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Higher Canadian Institute For Engineering at 6th of October ----- Quality Assurance Unit ARC 111: ART& ARCHITECTURE Lecture 2 : History of ART & ARCHITECTURE Dr:Rasha Ekladios 11,600 BCE to 3,500 BC...

Higher Canadian Institute For Engineering at 6th of October ----- Quality Assurance Unit ARC 111: ART& ARCHITECTURE Lecture 2 : History of ART & ARCHITECTURE Dr:Rasha Ekladios 11,600 BCE to 3,500 BCE — Prehistoric and Neolithic era Before recorded history, humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures. prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures. The dawn of architecture is found in these structures. Prehistoric builders moved earth and stone into geometric forms, creating our earliest human-made formations. Stonehenge, United Kingdom. Prehistoric people looked to the heavens to imitate the sun France and the moon, using that circular shape in their creations of earth mounds and monolithic henges. Many fine examples of well-preserved prehistoric architecture are found in southern england. The prehistoric sites in southern britain (stonehenge, avebury, and associated sites) are collectively a unesco world heritage site. Chauvet Cave , France 3,050 BCE to 900 BCE — Ancient Egypt In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights. Scholars have delineated the periods of history in ancient Egypt. Builders in ancient Egypt didn't use load-bearing arches. Instead, columns were placed close together to support the heavy stone entablature above. Brightly painted and elaborately carved, the columns often mimicked palms, papyrus plants, and other plant forms. Temple of Horus at Edfu All Egyptian art is based on perfect balance because it reflects the ideal world of the gods. The same way these gods provided all good gifts for humanity, so the artwork was imagined and created to provide a use. Egyptian art was always first and foremost functional. No matter how beautifully a statue may have been crafted, its purpose was to serve as a home for a spirit or a god. Tomb paintings, temple tableaus, home and palace gardens all were created so that their form suited an important function and, in many cases, this function was a reminder of the eternal nature of life and the value of personal and communal stability. detail from the throne of Tutankhamen Types of the architectural capitals with his wife Ankhsenamun on the right. specific for the Ancient Egyptian National Museum, Cairo. civilization 850 BCE to CE 476 — Classical The Doric column was first When Greece was at the height of its The Romans borrowed heavily from the developed in Greece and it power in Europe and Asia, the empire earlierTemple Greekof and HorusHellenistic at Edfu styles, but was used for great temples, built elaborate temples and secular their buildings were more highly including the famous buildings with Ionic and Corinthian ornamented. They used Corinthian and Parthenon in Athens. columns such as Temple of Olympian composite style columns along with Simple Ionic columns were decorative brackets. The invention of Zeus, Athens, Greece. The Hellenistic used for smaller temples concrete allowed the Romans to build period ended with conquests by the and building interiors. arches, vaults, and domes. Famous Roman Empire. examples of Roman architecture include the Roman Colosseum and the Pantheon in Rome. 700 to 323 BCE — Greek: 323 to 146 BCE — Hellenistic: 44 BCE to 476 CE — Roman Middle Ages 527 to 565 —Byzantine After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul in Turkey) in 330 CE, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms. Eastern and Western traditions combined in the sacred buildings of the Byzantine period. Buildings were designed with a central dome that eventually rose to Church of Hagia Eirene in the First Courtyard of the Topkapı new heights by using engineering practices refined in the Middle Palace, Istanbul, Turkey. East. This era of architectural history was transitional and transformational. Byzantine art is almost entirely concerned with religious expression and, more specifically, with the impersonal translation of carefully controlled church theology into artistic terms. Empress Theodora and her retinue, mosaic, 6th century; on the south wall of the apse, church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. Middle Ages 800 to 1200 — Romanesque Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers. Even as the Roman Empire faded, Roman ideas reached far across Europe. Built between 1070 and 1120. The Basilica of St. Sernin in Toulouse, France is a good example of this transitional architecture, with a Byzantine-domed apse and an added Gothic-like steeple. The floor plan is that of the Latin cross, Gothic-like again, with a high alter and tower at the cross intersection. Basilica of St. Sernin (1070-1120) in Toulouse, France. Constructed of stone and brick, St. Sernin is on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela. 1100 to 1450 — Gothic Gothic architecture became characterized by the elements that supported taller, more graceful architecture— innovations such as pointed arches, flying buttresses, and ribbed vaulting. In addition, elaborate stained glass could take the place of walls. Gothic architecture began mainly in France where builders began to adapt the earlier Romanesque style. Builders were also influenced by the pointed arches and elaborate stonework of Moorish architecture in Spain. Art historians call the period between 1200 to 1400 the Early Renaissance or the Proto-Renaissance of art history. The Gothic Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres, France. 1400 to 1600 — Renaissance Architecture Art A return to Classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, The art of the Renaissance period of European history between the 14th and France, and England. During the Renaissance era architects and builders 17th centuries. This was a period of change and embrace of brave new ideas were inspired by the carefully proportioned buildings of ancient Greece such as humanism that prioritizes the human above all else. At this time, and Rome. Italian Renaissance master Andrea Palladio helped awaken a Italy was the dominant force of the art world. This would soon shift to passion for classical architecture when he designed beautiful, highly France in the modern-era. Italian renaissance artists include Leonardo da symmetrical villas such as Villa Rotonda near Venice, Italy. Vinci, Michelangelo and Sandro Botticelli. Palladio's ideas did not imitate the Classical order of architecture but his Primavera by Sandro Botticelli designs were in the manner of ancient designs. The work of the Renaissance masters spread across Europe, and long after the era ended, architects in the Western world would find inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the period. The painting Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci Villa Rotonda (Villa Almerico-Capra), near Venice, Italy, 1566-1590, Andrea Palladio. The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo Buonarroti CLASSWORK Discussion (impact of art on architecture through Comparison between an artistic image of architectural building and its real photo ) H.W Group work compression between history of art and history of architectures in different ages. Thank you