Role of Vitamins in Oro-facial Tissue Integrity PDF

Role of vitamins in integrity of Oro-facial tissue Oral Biology Department Faculty of Dentistry AIU “ 5 Important vitamins and minerals for healthy teeth ” Effect of vitamins on oral...

Role of vitamins in integrity of Oro-facial tissue Oral Biology Department Faculty of Dentistry AIU “ 5 Important vitamins and minerals for healthy teeth ” Effect of vitamins on oral health. 1-Calcium It is one of the most abundant minerals in the body and it aids in a number of processes, including building and maintaining strong teeth and bones. Calcium can be found in dairy products like milk and cheese, and we strongly suggest getting calcium from cheese. That’s because cheese has a protein called casein, which is vital for building strong tooth enamel. 2-Vitamin C It is a strong antioxidant that helps fight gingivitis. It does this by helping the body produce more collagen, which aids in cell repair and healing process. You can find vitamin C in citrus fruit like oranges, grapefruit and kiwi. However, all of the fruits are very acidic, so be sure to rinse your mouth out with water after enjoying them. 3-Magnesium It is an important mineral for overall health, and it plays a critical role in building strong teeth and bones. Magnesium helps the body absorb calcium, which is critical to building strong teeth and tooth enamel. You can find magnesium in nuts, whole grains, beans, seeds and dark leafy vegetables. 4- Vitamin A One of the best vitamins for overall oral health is vitamin A. Because it helps keep saliva flowing, which naturally cleans teeth of damaging acids and prevents dry mouth. It also promotes the healthy mucous in the mouth that coats cheeks and gums, which makes them less susceptible to infection and disease. Foods that are rich in vitamin A are carrots, eggs, sweet potatoes and fish. 5- Vitamin D Without adequate vitamin D, the healthy power of calcium is severely diminished. Vitamin D acts as a communicator, and signals the intestines to absorb calcium into the bloodstream. Adequate vitamin D and calcium make bones and teeth denser and far stronger, which helps prevent fractures and cracks. It is found in eggs, fish and dairy products like cheese and milk.  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin C  What are Vitamins? Vitamins are defined as organic substance required in small amount for the maintenance and growth of living organisms.  Vitamins Deficiency Over-dose certain specific diseases hypervitaminosis can be cured by the administration of that specific vitamin. Vitamins can be classified based on their solubility: Fat-soluble Vitamins: Water-soluble Vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E and K Vitamins B and C  Fat-soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K) ✓ Absorbed in the presence of fats ✓ Stored by the body for longer than the water-soluble vitamins ✓ So avoid overdose  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin C  K E D A ✓ Chemical nature and properties of vitamin A ✓ Sources of vitamin A in food ✓ Importance for oral health Chemical nature and properties of vitamin A Natural form A1 (Retinol), A2 (3-dehydro-retinol ) Active form Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid Provitamin A β-carotene Storage Liver, Adipose tissue of the body  Sources of vitamin A in food β-carotene  like dark leafy green vegetables, spinach, broccoli, carrots, cabbage, sweet potato, deep orange fruits, mangoes, apricots,  Sources of vitamin A in food Retinols like milk, butter, cheese, cream, eggs, kidney, tomatoes and water melon. Health benefits of vitamin A  The active form of vitamin A, retinoic acid, is essential for: 1. Maintaining the integrity of mucosal tissues. 2. proper differentiation of cells, including cells of the immune system. ✓maintaining some bacteria in adequate level ✓prevention of massive inflammation  against oxidation 3- It has antioxidant activity Free radicals Oxidative stress Superoxide dismutase:- it catalyzes oxygen (O2-) anion into normal O2 molecule. Function:- An important antioxidant (enzyme) defense in all living cells exposed to oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is damaging to cells and is degraded by other enzymes e.g. Catalase enzyme Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Application of antioxidant vitamin therapy (vitamins A, E and K) improves the status of the periodontium. Vitamin A deficiency results in: 1- Epithelial proliferation and maturation defects. Epithelium Connective tissue 2- Night blindness  enamel 3- Irregular tubular dentin formation crown dentin root cementum  4- Enamel hypoplasia. 5- Xerostomia (dry mouth) marked increase in risk for caries. 6- Decreased taste sensitivity.  inflammation 7- gingivitis & periodontitis  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin C  Vitamin D is one of the fat-soluble vitamins known for treatment of rickets. Vitamin D also known as the sunshine vitamin, because the sterols resent in the skin can be converted to vitamin D with the help of UV rays emitted from the sun  So far 7 different types of vitamin D have been discovered. only D1, D2 and D3 are important. Vitamin D2 is ergocalciferol, derived from ergosterol. Vitamin D3 is cholecalciferol and obtained form 7- dehydrochloesterol.  Natural source include cod liver oil, mackerel, salmon, sardines, tuna and mushrooms  Vitamin D2 is of plant origin  Vitamin D3 is obtained from animal sources only, by irradiation with UV light of a Provitamin to give Previtamin D, which will be Vit D3 by body heat  Vit D3 will be transported to the liver by the blood, where will be converted to 25 hydroxy vitamin D  Function  Vitamin D maintains the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus in the tissues and body fluids. Effect of vitamin D on oral health Dr. Nesma Khalil  enamel 1- It has a critical role in enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone formation as ameloblasts, odontoblasts and osteoblasts are target cells for vitamin D. Oral vitamin D3 has a significant potential in motivating remineralization of early lesions on the enamel surfaces representing improved surface microhardness and minerals content (Ca and P weight %) of demineralized tooth surfaces Effect of Vitamin D3 on dental tissues  Vitamin D3 plays a major role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus absorption and in maintaining skeletal and dental tissues.  Deficiency of vitamin D3 causes the delay of teeth eruption and abnormal calcification of enamel and dentin. Since vitamin D has a major function in teeth development, any defect in tooth enamel surfaces induced by such vitamin deficiency makes the tooth more susceptible to caries 2- Therefore, deficiency in vitamin D during periods of tooth development may also result in developmental defects including enamel hypoplasia. Recent studies said that deficiency in vitamin D3 has been linked to major changes in tooth tissues. Enamel and dentin abnormalities have been considered in children as caries risk factors. Optimum Vitamin D3 levels in children are required as a secondary preventive intervention for dental cavities in the permanent dentition 3- Vitamin D deficiency is associated with caries.  4- Its deficiency may be a potential risk factor for aggressive periodontitis Vitamin D intake was associated with lower severity of periodontal disease. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation has a positive effect on periodontal health, and consistent dental care improves clinical parameters of periodontal disease. There is a raise possibility that vitamin D, at higher doses, may positively impact on periodontal disease severity.  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin C  Vitamin E can be found in fortified cereals, seeds and seed oils like sunflower and green leafy vegetables like spinach, tomato products, sweet potato, mangoes & broccoli.  Found in high quantity in Liver of cattle.  Small quantities found in the muscles of heart, kidneys, eggs, kiwi fruit and blue berries. Health benefits of vitamin E  1- Being as an anti-oxidant Vitamin E plays an important role to protect the body cells from the damage caused by free radicals which are highly reactive and destructive compounds.  Anticarcinogenic effects of Vitamin E are its ability to inhibit formation of the carcinogenic chemicals in some foods, and its ability to promote immune system function. 2- Vitamin-E is an essential nutrient that is receiving growth attention in the prevention of precancerous lesions because of its anti oxidant properties 3- Topical application of Vitamin E had performed better on oral mucositis induced by Cancer Chemo/Radiotherapy than Vitamin E systemic administration The efficacy of Vitamin A topical treatment also showed reduction in severity of oral mucositis similar to vitamin E. Thank you  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin C  The term originated from the German word Koagulation (clotting of blood). So, it is also known as the clotting vitamin.  It is found primarily in leafy green vegetables.  The dietary requirement is low because the vitamin is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines.  Two natural forms exist: vitamins K1 and K2. It's a multifunctional vitamin (have a role in a wide range of biological activities) 1- cell growth and proliferation 2- regulation of calcium metabolism in tissues 3-Vitamin K2 has been shown to have an antioxidant potential. antioxidant 4- plays an essential role in normal blood clotting, 5- promoting bone strength  In bone, vitamin K exerts its anabolic effect as promoting osteoblast differentiation 6- Vitamin K has been tested as possible anticaries agent in vitrue by its enzyme inhibiting activity in the carbohydrate degradation cycle. Demineralization of tooth structure  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Water soluble vitamins Vitamin C  They include vitamin B1 (thiamine) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) vitamin B3 (niacin) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) vitamin B7 or B8 (biotin) vitamin B9 (folic acid) vitamin B12 (cobalamin)  Vitamin B-complex is important for cell growth and metabolism.  Each member of the B-complex has a unique structure and performs unique functions. Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and biotin (B7 & B8) participate in different aspects of energy production.  building blocks of proteins  Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is essential for amino acid metabolism.  Vitamin B12 and folic acid facilitate steps required for cell division.  Vitamin B12 is one of the important micronutrients for brain development and function. Effect of vitamin B-complex on oral health 1- Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause an increase in prevalence of dental caries and gingival diseases in children. 2- Subjects suffering from cobalamin (B12) deficiency may exhibit some oral signs and symptoms, including glossitis angular cheilitis recurrent oral ulcer  oral candidiasis pale oral mucosa. diffuse erythematous mucositis 3- Folic acid (B9) is required for essential biochemical reactions for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & integrity of gingival tissues. 4- Insufficient intake of folic acid during the pregnancy has been suggested to increase the risk for cleft lip & palate. 5- Vitamin B-complex supplementation has also demonstrated positive effects on wound healing after periodontal surgery and enhance wound repair.  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Water soluble vitamins Vitamin C  Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid) is naturally found in citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits) and vegetables (potatoes, broccoli, spinach, red peppers).  Additionally, vitamin C is heat sensitive so, boiling or cooking has removed the nutritional value.  Ascorbic acid is absorbed from the intestinal tract and has a biological half-life of approximately 30 minutes.  There is no storage site in the body; however, some tissues carry higher concentrations (white blood cells, adrenal glands, pituitary gland) 1- Ascorbic acid plays an essential role in the hydroxylation of collagen. This crucial biochemical pathway enables each collagen fibril to form a uniform and flexible triple helix configuration in the body’s connective tissues.  Some tissues such as skin, gums, mucus membranes, and bones contain a greater concentration of collagen and thus are more susceptible to deficiencies. 2- Ascorbic acid is also needed in the synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine & epinephrine. 3- It has antioxidant properties 4- It can enhance iron absorption from the intestinal tract.  8 to 12 weeks of irregular or inadequate intake of vitamin C. Scurvy anemia, myalgia, bone pain, easy bruising, swelling, gum disease 5- Vitamin C associate positively with periodontal health and using vitamin C supplementation improves postoperative healing following dental implant surgery in patients with chronic periodontitis 6- It is evident that serum and salivary vitamin C level decreases with increase in caries activity suggesting the powerful antioxidant property of vitamin C. 7- Deficiency of Vitamin C is well recognized as producing severe changes in the periodontal tissue and pulps of the teeth.  Content Definition Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Water soluble vitamins Vitamin C  Take home messages ✓ Vitamins are essential for general growth, health ✓ Required in small amounts ✓ Act as antioxidants ✓ Your diet should contain vegetables & fruits as they are natural sources of vitamins ✓ Sun shine vitamin (Vitamin D) ✓ Supplements (deficiency, old age, pregnancy) ✓ Avoid hypervitaminosis especially fat soluble vitamins