Pedology Chapter 1 PDF

## CHAPTER 1 PEDOLOGY 1. The author of book "Nature and Properties of Soil" - N. C. Brady - Buckman - Jenny - Marshall 2. International year of soils - 2016 - 2015 - 2013 - 2018 3. Study of earth crust is called - Geology - Pedology - Petrology - Edap...

## CHAPTER 1 PEDOLOGY 1. The author of book "Nature and Properties of Soil" - N. C. Brady - Buckman - Jenny - Marshall 2. International year of soils - 2016 - 2015 - 2013 - 2018 3. Study of earth crust is called - Geology - Pedology - Petrology - Edaphology 4. Formation of one inch soil needs how many years - 100-200 yrs - 500-600 yrs - 800-1000 yrs - None 5. Density of core is - 2.6 - 3.0 g/cm³ - 3 - 4.5 g/cm³ - 9-12 g/cm³ - None 6. Density of mantle is - 2.6 - 3.0 g/cm³ - 3-4.5 g/cm³ - 9-12 g/cm³ - None 7. Density of crust is - 2.6 - 3.0 g/cm³ - 3-4.5 g/cm³ - 9-12 g/cm³ - None 8. Most abundant non-metal in the earth crust is - Ca - Mg - Al - Na 9. Formation of parent material from rocks and minerals done by - Weathering - Pedogenic processes - Leaching - None 10. Mica is - Primary mineral - Secondary mineral - Accessory mineral - None of the above 11. Chief constituent of sand fraction is - Quartz - Illite - Vermiculite - Allophane 12. Geochemical weathering occur in (ARS & NET 2014) - Below solum/ - Solum - Sub surface soil - Surface soil 13. Soil formation factors initially developed by Dokuchaev which are - S = f (P, CI, 0), - S = f (P, R, T) - S = f (P, CI) - S = f (Cl, O) 14. Jenny (1941) formulated the following equation for soil formation - S = f (Cl, B, R, P, T) - S = f (PR, T) - S = f (P, CI) - S = f (Cl, O) 15. Active factors of soil formation - Biosphere - Climate - Both a and b - Parent material 16. Passive factors of soil formation - Parent material - Relief or Topography - Time - All 17. Who given active and passive factors of soil-formation - Dokuchaev - Jenny - Joffe - None 18. The soil forming factor that has no relevance after soil reaches its maturity - Time - Parent material - Climate - Topography 19. Who defines there is no biological weathering - Dokuchaev - Jenny - Joffe - Bray 20. End product of weathering is - Bed rock - Parent material - B-horizon - None 21. Increasing in clay content occur in which stage of weathering - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 22. The stage at weathering just started but we can see most of the original material - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 23. In which stage of weathering decomposition of easily weathered minerals occur - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 24. In which stage of weathering only resistant minerals like quartz can be seen - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 25. Who defines parent material is initial stage of soil system - Dokuchaev - Jenny - Joffe - Marshall 26. The unconsolidated and more or less chemically weathered mineral or organic matter, from which the solum of soils is developed by pedogenic processes is called (ARS Mains 2016) - Bed rock - Parent material - Regolith - A-horizon 27. The parent material which is develops in place from underlying rock is called - Residual or Sedentary - Transported - Colluvium - None 28. In soil profile the horizon which is called parent material - A horizon - B horizon - C horizon - E-horizon 29. If the sand matemal transported by wind is called - Aeolian - Alluvium - Colluvium - Loess 30. If the soil material transported by gravity is called (ARS&NET 2015) - Aeolian - Alluvium - Colluvium - Loess 31. If the soil material transported by water is called - Aeolian - Alluvium - Colluvium - Loess 32. If the soil material transported by lake water is called - Aeolian - Lacustrine - Colluvium - Loess 33. If the silt material transported by wind is called - Aeolian - Alluvium - Colluvium - Loess 34. If the soil material transported by sea water is called - Aeolian - Marine - Colluvium - Loess 35. If the soil material transported by ice is called - Aeolian - Moraine or Till - Colluvium - Loess 36. The word catena was given by - Mohr van baren - Jenny - Milne - Joffe 37. A sequence of soils developed from similar parent material under similar climatic conditions but difference in drainage and relief is called - Catena - Cutans - None - Catena 38. Age of soil is determined by - Carbon dating - Pollen analysis - Carbonate carbon in caliche - All 39. Five weathering stages were given by (SRF 2015) - Jenny - Joffe - Milne - Mohr van baren 40. Weathering stages are includes - Juvenile - Senile - Juvenile - Senile 41. Increasing in clay content occur in which stage of weathering - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 42. The stage at weathering just started but we can see most of the original material - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 43. In which stage of weathering decomposition of easily weathered minerals occur - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 44. In which stage of weathering only resistant minerals like quartz can be seen - Initial - Juvenile - Virile - Senile 45. The following order is correct regarding stages of weathering - Initial>Juvenile>Virile>Senile>Final - Juvenile>Virile>Senile>Final>Initial - Senile>Initial>Juvenile>Virile>Final - Virile>Initial>Juvenile>>Senile>Final 46. In which type of soil clay content is decrease with depth, - Mature soil - Young soil - Medium young - None 47. Most important factor for soil formation is - Climate - Parent material - Biosphere - Time 48. Soils formed under the predominant influence of climate, where the parent material effects are obliterated, are known as - Ectodynamomorphic soils - Endodynamomorphic soils - Pedochromic soils - Lithochromic soils 49. Soils formed under the predominant influence of parent material, where the climate effects are obliterated, are known as - Ectodynamomorphic soils - Endodynamomorphic soils - Hydromorphic soils - None 50. Steep slopes and accelerated erosion often promote downward movementof soil mass under the influence of gravity is called (NET&ARS 2015) - Soli fluxion - Soil creep - Saltation - Both a and b 51. Silica sesquioxide ratio for tropical soils - >2 - >6 - >4 - <2 52. Silica sesquioxide ratio for cold humid region - 3-3.5 - >6 - >4 - <2 53. Silica sesquioxide ratio for sub humid region - 2-3 - >6 - >4 - <2 54. The following nutrient deficient in Tarai region - Cu - Zn - Fe - Mn 55. The following nutrient deficient in peat soils - Cu - Zn - Fe - Mn 56. Red soils are developed at - Higher topographic position - Lower topographic position - Medium topography - None 57. Black soils are developed at - Higher topographic position - Lower topographic position - Very lower - None 58. Who defined without microbe's life on this planet would become standstill - Marshall - Waksman - Dachafour - Joffe 59. The time that devotes to the formation of soil is called - Soli fluxion - Pedologic time - Time factor - None 60. Smallest volume of soil is called - Pedon - Unit cell - Fragment - Clod 61. Old alluvial soils are called - Bhangar - Khadar - Usar - Kallar 62. New alluvial soils are called - Bhangar - Khadar - Usar - Kallar 63. Silica sesquioxide ratio for Montmorillonite mineral is - >2 - 6 - >4 - <2 64. Most important factor for soil formation is - Climate - Parent material - Biosphere - Time 65. Soils formed under the predominant influence of climate, where the parent material effects are obliterated, are known as - Ectodynamomorphic soils - Endodynamomorphic soils - Pedochromic soils - Lithochromic soils 66. Soils formed under the predominant influence of parent material, where the climate effects are obliterated, are known as - Ectodynamomorphic soils - Endodynamomorphic soils - Hydromorphic soils - None 67. If the topography is flat then thickness of soil will be - Decreased - Increased - No change - None 68. If the slope is increase thickness of soil will be - Decreased - Increased - No change - None 69. Silica sesquioxide ratio for Kaolinite mineral is - >2 - 6 - >4 - <2 70. Mollisols of Russia-country is called - Chernozems - Vertisols - Alfisols - Spodosols 71. Most affected sphere due to pollution is - Troposphere - Stratosphere - Mesosphere - Thermosphere 72. The following mineral which is highly resistant to weathering - Quartz - Olivine - Calcite - Vermiculite 73. The following mineral which is least resistant to weathering - Quartz - Olivine - Zircon - Diamond 74. What is the percentage of SiO2 in quartz - 50% - 75% - 100% - 25% 75. Weathering, sequence of minerals was given by - Joffe - Jenny - Goldich - Marshall 76. Five master soil horizons are recognized by capital letters (NET&ARS 2014) - OAEBC - OAELC - OAEKC - OAECD 77. A vertical section of soil body which shows different layers is called - Soil horizons - Soil profile - Parent material - Regolith 78. A vertical section of the soil through all its horizons are extending into the parent material is called - Soil horizons - Soil profile - Parent material - Regolith 79. Mobilization of nutrients takes place in following horizon of soil profile - A horizon - B horizon - C horizon - All 80. Mixing of Humus and Minerals occur in following horizon of soil profile - A horizon - B horizon - C horizon - All 81. Dark coloured horizon in soil profile is - A horizon - B horizon - C horizon - Bedrock 82. Top most mineral horizon in soil profile is - A-horizon - O-horizon - C-horizon - B-horizon 83. The horizon which is called organic horizon in soil profile - A-horizon - O-horizon - C-horizon - None 84. O-horizon present in - Grassland - Forest land - Arable land - Both a and b 85. O-horizon absent in - Grassland - Forest land - Arable land - Both a and b 86. In soil profile "Solum" means - A+B horizons - B+E horizons - C-horizon - Bedrock (R) 87. In soil profile "Regolith" means - A+B horizons - A+B+C horizons - C-horizon - Bedrock (R) 88. The following horizon of soil profile can't be cultivated by tillage - A horizon - B horizon - C horizon - All 89. The horizons contain properties of one master horizon and posses sub ordinate properties of another horizon is called - B horizon - A horizon - C horizon - Transitional horizon 90. Dominant moisture regime in India - Udic - Perudic - Ustic - Xeric 91. Basic pedogenic processes were given by (SRF 2015) - Simonson - Joffe - Jenny - Milne 92. According to simonson basic pedogenic processes are - Addition or gains - Losses - Transformation - Translocation - All 93. Specific pedogenic processes includes - Calcification, Decalcification - Alkalization, Dealkalization - Laterization, Podzolization - Gleization, Pedoturbation and Salinization - All 94. Alkalization also called - Solonization - Solodization - Gleization - Pedoturbation 95. Dealkalization also called - Solonization - Solodization - Gleization - Pedoturbation 96. The term Lessivage was given by - Dachafour - Milne - Dokuchaev - Joffe 97. Transformation of organic matter into humus is called - Humification - None - Illuviation - Eluviation 98. Immigration also called - Illuviation - Leaching - Eluviation - Nitrification 99. Emigration also called - Illuviation - Neosynthesis - Haplodization - Eluviation 100. Mechanical movement of clay and iron oxides from A - horizon without undergoing chemical alteration is called - Lessivage - Soli fluxion - Eluviation - Illuviation 101. Gummy products of micro organisms useful for aggregation are - Proteins - Polysaccharides - Amino acids - None 102. Removal of constituents in suspension or solution from upper horizon to lower horizon by percolating water is called - Illuviation - Eluviation - Leaching - Lessivage 103. Accumulation or addition of constituents in suspension or solution from upper horizon to lower horizon by percolating water is called - Illuviation - Eluviation - Lessivage - Neosynthesis 104. Eluviation process occur in following horizon of soil profile - B horizon - E or A₂ horizon - C horizon - None 105. In soil profile the horizon which is having least weathering - A horizon - B horizon - C horizon - O horizon 106. Illuviation process occur in which of the horizon of soil profile - B horizon - E or A₂ horizon - C horizon - None 107. High intensity rain bearing cloud is - Cumulonimbus - Cirrus - Stratus - Altocumulus 108. Among following which one is not specific pedogenic process (IARI Ph.D) - Calcification - Podzolization - Laterization - Humification 109. Podzolization process occur in which type of climatic condition - Warm humid - Cool humid - Arid - None 110. Laterization process occur in which type of climatic condition - Warm humid - Cool humid - Arid - None 111. Hydromorphic soils are developed under - Waterlogged condition, - Dry condition - Humid condition - None 112. Hydromorphic soils are developed due to the process of - Calcification - Podzolization - Laterization - Gleization 113. Calcic horizon depth under hot arid condition - <50 cm - 100-150 cm - >150 cm - None 114. Calcic horizon depth under semi arid condition - <50 cm - 100-150 cm - >150 cm - None 115. Calcic horizon depth under sub humid condition - <50 cm - 100-150 cm - >150 cm - None 116. Parent material under Podzolization process - Basaltic - Siliceous sandy - Acidic - None 117. Vegetation under Podzolization process - Narrow-leaved or coniferous - Broad leaved - Both a and b - None 118 . pH under Podzolization process is - Above 5 - Below 5 - Below 10 - None 119. Under Podzolization process land use mainly confined to - Forestry - Wild life - Pastures - A and b 120. Accumulation of silica and removal of sesquioxides is called - Podzolization - Laterization - Calcification - Gleization 121. Accumulation of sesquioxides and removal of silica is called - Podzolization - Gleization - Calcification - Laterization 122. Parent material under Laterization process is - Basaltic - Siliceous sandy - Acidic - None. 123. Vegetation under Laterization process is - Narrow leaved or coniferous - Broad leaved - Both a and b - None 124. Shifting agriculture and plantation crops mainly confined to following process - Laterization - Podzolization - Gleization - Calcification 125. The term "laterite" was given by - Milne - Dacha four - Buchanan - Jenny 126. Hydromorphic soils are developed at - Higher topographic position - Lower topographic position - Medium topography - None 127. Accumulation of salts such as sulphates and chlorides of Ca, Mg, K and Na in soils in the form of salty horizon is called - Alkalization - Salinization - Calcification - None 128. The process involves the accumulation of sodium ions on the exchange complex of the clay to an extent of >15% is called - Alkalization - Salinization - Gleization - Calcification 129. Removal of Nat from exchange sites is called - Dealkalization - Salinization - Gleization - Calcification 130. The process of mixing of the soils is called - Pedoturbation - Salinization - Gleization - Calcification 131. Mixing of soils by animals such as ants, earthworms, moles and rodents is called - Faunal pedoturbation - Floral pedoturbation - Argillo pedoturbation - None 132. Mixing of soils by plants is called - Faunal pedoturbation - Floral pedoturbation - Argillo pedoturbation - None 133. Mixing of materials in solum by churning process caused by swell shrink clays observed in deep black cotton soil is called - Faunal pedoturbation - Floral pedoturbation - Argillo pedoturbation - None 134. Early system of classification includes (Soil classification) - Economical - Physical - Chemical - Geological - Physiographic - All 135. Revenue department takes lead in which of the early system of classification - Economical - Physical - Chemical - Geological 136. Genetic system of classification was given by - Dokuchaev - Marbut - Joffe - Milne 137. Genetic system of classification is mainly based on - Intrinsic properties - Only climatic factor - Soil forming factors - None 138. Based on intrinsic properties who was given classification of soils - Dokuchaev - Joffe - Marbut - Milne 139. Which of the following soil classification is followed in India - USDA - Marbut classification - USSR - Coffey's classification 140. Founder of Modern pedology - Dokuchaev - Marbut - Marshall - Bray 141. Well developed profile occur in - Azonal soils - Zonal soils - Intra zonal soils - All 142. The involvement of climate and vegetation occur in - Azonal soils - Zonal soils - Intra zonal soils - All 143. Based on local conditions like topography and parent material soils are classified as - Azonal soils - Zonal soils - Intra zonal soils - All 144. Laterite soil, Podzol and Chernozems comes under - Azonal soils - Zonal soils - Intra zonal soils - All 145. Saline, Calcimorphic and Hydromorphic soils comes under - Azonal soils - Zonal soils - Intra zonal soils - All 146. Azonal (Without horizons) soils are - Alluvial - Regosol - Lithosol - All 147. Morphogenetic system of classification was given by - Dokuchaev - Marbut - Joffe - Milne 148. Zonality concept related to following scientist - Dokuchaev - Marbut - Joffe - Milne 149. Founder of American pedology - Dokuchaev - Marshall - Bladwin - Epstein 150. Comprehensive system or 7th approximation developed in the year - 1960 - 1975 - 1971 - 1968 151. All India Soil Survey and Land Use Organization was established in the year - 1952 - 1956 - 1947 - 1945 152. Soil taxonomy developed in the year - 1960 - 1975 - 1971 - 1968 153. Comprehensive system was introduced which of the following category in soil taxonomy? - Subgroup - Sub order - Family - Series 154. Family introduced between great group and series by - Dokuchaev - Marbut - Baldwin & Associate - All 155. Highest category of soil taxonomy is (SRF 2015) - Sub order - Order - Family - Great group 156. How many orders are included in the 7th approximation system of soil classification - 15 - 12 - 10 - 9 157. The concept of soil natural body was first developed by - Dokuchaev - Marbut - Joffe - Jenny 158. Lowest category of soil taxonomy is - Series - Great group - Order - Family 159. The dominant order in India is - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Vertisol 160. 2nd dominant order in India after Inceptisol is - Mollisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 161. The following order formed under variety climatic conditions - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 162. Recently formed order is - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 163. The order developed without horizons or little development of horizons called (ARS&NET_2015) - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 164. Recent Alluvium placed under which order - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 165. Black soils are developed from following parent material - Granite - Basaltic - Acidic - None 166. Haplodization (Destruction or blending of horizons) is main feature of which order - Inceptisol - Alfisol - Vertisol - Aridisol 167. Gilgai micro relief, swell shrink phenomena, slicken sides and high clay content main feature of - Inceptisol - Alfisol - Vertisol - Aridisol 168. Vertisol developed at - Entisol - Aridisol - Vertisol - Aridisol 169. Vertisols are similar to following soils - Regur - Black cotton soil - Both a and b - None 170. If there is no further development in horizons which process is called - Haplodization - Neosynthesis - Pedoturbation - All 171. Vertisol developed under following climatic condition - Sub humid - Humid - Semi arid to Sub humid - None 172. Which of the following order is belongs to early stage (Primary) in formation? - Inceptisol - Mollisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 173. Soil order hierarchy is from - Entisol - Mollisol - Oxisol - Inceptisol - Oxisol - Entisol - Mollisol - Inceptisol - None 174. The following order having high clay but not sufficient for Argillic horizon, - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 175. Diagnostic order for Alfisol and Ultisol is - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 176. Fe and Al oxides absent in the following order - Inceptisol - Entisol - Alfisol - Aridisol 177. Mollic epipedon is absent in which of the following order - Inceptisol - Entisol - Aridiso - Alfisol 178. The following order having more than 50% base saturation is - Mollisol - Entisol - Alfisol - None 179. Highly fertile soils in the world - Mollisols - Entisols - Alfisols - None 180. Mollic means - Soft - Hard - Very loose - None 181. Humus and Sesquioxides rich order is - Alfisol - Spodosol - Gelisol - Oxisol 182. Bleached wood ash A₂ horizon present in following order - Alfisol - Spodosol - Gelisol - Oxisol 183. Horizons formed rapidly in following order - Alfisol - Gelisol - Inceptisol - Oxisol 184. The following order is similar to Ultisol except in base saturation is - Alfisol - Gelisol - Spodosol - Oxisol 185. The following order may fertile if irrigate and low in organic matter - Aridisol - Entisol - Alfisol - None 186. Dark colour mineral order is - Mollisol - Entisol - Alfisol - None 187. If the soils having at least 20% organic matter which are called as - Forest soils - Hilly soils - Organic soils - Marshy soils 188. Lime rich parent material occur in order - Mollisol - Entisol - Alfisol - None 189. The following order present over a clay enriched horizon (Argillic) that is - Alfisol - Gelisol - Spodosol - Oxisol 190. Ultisol having base saturation is <35% and Alfisol having base saturation is - >35% - >45% - >50% - None 191. Highly weathered soils in world (ARS&NET 2015) - Oxisols - Ultisols - Alfisols - Gelisols 192. Uniform profile distribution occur in the order - Oxisol - Ultisol - Alfisol - Gelisol 193. Oxisols developed under following climatic condition - Sub humid - Humid tropics - Semi arid to sub humid - None 194. Poor fertility and chemically degraded soils comes under following order - Oxisol - Ultisol - Alfisol - Gelisol 195. The following order rich in Kaolinite clay minerals and needs careful management - Oxisol - Ultisol - Alfisol - Gelisol 196. The following order having least arca in India - Oxisol - Ultisol - Alfisol - Histosol 197. Bogs and moors related to which order (SRF 2015) - Oxisol - Ultisol - Alfisol - Histosol 198. In which of the following soil partial decomposition of organic matter takes place - Peat soil - Muck soil - Regur soil - None 199. In which of the following soil high decomposition of organic matter takes place - Peat soil - Muck sojl - Aridisol - None 200. Peat soil having organic matter is - >50% - >70% - >20% - >35% 201 Muck soil having organic matter - 20-50% - >70% - >20% - >35% 202. The order present without permafrost - Histosol - Gelisol - Alfisol - Andisol 203. Andisol firstly recognised in the following country? - Japan - Germany - India - Nepal 204. The order which is developed from volcanic ash material is (ARS&NET 2014) - Histosol - Alfisol - Gelisol - Andisol 205. The following order having low bulk density and high content of allophane minerals - Histosol - Alfisol - Gelisol - Andisol 206. The following order is not having albic horizon - Histosol - Alfisol - Gelisol - Andisol 207. Recently established or newly added order is - Histosol - Alfisol - Gelisol - Andisol 208. Permafrost and Cryoturbation is main feature of following order - Histosol - Alfisol - Gelisol - Andisol 209. The following order absent in India - Histosol - Alfisol - Gelisol - Andisol 210. High content of organic matter present in following order - Histosol - Alfisol - Gelisol - Andisol 211. Kandic horizon present in following order - Oxisol - Alfisol - Vertisol - Gelisol