Vocabulary Words PDF

### **1) Vocabulary Words** - **Classism**: Discrimination or prejudice based on social class or perceived social status. - **Vernacular**: The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region. - **Feudalism**: A medieval system of land ownership and duties,...

### **1) Vocabulary Words** - **Classism**: Discrimination or prejudice based on social class or perceived social status. - **Vernacular**: The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region. - **Feudalism**: A medieval system of land ownership and duties, where lords owned land and vassals or peasants worked it in exchange for protection. - **Denomination**: A recognized branch or sect of a particular religion, or a classification of currency. - **Natural Rights**: Rights that individuals are born with, such as life, liberty, and property, often discussed in political philosophy. - **Sovereignty**: The authority of a state to govern itself or control its own affairs. - **Nation**: A large group of people with common characteristics, such as culture, history, language, or territory, often forming a political state. - **Prejudice**: An unjustified or biased attitude toward a person or group based on characteristics like race, gender, or class. - **Jargon**: Specialized language used by a specific group or profession that may be difficult for outsiders to understand. - **Monarchy**: A form of government in which a monarch (king or queen) rules, often for life, and typically with hereditary succession. - **Heresy**: A belief or opinion that goes against established religious doctrine. - **Constitutional Monarchy**: A form of government where a monarch shares power with a constitutionally-established body, such as a parliament. - **Citizen**: A legally recognized member of a state or nation, with rights and responsibilities. - **State**: A political entity with defined borders, a government, and sovereignty. - **Discrimination**: Unfair treatment of people based on characteristics such as race, age, gender, or sexual orientation. - **Chronology**: The study of time and the sequence of events in history. - **Zeal**: Great enthusiasm or passion for a cause or belief. - **Doctrine**: A set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a group, especially a religious or political group. - **Oligarchy**: A form of government in which power is held by a small group of people or a few elites. - **Republic**: A form of government where power rests with elected officials and the people have the right to vote for their leaders. - **Self-Determination**: The right of a people or group to decide their own political status or form of government. - **Sexism**: Discrimination or prejudice based on a person\'s sex or gender, typically against women. - **Commodity**: A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought or sold. - **Cash Crop**: A crop grown for sale rather than for personal consumption, often used in trade. - **Divine Right**: The belief that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God. - **Representative Democracy**: A system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. - **Political Cartoon**: An illustration or comic strip that uses humor or satire to convey political messages or commentary. - **Racism**: Discrimination or prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity. - **Caravan**: A group of travelers, especially those journeying together for trade or exploration, often across deserts or other dangerous terrain. - **Secular**: Not connected to religious or spiritual matters; worldly. - **Aristocracy**: A social class consisting of individuals with noble titles or privileges, often the ruling class in monarchies. - **Direct Democracy**: A form of government in which citizens directly participate in decision-making rather than through elected representatives. - **Annexation**: The process of adding or incorporating a territory into an existing state or country. - **Microaggression**: Small, often unintentional, instances of discrimination or bias, typically against marginalized groups. - **Exotic**: Something that is foreign, unusual, or strikingly different from the norm. - **Sect**: A subgroup or faction, especially within a religious or ideological movement. - **Autocracy**: A government in which one person holds all the power, often through authoritarian or dictatorial means. - **Political Revolution**: A fundamental change in political power or organizational structures, usually through conflict or rebellion. - **Nationalism**: A strong sense of pride and loyalty to one\'s nation, often accompanied by the desire for political independence or self-governance. - **Code-Switching**: The practice of alternating between two or more languages or dialects, often based on social context. - **Stagnant**: Lacking movement, development, or progress; often used to describe economies or societies. - **Clergy**: Religious leaders or officials, such as priests, ministers, or monks, who lead religious services and ceremonies. - **Despot**: A ruler with absolute power, often one who rules oppressively or tyrannically. - **Sociological Revolution**: A fundamental transformation in society\'s structures, norms, and behaviors, often related to cultural, economic, or social shifts. - **Nation-State**: A political entity in which a nation (a group with a shared identity) coincides with the boundaries of a state (a sovereign political entity). ### **2) Danger of a Single Story (TedTalk)** The danger of a single story lies in the way it simplifies complex identities, and Adichie argues that stereotypes emerge from seeing only one aspect of a group, which distorts their reality. ### **3) Five Social Classes** Social classes are determined by factors such as income, occupation, and education, with each class reflecting a different level of wealth and opportunity. ### **4) Distribution of Wealth in the U.S.** In recent decades, wealth in the U.S. has become increasingly concentrated at the top, leading to widening income inequality. ### **5) Gender Bias** Gender bias refers to the unfair treatment or judgment based on gender, and it contributes to inequality by restricting opportunities and roles for individuals based on stereotypes. ### **6) Race and Ethnicity** Race is typically defined by physical characteristics such as skin color, while ethnicity refers to cultural factors like nationality, language, and traditions. ### **7) Generational Wealth and Redlining** Generational wealth is important because it ensures financial stability across generations, and redlining, a practice of denying services to residents in certain areas based on race, has historically hindered the accumulation of wealth in marginalized communities. ### **8) Silk Road** The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting East Asia to Europe, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between civilizations. ### **9) Trans-Saharan Trade Routes** The Trans-Saharan Trade Routes connected West Africa to North Africa and Europe, enabling the trade of goods like gold, salt, and slaves and promoting cultural exchange. ### **10) Indian Ocean Trade Routes** The Indian Ocean Trade Routes facilitated trade between East Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, contributing to economic and cultural exchanges across regions. ### **11) Mongols** The Mongols created the largest contiguous empire in history through military conquest and strategic leadership, and while they were ruthless in battle, they also advanced trade and communication through the Pax Mongolica. ### **12) Medieval Period in Europe** The Medieval Period is often considered stagnant due to a lack of significant scientific or cultural advancement compared to other periods of history. ### **13) Predominant Institutions in Medieval Europe** Feudalism, monarchy, and the Catholic Church were the primary institutions that shaped medieval European society, providing structure and control over politics, land, and religion. ### **14) Crusades** The Crusades were military campaigns aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem from Muslim control, which had significant religious, social, and political impacts on both Europe and the Middle East. ### **15) Black/Bubonic Plague** The Bubonic Plague spread rapidly through Europe in the 14th century due to fleas on rats, wiping out a significant portion of the population and causing economic and social turmoil. ### **16) Alternative Trade Routes to Asia** Europeans sought alternative trade routes to Asia to bypass Muslim-controlled trade networks and to pursue wealth through the \"Three G\'s\"---gold, glory, and God. ### **17) Conquest of the Americas** Europeans were able to conquer the Americas through superior military technology, alliances with indigenous groups, and the spread of diseases that decimated native populations. ### **18) Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade** The Columbian Exchange involved the exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds, while the Triangular Trade and transatlantic slave trade led to the forced migration of Africans to the Americas. ### **19) Renaissance** The Renaissance was a cultural movement that emphasized humanism, individualism, and a return to classical art, literature, and science, shaping Western civilization. ### **20) Humanism** Humanism focused on the value and potential of human beings, asserting that people have the ability to shape their own destinies, with writers like Petrarch and Erasmus spreading these ideas. ### **21) Printing Press** The printing press revolutionized communication by making books more accessible and affordable, which spread knowledge and ideas across Europe. ### **22) Protestant Reformation** The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement sparked by Martin Luther's 95 Theses, which criticized the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant denominations. ### **23) Scientific Revolution** The Scientific Revolution was a period of advancements in science and thought, challenging traditional views of the universe and paving the way for modern science. ### **24) Absolutism** Absolutism is a political system in which a monarch holds absolute power, and it grew in Europe due to wars, religious conflicts, and the centralization of state power. ### **25) King Louis XIV and Tsar Peter the Great** King Louis XIV exemplified absolute monarchy through his centralized rule and extravagant lifestyle, while Tsar Peter the Great contrasted this by reforming Russia through modernization and westernization. ### **26) Enlightenment** The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement advocating reason, individual rights, and the questioning of traditional authority, influencing political and social change. ### **27) Philosophes** Philosophes were Enlightenment thinkers who promoted ideas like democracy, natural rights, and the separation of powers, with figures like Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu being especially influential. ### **28) Enlightened Monarchs** Enlightened Monarchs were rulers who adopted Enlightenment ideals to reform their societies, but their actions were sometimes contradictory to true Enlightenment principles. ### **29) Ingredients for Revolution** Revolutions are often sparked by economic hardship, political oppression, and intellectual movements that challenge the status quo. ### **30) Causes of the American Revolution** The American Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, dissatisfaction with British taxation, and a desire for greater autonomy. ### **31) Monarchs of France and Causes of the French Revolution** King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette ruled France when the Revolution began, triggered by financial crises, social inequality, and Enlightenment ideas. ### **32) Reign of Terror** The Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, was marked by mass executions as the revolutionary government sought to defend itself from internal and external enemies. ### **33) Napoleon Bonaparte** Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power during the French Revolution, achieving military successes but ultimately failing due to his overextension and defeat in Russia. ### **34) Haitian Revolution** The Haitian Revolution was caused by the harsh treatment of enslaved people, inspired by the French Revolution, and led by Toussaint Louverture to create the first independent black republic. ### **35) Significance of the Haitian Revolution** The Haitian Revolution was significant because it was the first successful slave revolt, leading to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation and inspiring other revolutionary movements. ### **36) Latin American Revolutions** The Latin American Revolutions were caused by social inequality, enlightenment ideals, and discontent with colonial rule, leading to the independence of many nations in Latin America. ### **37) Comparing Revolutions** The American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions all sought to overthrow oppressive systems but had different outcomes, with some leading to stable democracies and others to dictatorships. ### **38) Nationalism** Nationalism is the belief in the superiority of one's nation and can emerge from shared history, language, or culture, leading to both unification and division in world history. ### **39) Bonds Creating a Nation-State** Nation-states are created through shared culture, language, history, and common institutions that bind people together in a unified political entity. ### **40) Conservatives, Liberals, Radicals** Conservatives support traditional values, liberals advocate for reform and individual rights, and radicals seek significant, often revolutionary, changes in society. ### **41) Types of Nationalist Movements** Nationalist movements can be unifying (e.g., Italian unification) or separatist (e.g., the Indian independence movement), each aiming for political or cultural autonomy. ### **42) Formula for Writing a Thesis Statement** A thesis statement is a clear, concise summary of the main argument or claim in an essay, typically stating the position on a topic and the reasoning behind it. ### **43) Importance of Context** Context helps us understand historical events by providing background information, and a contextualization paragraph sets the stage for a specific event, explaining its significance in the larger historical framework.