PDF Language Analysis

baseline – a minimum or starting point conflate (with) – to combine two or more things trepidation – fear or extreme nervousness unsavoury – unpleasant inherent – intrinsic, permanent, essential breeches – an old term for trousers that finish just below the knee creep – to mo...

baseline – a minimum or starting point conflate (with) – to combine two or more things trepidation – fear or extreme nervousness unsavoury – unpleasant inherent – intrinsic, permanent, essential breeches – an old term for trousers that finish just below the knee creep – to move quietly and carefully to leap – to jump nubbly – something lumpy or nobbly prance – to move confidently, to dance prowl – to move quietly, usually when hunting shingle – small stones found at the beach to get / be wound up over / about – to get annoyed about something to be up in arms about something - to be offended/ outraged to brood over something - to stew over something, to think silently about something to squander - to waste witter - talking endlessly about something unimportant sheepishly - in an embarrassed or shy manner dim-witted - stupid slow-witted - slow intellectually to outwit - to outsmart witless - stupid quick/sharp -witted - to think fast and well a halfwit - a stupid person a dimwit - a stupid person pit one's wits against - compete using intellect to live by one's wits - earn money in a clever/dishonest way battle of wits - competition of intellects to gather one's wits - to calm down and think beyond the wit of man - not possible to achieve keep your wits about you - to be alert Open class words - lexical / content words Closed class words - function / grammatical words  free morphemes - have a meaning by themselves (f.ex. book) bound morphemes - don't have a meaning by themselves (f.ex. - ish, -ness (derivational morphology) affixes-> prefixes + suffixes friend - friendly - CLASS CHANGING agree - disagree - CLASS PRESERVING inflectional morphology - adding f.ex. s to specify sex, tense ect. like - likes - liked allomorph - when an added s sound like a z (dog - dogs [dogz]) multi-word verbs: o prepositional verbs (inseparable phrasal verbs) can't move words around to rely on someone-> to rely someone on DOESNT EXIST o phrasal verbs (separable phrasal verbs) can move the words around to give sth away - to give away sth DOES EXIST o phrasal-prepositional verbs - 3 words polysemy - multiple meanings transitive verb - needs sth after (eat STH) intransitive verb - doesn't need sth after (swim) intensifiers - very, fairly, extremely, pretty... Adjectives: o comparative (strong - stronger) o superlative (strong - the strongest) Adjectives: o Attributive (adjective + noun) - pretty house o predicative (noun + verb + adj) - the house is pretty o postpositive (noun + adj) - the shortest route possible central adj - attributive + predicative + comparative/superlative + gradable peripheral - sth is missing  inherent adj - an old man (man is old), heavy bag (bag is heavy) non-inherent adj - an old friend (friend is not old, its just there for a long time), heavy smoker (smoker is not heavy, just smokes a lot) classifying adj - describes what sth is (polar bear, russian doll) comes right before the noun co-ordinate adj - multiple adj that are equally important cumulative adj - one is more important than other and the must be used in a certain order conversion - a change of a word class without changing the word (radical views, she's a radical) reduplication - the doubling of the first element of the word inserts - well, right / all right, I mean, you know, now, OK, er, um, like, mmmm, really?, right, yeah question tags - don't you, isn't he, isn't it, would you.... prefaces - extra info, specification (that restaurant, what is it called?) elipsis - cutting out some parts of sentences (the taxi is here - taxi is here, i don't think so - don't think so, is there anyone home - anyone home) sentence adverbs - adding an adverb at the beginning (initially, by the way, also, anyway) direct speech - someone is doing sth reported speech- something is being done to someone, reporting what happened cohesion - quantitative property, how are individual sentences stuck together coherence - qualitative property, how a whole text or conversation fits together  you can have cohesion without coherence, but you cannot have coherence without cohesion conjunction - and, also, moreover, instead, all in all, despite, indeed... co-ordinating conjunctions - fanboys (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) formal vocabulary - greek, latin informal vocabulary - german, anglo-saxon emphasis: o cleft sentences - information which could be given in one sentence is divided into more sentences, each one with it's own verb (it was tom who saw him) o inversion - changing the usual subject-verb order (little did i know...)