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**Summary of Art Periods** **Prehistoric Period/Cave Art** - Originates from prehistoric men, with the oldest known paintings dating back approximately 32,000 years. - Artifacts reflect early human creativity and cultural expression. - Prehistoric Art: The history of painting dates bac...

**Summary of Art Periods** **Prehistoric Period/Cave Art** - Originates from prehistoric men, with the oldest known paintings dating back approximately 32,000 years. - Artifacts reflect early human creativity and cultural expression. - Prehistoric Art: The history of painting dates back to prehistoric times, with artifacts created by early humans. - Oldest Paintings: The oldest known paintings are about 32,000 years old, found in Grotte-Vhauvet, France, depicting animals like horses, rhinoceroses, lions, buffalos, and mammoths. - Additional Sites: Cave paintings of antelopes have been discovered in Altamira, Spain. - Time Period: Cave art from the Ice Age (approximately 40,000 to 14,000 years ago) is prevalent in Europe. - Materials Used: Most cave art uses red pigments made from iron oxides (hematite) and black pigments from manganese dioxide and charcoal. - Functions: Cave art likely served religious or symbolic purposes, potentially linked to Shamanic beliefs and practices according to some experts - \- \*\*Egyptian Painting\*\*:  -   - Focuses on concepts rather than sensory experience. -   - Hieroglyphics, an early form of picture writing, is considered the first art form. - - \- \*\*Development Stages\*\*: -   - \*\*Old Kingdom\*\*: Art associated with worship and life after death. -   - \*\*Middle Kingdom\*\*: Depicts local wars, animal life, dancing, and hunting scenes. -   - \*\*New Kingdom\*\*: Found in rock tombs, illustrating funerals and pilgrimages. - - \- \*\*Architecture\*\*: -   - Skilled in building temples, palaces, and tombs. -   - First to use stone columns in construction. -   - Notable for accuracy, precision, and geometric forms in their structures. -   - Common features include stone temples, granite sculptures, and monumental obelisks and sphinxes. - - \- \*\*Pyramids\*\*: -   - Built during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. -   - The Step Pyramid of Sakkara is the first \"true pyramid.\" -   - The Great Pyramid of Giza, built by King Cheops, is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. - - \- \*\*Temples\*\*: -   - Considered homes of the gods. -   - Used for worship and performing rites for agriculture and cultivation. - - \- \*\*Sculptures\*\*: -   - Pharaohs are depicted larger to emphasize power. -   - Figures are symmetrical, solemn, ceremonious, and utilitarian. - - \- \*\*Art Characteristics\*\*: -   - Art supports state religion and power. -   - Figures are frontal and concepts are fixed. -   - Uses symbolic geometry. -   - Common subjects include animals and plants. -   - Art serves religious and propagandistic purposes. Cultural Impact: Greece is known as \"The Glory that was Greece\" due to its significant contributions to Western civilization. The principle of ARETE (excellence and reaching one\'s full potential) was fundamental to Greek culture. \- \*\*Minoan Civilization (c. 2600 BCE)\*\*:   - Led by King Minos, known for its advanced use of bronze and gold.   - Built the palace of Knossos, a complex with 800 rooms featuring vibrant frescoes.   - Skilled in fresco painting, stone carving, ceramics, and pottery.   - Engaged in maritime trade, exporting honey and olive oil.   - Declined due to natural disasters. \- \*\*Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1900 BCE)\*\*:   - Dominated Crete and mainland Greece with warrior kings ruling fortified cities.   - Adopted and adapted Minoan art styles and trade practices.   - Employed Minoan artisans and traded with Italy, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Sicily.   - Declined due to invasions by the Dorians. \- \*\*Greek Art Periods\*\*:   - \*\*Archaic Period (c. 650-480 BCE)\*\*:     - Marked by experimentation in art and the development of large decorated vases.     - Architecture used simple post-lintel techniques with an emphasis on proportionality.   - \*\*Classical Period (c. 480-323 BCE)\*\*:     - Peak of Greek artistic and political influence.   - \*\*Hellenistic Period (c. 323-27 BCE)\*\*:     - Began with Alexander the Great\'s death, leading to widespread Greek cultural influence and the rise of Rome. \- \*\*Archaic Greek Pottery\*\*:   - Characterized by large vases with linear designs and geometric patterns.   - Figurine paintings showcased fascination with the human body. \- \*\*Archaic Greek Architecture\*\*:   - \*\*Doric Order\*\*: Simple columns symbolizing strength and nobility.   - \*\*Ionic Order\*\*: Features decorative capitals symbolizing tenderness and natural grace.   - \*\*Corinthian Order\*\*: Most ornate with floral capitals, symbolizing anxiety and insecurity. \- \*\*Archaic Greek Sculpture\*\*:   - Influenced by Egyptian techniques.   - Produced stone friezes, statues in various materials, and small decorative works.   - Sculptures were painted with tempera. \- \*\*Greek Painting\*\*:   - Primarily fresco painting found on temples, buildings, and tombs. \- \*\*Classical Greek Sculpture\*\*:   - Focused on gods and goddesses.   - Bronze became the main medium for free-standing works.   - Emphasized realistic anatomy with flexed knees, turned heads, and contemplative expressions.   - Less rigid than Archaic sculpture, aimed to suggest motion and naturalism. \- \*\*Hellenistic Sculpture\*\*:   - More varied and extreme than Classical sculpture.   - Notable works include Nike of Samothrace, the Dying Gaul, Apollo Belvedere, and the Laocoön Group. \- \*\*Greek Wonders of the World\*\*:   - Colossus of Rhodes   - Temple of Artemis at Ephesus   - Statue of Zeus at Olympia   - Mausoleum of Halicarnassus   - Lighthouse of Alexandre \- \*\*Medieval Art\*\*:   - Predominantly religious, found in mosaics, manuscripts, and frescoes in churches.   - Characterized by vivid colors, larger sculptures, and subjects focused on holy figures and saints. \- \*\*Periods and Styles\*\*:   - \*\*Early Christian Art\*\*: Focused on religious themes.   - \*\*Migration Period Art\*\*: Influenced by the movement to the British Isles.   - \*\*Byzantine Art\*\*: Derived from Roman, Greek, and Egyptian arts, emphasizing religious expression through sophisticated designs.   - \*\*Romanesque Art\*\*: Influenced by Byzantine art, known for its biblical iconography, illuminated manuscripts, and ornate sculptures.   - \*\*Gothic Art\*\*: Emerged in northern France in the early 12th century, featuring animated expressions, fresco sculptures, illuminated manuscripts, and stained glass. \- \*\*Islamic Architecture\*\*:   - \*\*Definition\*\*: Building traditions of Muslim populations where Islam has been dominant since the 7th century.   - \*\*Types\*\*:     - \*\*Mosque\*\*: Muslim place of worship.     - \*\*Madrasah\*\*: Public school.     - \*\*Hammam\*\*: Hot bathhouse.     - \*\*Caravanserai\*\*: Roadside inn for travelers.     - \*\*Casbah/Citadel\*\*: Fortress.     - \*\*Mausoleum\*\*: Tomb or monument.   - \*\*Features\*\*:      - Geometric designs are prominent.     - Integration of Chinese and Muslim styles in the Philippines (especially in Mindanao).     - Emphasizes repeating themes, focuses on interior space, and features domes, minarets, and courtyards to convey power. \- \*\*Renaissance Period\*\*:   - \*\*Meaning\*\*: Derived from Latin \"renascere,\" meaning \"rebirth\" or \"revival.\"   - \*\*Timeframe\*\*: 14th to 15th century.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*:     - Revival of Greek and Roman art, literature, architecture, and learning.     - Focus on sciences, human experience, and philosophy.     - Emphasized realistic and often sacred or biblical subjects, with a focus on new discoveries.   - \*\*Periods\*\*:     - \*\*Early Renaissance\*\*: Simplicity, gesture, and expression; use of man and fresco techniques.     - \*\*High Renaissance\*\*: Centered in Florence, Venice, and Rome; characterized by deepening pictorial space and dramatic skies.     - \*\*Late Renaissance/Mannerism\*\*: Focused on human figures with warm colors and oil painting techniques. \- \*\*Mannerism Period\*\*:   - \*\*Name Origin\*\*: From the Italian word \"maniera,\" meaning \"manner\" or \"style.\"   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*:     - \*\*Exaggeration\*\*: Features often exaggerated, foreshortened, or elongated.     - \*\*Distortion\*\*: Artworks include dramatic, distorted elements and unusual lighting effects.     - \*\*Eroticism\*\*: Frequent erotic themes.     - \*\*Color and Detail\*\*: Use of bright colors, fine detail, and intricate designs.     - \*\*Elegance and Mathematical Precision\*\*: Emphasis on perfect elegance and mathematical precision.     - \*\*Purpose\*\*: Aimed to renew religious spirit.   - \*\*Significance\*\*: Known as the first international style of Western art and part of the Late Renaissance period. \- \*\*Baroque Period\*\*:   - \*\*Emphasis\*\*: Exaggerated motion, drama, grandeur, tension, and exuberance.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Theatricality, elaborate ornamentation, religious grandeur, dynamic and passionate expressions.   - \*\*Flourishing Countries\*\*: Italy, Spain, Flanders (Southern Netherlands), Dutch Republic (Northern Netherlands), France, and England.   - \*\*Context\*\*: Coincided with mercantilis, exploration, advances in shipbuilding, and improved cartography.   - \*\*Regional Variations\*\*:     - \*\*Italy, Spain, Flanders\*\*: Didactic, spiritual, theatrical, grand buildings, supported by the Pope.     - \*\*France\*\*: Opulent, simplistic, dignified, associated with absolutism. \- \*\*Rococo Period\*\*:   - \*\*Name Origin\*\*: From French \"rocaille,\" meaning rocky decorations.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Light or pastel colors, curvaceous forms, graceful lines, cherubs, ornate details.   - \*\*Focus\*\*: Centralized subjects in artworks; ornate details in furniture, panels, vases, and urns. \- \*\*Neo-Classicism Period\*\*:   - \*\*Context\*\*: Coincided with the Age of Enlightenment.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Revival of classical antiquity styles, inspired by Roman and Greek artifacts.   - \*\*Features\*\*: Precise details, dynamism, elegance, simplicity, strong lines, shallow spaces, sober colors, clarity in forms. \- \*\*Romanticism Period\*\*:   - \*\*Origins\*\*: Began in Germany and England; spread across Europe.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Dramatic and exotic subjects, emphasis on imagination, emotional appeal.   - \*\*Features\*\*: Love of nature, transformation into a new golden age, realistic figures with psychological depth.   - \*\*Traits\*\*: Individualism, exoticism, emotional expression, revival of Gothic themes. \- \*\*Modern Art Movement\*\*:   - \*\*Focus\*\*: Revolution in techniques, methods, subjects, and materials used by artists.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Innovative, free style, figurative, and often confusing.   - \*\*Key Movements\*\*: Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, Surrealism, Dadaism. \- \*\*Realism\*\*:   - \*\*Period\*\*: Began in the 1850s, post-1848 revolution in France.   - \*\*Focus\*\*: Representing contemporary subjects realistically; rejecting traditional art forms.   - \*\*Notable Artists\*\*:     - \*\*Gustave Courbet\*\*: \"Young Ladies of the Village\", \"The Stone Breakers\".     - \*\*Winslow Homer\*\*: \"The Blue Boat\".     - \*\*Edward Hopper\*\*: \"Nighthawks\", \"Automat\", \"Self-Portrait\". \- \*\*Impressionism\*\*:   - \*\*Origin\*\*: Named after Claude Monet\'s \"Impression, Sunrise\".   - \*\*Focus\*\*: Capturing fleeting effects of natural light and the overall impression of a scene.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Visible brush strokes, free style, emphasis on light and perception, use of portable easels.   - \*\*Notable Artists\*\*:     - \*\*Claude Monet\*\*: \"Water Lilies\", \"The Japanese Footbridge\".     - \*\*Vincent Van Gogh\*\*: \"The Starry Night\", \"The Potato Eaters\".     - \*\*Pierre-Auguste Renoir\*\*: \"Pont Neuf\", \"By the Seashore\".     - \*\*Edgar Degas\*\*: \"Little Dancer of Fourteen Years\", \"Ballet Rehearsal\". \- \*\*Post-Impressionism\*\*:   - \*\*Period\*\*: Followed Impressionism, marking the beginning of modern art.   - \*\*Focus\*\*: Moving beyond naturalism to explore vivid colors, geometric forms, and exotic cultures.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Arbitrary colors, thick paint application, emphasis on form and abstraction.   - \*\*Notable Artists\*\*:     - \*\*Paul Cézanne\*\*: \"The Card Players\", \"Curtain\", \"Jug and Fruit\".     - \*\*Paul Gauguin\*\*: \"Tahitian Women on the Beach\". \- \*\*Symbolism\*\*:   - \*\*Period\*\*: Followed Post-Impressionism.   - \*\*Focus\*\*: Emphasis on fantasy, imagination, and symbolic representation over realistic depiction.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Use of symbols to convey deeper meanings; rejection of Realism.   - \*\*Influence\*\*: Inspired by Charles Baudelaire\'s \"Les Fleurs du Mal\".   - \*\*Notable Artists\*\*:     - \*\*Gustav Klimt\*\*: \"The Kiss\", \"Portrait of Adele Block-Bauer\".     - \*\*Edvard Munch\*\*: \"The Scream\", \"Madonna\", \"Vampire\".     - \*\*Frida Kahlo\*\*: \"Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird\", \"Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky\".     - \*\*Gustave Moreau\*\*: \"Zeus and Semele\", \"Thracian Girl Carrying the Head of Orpheus\". \- \*\*Art Nouveau\*\*:   - \*\*Period\*\*: Flourished between 1890-1910.   - \*\*Focus\*\*: \"New Style\" with emphasis on flowing, organic lines and forms.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Use of sinuous lines in various design elements; marks the beginning of modernism in design.   - \*\*Notable Artists\*\*:     - \*\*Alphonse Mucha\*\*: \"The Slav Epic\", \"The Seasons (Spring, Summer)\".     - \*\*Henri Toulouse-Lautrec\*\*: \"At the Moulin Rouge\", \"The Hangover\".     - \*\*Aubrey Beardsley\*\*: \"The Peacock Skirt\".     - \*\*Koloman Moser\*\*: \"Flower Basket\", \"Venus in the Grotto\". \- \*\*Fauvism\*\*:   - \*\*Origin\*\*: Popular in France.   - \*\*Focus\*\*: Use of vivid, contrasting colors to express emotions and joy.   - \*\*Characteristics\*\*: Intense bright colors, distorted forms and perspectives, vigorous brushwork, flat linear patterns.   - \*\*Influences\*\*: Inspired by Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Paul Cézanne.   - \*\*Term\*\*: \"Les Fauves\" meaning \"The Wild Beasts\". \- \*\*Henri Matisse\*\*   - French artist known for use of color and fluid craftsmanship   - Famous works: \"Woman with a Hat,\" \"Blue Nude\" \- \*\*André Derain\*\*   - French painter, sculptor, co-founder of Fauvism with Matisse   - Famous works: \"Portrait of a Young Girl,\" \"Charing Cross Bridge Fishing Boat\" \- \*\*Henri Charles Manguin\*\*   - French painter associated with Les Fauves   - Famous works: \"Nude Beneath the Trees,\" \"View Over Grimand\" \- \*\*Expressionism\*\*   - Art movement emphasizing emotional experiences, subjective self-expression   - Began early 20th century in Germany, influenced by Cubism   - Characteristics: distorted reality, extreme pictorial form, exploration of emotions \- \*\*August Macke\*\*   - German painter, trained under Impressionism, later associated with Expressionism   - Famous works: \"Woman in Green Jacket,\" \"People by the Blue Lake,\" \"St. Mary\'s Houses and Chimney\" \- \*\*Frank Kupka\*\*   - Czech artist, early abstract expressionist colorist   - Member of École de Paris \- \*\*Cubism\*\*   - Art movement started in France, suggested by Matisse in 1909   - Focused on depicting objects from multiple angles, breaking apart and reconstructing forms   - Characteristics: abstract forms, geometric shapes, broken mirror effect \- \*\*Pablo Picasso\*\*   - Spanish artist, spent most adult life in France   - Famous works: \"The Old Guitarist,\" \"Guernica,\" \"Les Demoiselles d\'Avignon,\" \"Las Meninas\" \- \*\*Georges Braque\*\*   - French painter, collagist, draftsman   - Famous works: \"Woman with a Guitar,\" \"Still Life with a Bottle,\" \"Violin and the Candlestick\" \- \*\*Futurism\*\*   - Early 20th-century Italian art movement celebrating modern technology and progress   - Characteristics: speed, power of machines, dynamism of modern life \- \*\*Umberto Boccioni\*\*   - Italian painter and sculptor   - Famous works: \"Dynamism of the Biker,\" \"Dynamism of a Soccer Player\" \- \*\*Gino Severini\*\*   - Italian painter, leading Futurist   - Famous works: \"Armored Train in Action,\" \"Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin\" \- \*\*Luigi Russolo\*\*   - Italian Futurist painter, composer, builder of experimental instruments   - Famous works: \"Crocifissione con le Pie Donne,\" \"Tower Bridge\" \- \*\*Constructivism\*\*   - Emerged in Russia in the early 20th century   - Art should serve a social purpose, rejecting autonomous art   - Focus on abstract art with geometric shapes, combining Futurism and Cubism   - Notable artists:     - Vladimir Tatlin: Soviet painter and architect, key figure in Soviet avant-garde     - Kazimir Malevich: Russian painter and art theoretician, pioneer of geometric abstract art \- \*\*Dadaism\*\*   - European artistic and literary movement rejecting conventional values   - Artworks often nonsensical, using random or readymade objects   - Notable artists:     - Marcel Duchamp: French-American artist known for \"Nude Descending a Staircase\"     - Hans Bellmer: German artist known for pubescent female dolls, e.g., \"The Machine Gunneress in a State of Grace\" \- \*\*Suprematism\*\*   - Founded by Kazimir Malevich in 1913   - Focus on abstract art based on the supremacy of pure artistic feelings   - Common characteristics: geometric forms, limited colors   - Notable artists:     - Kazimir Malevich: Founder of Suprematism, known for \"Black Square,\" \"Four Squares\"     - El Lissitzky: Russian artist and designer, known for \"Self-Portrait,\" \"Designs for USSR Under Construction\"     - Lyubo Popova: Known for \"Subject from a Dyer\'s Shop\" \- \*\*De Stijl (The Style)\*\*   - Dutch movement founded in 1917 by Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian   - Emphasized spiritual harmony and order through geometric shapes and primary colors   - Notable artists:     - Ilya Bolotowsky: Known for \"Vertical Yellow Plane,\" \"Grey Diamond\"     - Max Bill: Swiss artist, known for \"Endlose Treppe\"     - Theo van Doesburg: Founder, known for \"Arithmetic Composition,\" \"Pure Painting\" \- \*\*Art Deco\*\*   - Flourished internationally in the 1920s-1940s   - Characterized by rich colors, geometric shapes, lavish ornamentation, and a focus on modern technology   - Influenced various design fields, representing luxury and progress   - Notable artists:     - Romain de Tirtoff (Erte): Russian-born French artist, known for fashion and graphic arts     - Santiago Martinez Delgado: Colombian artist, known for \"A Century Colombian Evolution\"     - Marcel Jano: Romanian-Israeli artist, known for \"Composition with Red Arrow\" \- \*\*Abstract Expressionism\*\*   - Flourished in New York City post-World War II until early 1960s   - Focused on non-representational, improvisational art with distorted and exaggerated subjects   - Notable artists:     - Jackson Pollock: Known for \"Stenographic Figure,\" \"No. 5\"     - Mark Rothko: Known for \"Green and Maroon,\" \"Ochre and Red on Red\"     - Jaques Rosas: Known for \"Street Art,\" \"Oils in Canvas from Life\"     - Franz Kline: Known for \"Le Gros,\" \"Chief\"     - Robert Motherwell: Known for \"Untitled (Figuration),\" \"Yellow Ochre and White\"     - Jose Joya (Philippines): Known for \"Hills of Nikko\" \- \*\*Optical Art (Op Art)\*\*   - Emerged in the 1960s   - Uses optical illusions with non-representational geometric shapes   - Creates impressions of movement or hidden images   - Notable artists:     - Bridget Riley: Known for \"Movement in Squares\"     - Victor Vasarely: Known for \"Zebra\"     - Maurits Cornelis Escher: Known for \"Liberation\"     - Jesús Rafael Soto: Venezuelan artist known for \"Cubo Policromo (Polychrome Cube)\" \- \*\*Pop Art\*\*   - Emerged in Britain and the U.S. during the 1950s   - Created by the \"Independent Group\" from the Institute of Contemporary Art   - Uses acrylic paints, plastics, photographs, and incorporates elements from mass media   - Influenced by Fauvism and Dadaism, reacting against Abstract Expressionism   - Notable artists:     - Roy Lichtenstein: Known for \"Woman with Flowered Hat,\" \"Nurse\"     - Andy Warhol: Known for \"Race Riot,\" \"Four Marilons,\" \"Men in Her Life,\" \"Turquoise Marilyn,\" \"Coca Cola,\" \"Triple Elvis\" \- \*\*Minimalism\*\*   - Began in the post-World War II era   - Focuses on pure visual experience without hidden meanings   - Emphasizes simplicity and direct presentation   - Notable artists:     - Frank Stella: Known for \"Die Fahne Hoch!\" (1959)     - Tony Smith: Known for \"Die\" (1962)     - Carl Andre: Known for \"Lever\" (1966)     - Robert Morris: Known for \"Untitled (Mirrored Cubes)\"     - Richard Serra: Known for \"One Ton Prop (House of Cards)\"     - Sol LeWitt: Known for \"Two Open Modular Cubes / Half Off\" (1972)     - Ronald Bladen: Known for his geometric sculptures \- \*\*Conceptual Art (Conceptualism)\*\*   - Flourished in the mid-1960s and 1970s   - Focuses on ideas and concepts as the most important aspect of art, rather than the finished product   - Rejects conventional notions of beauty and traditional art forms   - Often incorporates text, everyday materials, and photography   - Notable artists:     - Yoko Ono: Japanese multimedia artist known for \"Play It By Trust,\" \"My Mommy Is Beautiful\"     - Yves Klein: French artist known for \"Anthropometry: Princess Helena\" \- \*\*Social Realism\*\*   - Depicts the daily struggles and human conditions of working-class individuals   - Focuses on human flaws and social structures   - Notable artists:     - Philip Guston: Painter and printmaker known for \"Head,\" \"Blue Light,\" \"Back View,\" \"Inhabiter\"     - Edward Steichen: Photographer known for \"Rock Hill,\" \"Long Island,\" \"Oyster\"     - Aaron Siskind: Photographer known for \"Chicago Façade 9,\" \"New York,\" \"Gloucester 28,\" \"Tabernacle City\"     - Thomas Hart Benton: Painter and muralist known for \"Homestead\" \- \*\*Photo Realism / Super Realism\*\*   - Art genre focused on creating highly realistic images inspired by photographs   - Depicts simple, everyday scenes and objects   - Evolved from Pop Art, countering Abstract and Minimalist movements   - Louis K. Meisel coined the term \"Photo Realism\" in 1969 \- \*\*Photo Realism / Super Realism\*\*   - Focuses on creating highly realistic artworks inspired by photographs   - Notable artists:     - Elly Kurtz: Known for \"Space Art\"     - Don Eddy: Known for \"12:45 Waiting V\"     - Duane Hanson: Known for \"The Artist in His Loft,\" \"Tourist II,\" \"Baton Twirler\"     - Richard Estes: Known for \"Downtown\"     - Ralph Goings: Known for \"Woman in Girdle,\" \"Body Reflection\" \- \*\*Installation Art\*\*   - Involves creating three-dimensional artworks installed in specific spaces to transform perceptions of that space   - Notable artists:     - Adamo Macri: Known for \"Clandestine\"     - Nam June Paik: Known for \"Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii\" (1995)     - James Abbot McNeill Whistler: Known for \"The Peacock Room\"     - Gabriel Orozco: Known for \"Home Run\"     - John Pugh: Known for \"Life Imitating Art Imitating Life Imitating Art\"     - Devon Dikeou: Known for \"Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys\" \- \*\*Performance Art\*\*   - Live, often spontaneous art focusing on actions, audiences, and settings; can be scripted or unscripted   - Influenced by Futurism and Dadaism   - Notable artists:     - Chris Burden: Known for performance, sculpture, and installation art     - Marina Abramović: Known as \"the grandmother of performance art\"     - Laurie Anderson: Avant-garde artist, composer, musician, and filmmaker     - damali ayo: Conceptual and performance artist, prefers lowercase name     - Yves Klein: French artist known for pioneering performance art and contributing to minimal and pop arts