Anatomy of Male and Female Pelvis, Joints, Knee, and Ankle PDF

Male/Female Pelvis: - The size of the pubic opening is larger in females - The pubic angle is greater in females - The ligament at the pubic symphysis can be looser in females - The ilium is more "flared" in females - Hip joint (femur/pelvis) is more forward in males Vertebral Column...

Male/Female Pelvis: - The size of the pubic opening is larger in females - The pubic angle is greater in females - The ligament at the pubic symphysis can be looser in females - The ilium is more "flared" in females - Hip joint (femur/pelvis) is more forward in males Vertebral Column: Made up of 26 vertebrae that protect the spinal cord - 7 Cervical - 12 Thoracic - 5 Lumbar - 1 Sacrum (5 Fused) - 1 Coccyx (2-4 Fused) - Joints - Intro: - Ligament - Connective tissue attaching bone to bone - Reinforces the joint capsule - When injured referred to as sprain - 3 Degrees of Sprain Injury - 1^st^ degree = No Tearing - 2^nd^ degree = Partial Tearing - 3^rd^ degree = Complete Tearing - Tendon - Connective tissue attaching bone to bone - Provides additional stability for the joint - When injured referred to as a strain (3 degrees) - Tendonitis = inflammation of a tendon - Bursa Sac - Fluid filled sac found between tendons and bones - Reduces the friction on the tendon and the muscle shortens - Bursitis = Inflammation of the bursa sac - Knee: - MCL - Deep and superficial parts - Primary medial support of the knee - LCL - 5^th^ in line of defense on lateral side of knee - ACL - Cruciate = "cross" - Attaches anteriorly on the tibia and prevents the tibia from sliding anteriorly on the femur - MOI is hyperextension - PCL - Attaches posteriorly on the tibia and prevents the tibia from sliding posteriorly on the femur - MOI is hyperflexion - Patellar Tendon - From distal patella to tibia (prevents leverage for quadriceps) - Medial Meniscus (cartilage) - Crescent Moon Shape - Lateral Meniscus - "C" Shape - Coronary Ligaments - Hold down the menisci - Comparative Knee Anatomy - The shape of the femoral notch and the Q-angle - Femoral notch is A-shaped in females - U-Shaped in Males - This makes females prone to pinching of the ACL - Females 4 -- 8x more susceptible to ACL ruptures than males - Q angle defined - Formed from the intersection of a line from ASIS through the center of the patella and a line from the center of the patella to the tibial tubercle - Ankle: - Inversion Sprains - Represents 95% of all ankle sprains - Eversion Sprains - Represents 5% of all ankle sprains - Generally most eversion sprains are the deltoid ligament - There may be an associated fracture of the lateral malleolus **Foot/Ankle Position** **Ligament Injured** ------------------------- ----------------------- Neutral Foot Calcaneofibular Plantarflexed Foot Anterior Talofibular Dorsiflexed Foot Anterior Tibiofibular - Arches: - Bone Structure - Shape of bones hold them in place - The bones balance against each other - keystone - Tendons - Acts as supports holding bones in place - Ligaments - Acts as staples holding bones in place - The Three Arches of the Foot - Medial Longitudinal Arch ("Common Arch") - Transverse Arch (proximal and distal) - Lateral Longitudinal Arch - Shoulder Complex: - Glenohumeral joint (GH) - Humerus and glenoid fossa (scapula) - Acromioclavicular joint (AC) - Acromion (scapula) and clavicle - Sternoclavicular joint (SC) - Sternum and clavicle - Coracoclavicular joint (CC) - Coracoid process (scapula) and clavicle - Muscle Structure: - Types of Muscle Tissue: - Smooth Muscle - Surrounds the body's internal organs, including the blood vessels, hair follicles, and the urinary, genital, and digestive tracts. - Contracts more slowly than skeletal muscles, but can remain contracted for longer periods of time - Involuntary - Cardiac Muscle - Found in the heart - Responsible for creating the action that pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body - Involuntary muscle (not controlled consciously) - Striated - Skeletal Muscle - Type of muscles that are attached to the bones (by tendons and other tissues) - They comprise 30 -- 40% of human body weight - Voluntary as we have conscious control over our skeletal muscles - Referred to as striated or striped because of its appearance under a microscope - Tendons conserve space and are durable - Naming Methods: - Typically named after their action, location, shape, direction of the fibers, number of divisions/heads, or the points of attachment - Types of Skeletal Muscles: - Relative by size - Gluteus maximus, Medius, minimus - Peroneus longus, brevis - Bones/Area covered - Subscapularis - Temporalis - Muscle Physiology: - Connective Tissue Wrappings: - MI: - SFT: - Related Concepts: - Muscle Related: - Flexibility: - FT/ST: - Hot/Cold Therapy: - POLICE - **P**rotection, **O**ptimally **L**oading, **I**ce, **C**ompression and **E**levation HEAT COLD (up to 15min) COLD (15 min +) ------------------------- ---------------- -------------------- ----------------- Blood flow and swelling Increases Decreases Increases Inflammatory response Increased rate Decreased rate Increased rate Pain Decreased Decreased Decreased - Muscle Soreness: - Acute Muscle Soreness - Pain during exercise or immediately after exercise - Results from an accumulation of lactic acid - Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) - Muscle pain and soreness that develops after exercise and lasts for days - Results from deep tissue damage - Energy Systems: - Anaerobic Threshold: - BMR: - Basil Metabolic Rate - It is the term used when MR (metabolic rate) is measured using rigorous (laboratory) conditions, typically 12 to 14 hours after the last meal, with the individual completely at rest (but not asleep), and a background temperature of 26 to 30°C - Cardiovascular: - Cardiac Output (Q): - The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle per minute (mL/min) - Q = HR X SV - HR = Heart Rate (beats/min) - SV = Stroke Volume (mL/beat) - SV = LVEDV (mL) -- LVESV (mL) - LVEDV = Left Ventricle End Diastolic Volume - LVESV = Left Ventricle End Systolic Volume - Ejection Fraction (EJF) = SV/LVEDV x 100% - Cardiac Cycle: - The series of events that occurs through one heart beat - Three Phases - 1\. Mid-To-Late Diastole (ventricles filling) - AV Valves Open - SL Valves Closed - 2\. Ventricular Systole (ventricles contracting) - AV Valves Closed - SL Valves Open - 3\. Early Diastole - AV Valves Closed - SL Valves Closed - Lung Volumes: - Tidal Volume (TV) - The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath - Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - The volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation - Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation - Vital Capacity (VC) - The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled - Residual Volume (RV) - The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation - Total Lung Capacity - The maximum volume of air that you can have in the lungs