff of an engineering career, our best men and women, our winners, will once again gravitate toward the profession, and the impending decline of engineering will become a thing of the past. What do engineers need to know? Based on the 1995 Civil Engineering Education Conference of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the following areas were identified as  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 4 fundamental elements which should be incorporated into Undergraduate engineering education (ASCE 1995): 1. A global vision and approach to problem identification and problem solving in areas such as infrastructure, environment, facilities, and systems 2. A basic management knowledge base in areas such as business, resources, personnel management, communication skills, costs and value judgments, and time management 3. A solid foundation in personal and inter-personal attributes ethics 4. An involvement with engineering practice as the formal education evolves These elements were therefore chosen as emphasis areas for this course, and should provide a foundation for you as both professional engineers and in your future courses. What you learn here should help you identify areas where you will need to be strong in order to succeed as an engineer, and therefore in selecting courses which will allow you to build your skills in these areas. 1.2.2.4 Civil Engineering Education The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE) is a five-year degree program in the Philippines that is concerned with the use of scientific and mathematical principles in the construction of buildings and infrastructures such as roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, and the like. By enrolling in this program, you will learn the things you need to consider when constructing buildings and infrastructures such as the natural contour of land, the chemical properties of the soil, the kind of materials you’re going to use and their effects on the structure’s capacity to withstand natural and man-made disasters. Aside from those, it will also teach you about the different operating procedures you need to follow to keep buildings and infrastructures safe and accessible. Some of the courses you may take under this program are:  Surveying  Building Design  Advanced Engineering Mathematics for Civil Engineering  Structural Theory  Structural Design  Hydraulics  Hydrology  Water Resources Engineering  Highway Engineering  Computer Aided Drafting  Construction Materials and Testing  Construction Methods and Project Management  Civil Engineering Laws, Contracts, Specifications and Ethics  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 5 Aside from taking the courses you mentioned above, your school may also facilitate an On-the-Job training at constructions firms and similar government agencies where you may also work with architects in training in the construction of different structures. Recommended Senior High School Strand Students who want to pursue a degree in Civil Engineering are encouraged to take the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand under the Academic Track. They will learn topics relevant that will be useful in their college life. Licensure Examination Passing the Licensure Examination for Civil Engineers is one of the requirements in seeking employment in the Engineering industry. 1.2.2.5 Careers Related to Civil Engineering Civil engineers are employed by various organizations, including consulting/design firms, construction firms, local, state or federal government, laboratories or research/development firms, law firms, insurance firms, and colleges/universities. Below is a description of the various areas of specialization for civil engineers: 1. Structural civil engineers work with architects and builders to assure that steel and other material used in construction projects exceeds the needs of a given project. With advances in technology and an abundance of creative new building materials, structural civil engineers work on a wider variety of projects than ever before. For example, structural engineers work with entertainment companies to design state of the art amusement park rides that hurl patrons through twists and turns at otherwise unsafe speeds. Structural engineers work in the petroleum industry, developing innovative new offshore oil rigs in locations that were previously considered unstable. These professionals also contribute their efforts to other large construction projects, like inner-city light rail systems and underground supports for new skyscrapers. 2. Geotechnical civil engineers help builders excavate underground projects and work with experts who manage challenging land renewal projects. When cities want to expand their underground mass transit systems, the call in geo-technical engineers to oversee the tunneling. As more developers erect skyscrapers and other large buildings in urban centers, geo-technical engineers assure that the bedrock can safely sustain the pressure of new structures and the people they will support. Outdoors, geo-technical civil engineers work with emergency management planners to reinforce the banks of flood-prone rivers near new housing developments. They help plan dams and levees to regulate water flow through the area. They even coordinate the placement and the design of landfills and 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 6 quarries to minimize environmental impact on surrounding homes and businesses. 3. Transportation civil engineers help us all move around our communities and our country. They work with local and regional planning boards to identify areas of growth and development. They also look for opportunities to alleviate traffic snarls. Once they understand the needs of drivers in a region, they design plans and develop cost estimates for construction projects. Once a new plan has been funded, transportation engineers oversee a variety of subcontractors who build new roads, highways, and bridges. Once the building has been completed, transportation engineers assure citizens that roads are properly maintained and repaired as necessary. Throughout the process of serving the public, transportation engineers must comply with a myriad of local and federal policies for safe construction and maintenance. 4. Construction civil engineers combine their engineering and leadership skills to ensure that building projects are completed on time and under budget. Construction managers must coordinate the efforts of teams of engineers and laborers to meet tight production schedules. They are often the most visible hub of connection between architects, developers, and construction specialists. Though not all construction managers have civil engineering degrees, this path of study can benefit a future construction manager in a variety of ways. By communicating on the same level and in the same language as specialist engineers, construction managers can develop positive work relationships with consultants and team members. They can also spot potential errors more easily on their own, without having to wait for consultants to arrive to the job site. 5. Environmental engineers work hard to turn back the clock to a time when we breathed cleaner air and drank cleaner water. They work closely with business leaders and government officials to institute new air pollution standards that reduce harmful emissions from factories without negatively impacting industrial output. They design complex treatment systems that remove contaminants from our air, water, and wastewater. Environmental engineers also examine the quality of our soil, assuring us that harmful toxins do not seep up through the ground we walk on. They work with agricultural businesses to assure consumers that pesticides and soil nutrients do not affect the quality of the food we eat. They also assure residents of new developments that homes have not been built on contaminated land. 6. Hydraulic/Hydrology/Water Resource civil engineers redirect water to benefit residents and businesses in a community. They construct canals to speed up shipping while preserving the natural flow of wild fish through a region. They build dams that generate vital electricity while opening up potential new parcels of land for development. They design pipelines that safely transfer fresh water to remote areas, allowing new communities to thrive. Water  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 7 resource engineers also oversee projects designed to protect the environment. They develop complex soil drainage systems that prevent new development from negatively impacting existing communities downstream. They help conserve water by installing sophisticated rainwater collection systems for irrigation and grounds keeping purposes. POST-ASSESSMENT: Evaluation Criteria: Organization 15% Timeliness 30% Cleanliness 25% Originality 30% 100% Instruction: Answer the following questions in a paragraph form with no less than 1000 words. It must be handwritten and observe the above- written evaluation criteria. 1. What made you decide to pursue a Civil Engineering degree? 2. What are the skills that a Civil Engineering student must attain in order to graduate in this program? 3. What are the interests and skills required to be an effective and productive Civil Engineer? 4. What are your plans after completing a degree in Civil Engineering? 1.3 References 1. Sugawara, Y. (2019). An Introduction to Engineering. Engineering and Technology. 2. Kim, M.S. (2019). Professional Ethics: Concepts and Cases. Engineering and Technology. 3. Hansen, K. (2011). Civil Engineer’s Handbook. 1.4 Acknowledgment The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were taken from the references cited above.  1 | Civil Engineering Orientation 2 8 6700