Diving presentation.docx
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Diving Ebuka Michael Nwobodo, William Pham & Emelia Akomah Koranteng Department of Kinesiology, University of Regina KHS 132 Mrs. Paula Kahston November 24,2023 The History of Diving On a roof slab of a vast burial vault south of Naples is a painting of a young man diving from a narrow platfor...
Diving Ebuka Michael Nwobodo, William Pham & Emelia Akomah Koranteng Department of Kinesiology, University of Regina KHS 132 Mrs. Paula Kahston November 24,2023 The History of Diving On a roof slab of a vast burial vault south of Naples is a painting of a young man diving from a narrow platform. The discovery of the "Tomba Del Tuffatore" (The Tomb of the Diver) shows us that the excitement and grace of diving from high places into water has lured people from at least 480 BC - the date established for the construction of the tomb. As with most sports dating back to ancient times, little information on competitive diving has survived. The Tomb of the Diver, Paestum, Italy. 480-470 BC. The origins of modern diving can be traced to two European venues - Halle in Germany and Sweden. It was a traditional speciality of the guild of salt boilers, called Halloren to practise certain swimming and diving skills. The Halloren used to perform a series of diving feats from a bridge into the river Saale. In 1840 in contact with the German gymnastics’ movement the world's first diving association was formed. Most of its members were gymnasts starting their tumbling routines as a kind of water gymnastic. Thus, diving became very popular in Germany. In Sweden wooden scaffolding was erected around many lakes, inviting courageous fellows to perform diving feats. Somersaulting from great heights and swallow-like flights of a whole team are common. The beginning of competitive diving corresponded to the rise of swimming clubs and associations. In Germany, the oldest club called "Neptun" started international diving contests from a lower board and from a tower in 1882. In 1891 the first diving rules were adopted and the following year the first tables were published in Germany. At the turn of the century, another branch of diving found numerous followers in the USA - the bridge and artistic leaping. However, its development was stopped due to the high number of serious accidents. In 1904 in Saint-Louis, with the support of the Germans, diving was added to the Olympic programme. German divers dominated the springboard scene during the first two decades. When high diving from a platform was introduced in 1908, the Swedish athletes dominated these contests. For the 1908 Games in London, a diving table was composed listing the types of dive allowed, giving descriptions of them and setting a difficulty value for each and fixing the number of required and voluntary dives. The table contained 14 dives for high board and 20 for springboard. Recommendations for judging were also given. Constant changes came about until the FINA meeting in 1914 in Budapest where the German proposals for springboard and the Swedish proposals for high board diving were adopted as internationally binding rules. German diving placed particular emphasis on the good body position during flight whereas the Swedish set a high value on the courageous aspect of the dive and the splash less arrival in the water. In 1902, the Amateur Diving Association of England, the first ever diving association, was formed and continued until 1936 when it came under the aegis of the ASA of Great Britain. From 1920, US divers asserted their supremacy for several decades. Two great coaches can be credited for most of these victories - Ernst Brandsten, and outstanding Swedish diver at the 1912 Olympic Games and Fred Cady. Their ideas, teaching methods and contribution to improving equipment enabled them to produce a constant stream of diving champions. Brandsten and Cady introduced a more flexible board with a moveable fulcrum allowing the divers to leap higher and perform more difficult moves. These boards were used until the late 1940s. Diving developed further with the creation of the FINA International Diving Committee in 1928. In 1929 they published a new table which divided all dives into five groups for springboard and six groups for platform diving. The same system is still used today. They also establish the four body positions. Until the 1920s, most dives were performed in the straight position. In 1921, the pike and tuck positions were permitted to facilitate completing somersaults and dives from lower boards. The free position was added later to allow new, more complicated dives. Technical improvements in equipment, new dives with higher degrees of difficulty, scientifically founded methods of coaching and new attractive international events helped diving develop to the current high standard. The laminated Brandsten board was quickly replaced by the aluminium board used at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome. Then Ray Rude developed the Duraflex Board made of a single piece of tape-red and riveted aluminium. Finally, in 1969 the Mariflex double tapered board was introduced. This, and the fibre-glass board which is also used, are very elastic, allowing much higher leaps and thus more dives with high degrees of difficulty. The History of Competitive Diving At the beginning of the twentieth century, diving obtained growing acceptance in the international arena. In 1904 in St Louis, a platform diving event for men was added to the Olympic programme for the first time. Dr G.E. Sheldon of the United States became the first Olympic diving champion. Springboard diving for men was introduced at the 1908 Olympic Games in London. Platform diving for women followed in 1912 at the Stockholm Olympic Games and women's springboard was added in 1920 at the Games in Antwerp. Synchronised diving made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, Australia. The History of FINA Although swimming was included in the Olympic programme from the very first Games of the modern era in 1896 in Athens, the Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA) was only founded a few years later, on 19 July 1908, on the occasion of the Olympic Games in London. Its main goal was to unify regulations for the aquatic sports of swimming, water polo and diving and to no longer allow the organising countries of the Games to impose their own rules. A Briton, George W. Hearn, at the time President of the Amateur Swimming Association, became the first person in charge with the title Honorary Secretary/Treasurer. His number one objective was to codify the Olympic aquatic sports of swimming, diving and water polo. Ever since then, FINA has endeavoured to promote international competitions with rules accepted by all. Rules of High Diving Judges base their overall impression of a dive on the following elements: The starting position The approach The take-off The flight The entry into the water The rules state that the diving judge must not be influenced by any factor other than the technique and execution of the dive, and have no regard to the starting position, the difficulty of the dive, or movement beneath the surface of the water. A few other things judges have to consider are: A dive not performed from the position announced may earn an unsatisfactory rating. A dive only partly performed from the position announced may only earn up to 4 ½ points. A dive not performed in the straight, pike, tuck, or free position can be given a ½ to 2 points deduction. A dive may be given a zero if, at the discretion of the judge, the dive performed is of a *different number than the dive announced. *Dive types are assigned corresponding numbers. There are six types of dives, and every dive number begins with one of six numbers in order to determine the type of dive performed (Dive Numbers and The Written Description; by Woody Franklin; www.about.com). Starting Position A diver's starting position must be "free and unaffected" or it could result in a ½ to 2-point deduction. Standing Dives The starting position of a standing dive is assumed when the diver is positioned at the front end of the board or platform. The diver's body must be straight, as well as the arms (any position), and the head erect. The diver bouncing on the springboard or platform before take-off could result in a ½ to 2-point deduction. Running Dives A running dive starting position occurs when the diver is ready to take the first step of the run. Arm Stand Dives The starting position in an arm stand dive is when both hands are on the front end of the platform and both feet are off the platform. A diver who is not stationary and steady in a straight vertical position in an arm stand dive could receive a ½ to 2-point deduction. A restart is allowed if: The diver loses balance. One or both feet return to the platform. Another part of the body touches the platform other than the hands. The Approach The running dive from the springboard or platform must be smooth, "aesthetically pleasing" and be in a forward direction with the last step being from one foot, or points may be deducted. If the final step is not from one foot, the referee may declare it a failed dive. The Take-off In forward or reverse dives, the take-off may be performed in a running or standing position. Take-offs for backward and inward dives must be performed standing. Take-offs from springboard dives must be done from both feet at the same time. The forward and reverse take-off from the platform may be done from one foot. In running and standing dives, the take-off must be "bold, high and confident" and be done from the end of the springboard or platform. In twisting dives, the twist must not "be manifestly done from the springboard or platform". The Flight Diver must not touch the springboard or platform, or dive off to the side, and the dive must be "aesthetically pleasing". The dive can be executed in the Straight, Pike, Tuck, or Free Positions. The Entry Entry into the water must be vertical, with the body straight and feet together. In head-first entries, the arms must extend beyond the head in line with the body, with hands close together. In feet-first entries, the arms must be straight and close to the body. Twists may not be 90 degrees greater or lesser than the one announced. Dives are completed when the whole body is completely underwater. Judging for diving A judge in a diving contest shall award from 0 to 10 points for a dive according to his or her overall impression using the following criteria: - 10: Excellent - 8 1/2 to 9 1/2: Very good - 7 to 8: Good - 5 to 6 1/2: Satisfactory - 2 1/2 to 4 1/2: Deficient - 1/2 to 2: Unsatisfactory- 0: Completely Failed When judging a dive, the judge must not be influenced by any factor other than the technique and execution of the dive. The dive must be considered without regard to the approach to the starting position, the difficulty of the dive, or any movement beneath the surface of the water. Synchronised diving: Men performed six dives, two of which have an assigned DD of 2.0. Women perform five dives, two of which have an assigned DD of 2.0. The remaining four dives for men and three dives for women are the team’s optional dives. 2. Less Optional Groups In synchro, four of the five groups of dives must be performed (forward, backward, inward, reverse, twister) In individual events all five groups are required. Springboard diving: All springboard diving in the Olympic Games is contested from a 3-meter springboard. Men must complete six dives. Women must complete five dives. There is no limit on the total degree of difficulty for these dives. At least one dive during the contest must come from each of five different categories: forward, back, reverse, inward, and twisting. Men may repeat one of the categories for their sixth dive, women may not. No dive can be repeated in a list of dives. The sixth optional dive for the men may be chosen from any of the categories. Platform diving: Men must complete six dives. Women must complete five dives. There is no limit on the total degree of difficulty for these dives. For the men, at least one dive during the contest must come from each of six different categories: forward, back, reverse, inward, twisting, and arm-stand. No category can be repeated in a list of dives. All dives must be performed from the 10-meter platform. Required Equipment Platform: This is used by men and women at the Olympics is a flat, rigid, non-slip surface elevated 10 meters (roughly 32 feet, 9 ½ inches) above the water. The height is comparable to that of a three-story building. The platform is at least 20 feet long and 6 ½ feet wide. Platform divers hit the water at speeds between 30 and 35 miles per hour. Repeating this impact too often can result in injury. Springboard: The flexible, non-slip springboard used by men and women at the Olympics sits 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) above and parallel to the water when stationary. From the pool’s edge, the springboard extends five feet out over the water. The springboard extends five feet out over the water. The springboard is 5 meters (1 foot, 1o inches) wide and at least 4.8 meters (15 feet, seven inches) long. The flexibility of the springboard is controlled by divers with a fulcrum. Located at the mid-point of the board, the fulcrum can be moved so as to decrease or increase the amount of flexibility at the board’s take-off end. Most Olympic-caliber divers prefer to roll the fulcrum all the way back from the board’s take-off end to maximize the board’s flexibility allowing divers to launch themselves as high as possible. Hot tubs and showers: In the men’s and women’s diving venue, there are continually running showers and bubbling hot tubs in order for the divers to stay warm and loose between their dives. Shammy: This is a personal miniature towel that divers bring with them on the springboard or platform to make sure they are completely dry. Being dry aids divers’ grip while spinning in the air. Safety Concerns for Diving Diving involves jumping headfirst into a pool from a platform or springboard or into a body of water such as a lake or river. Acrobatic stunts such as twists, pikes, and tucks are often performed while diving. The sport has been a feature of the Summer Olympic games since 1904 and is governed locally by the BC Diving Association. While there is risk for physical injury in diving, there is evidence that these injuries can be prevented. Types of Common Injuries Hand or wrist injuries: They are common among competitive female divers. These injuries usually happen upon making contact with the water. Trunk injuries: The trunk is a common area of injury among female divers. Many injuries occur due to incorrect positioning of the body upon making contact with the water. Spinal cord injuries: In diving, they are primarily neck injuries resulting from the diver hitting bottom or an obstacle. Spinal cord injury occurs primarily during recreational or unstructured diving, rather than during supervised practice. Head or face injuries: These, including concussion, and can occur from making contact with the diving board, water, bottom or an obstacle. Diving Safety Statistics The statistics below describe the incidence and cost of diving injuries in the United States: 25,832 diving injuries were treated in U.S. emergency departments, doctors' offices and clinics in 2013, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Swimming and diving injuries are most common among children ages 17 and younger. Diving injuries cost nearly $1.8 billion each year in medical, loss of work, pain and suffering and legal/liability expenses. Injury Statistics Diving injuries vary depending on whether the sport is performed at a recreational or elite level, and the level of competition. Common diving injuries are strains to the shoulder and trunk. During the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, 8% of diving athletes sustained an injury. Lack of knowledge of the water depth and surroundings pose a significant risk of injury among unstructured and unsupervised divers. It is estimated that... Risk Factors For competitive divers, age and shoulder flexibility can increase the risk of lower back pain. For recreational divers, a number of risk factors related to safety, such as supervision, visibility, and signage, may increase the risk of sustaining a spinal cord injury. Age: Among 12 to 17-year-old elite divers, the risk of lower back pain among both males and females can increase with age, which may be related to growth spurts. Supervision: A lack of adequate supervision increases the risk for a diving injury, and is more likely to occur in non-training or unstructured diving, as compared to competitive diving. Diving Technique: The risk of injury is higher with improper technique, including the aim of the diver, the speed of the dive, and the positioning of the head and arms. Injury can occur if the diver hits the pool wall (or other obstacle), hits bottom at speed, or dive with their head exposed or held in an improper position. Hitting bottom at a speed of 0.61 metres per second or greater can dislocate the neck, and a speed of 1.22 metres per second can crush the vertebrae in the neck. Visibility: Limited underwater visibility makes it difficult to determine water depth or the presence of submerged objects or people. Adequate lighting can help to increase underwater visibility. Legislation: Lack of appropriate building codes in pool design and lack of legislation around proper training of pool owners increase the risk of diving-related spinal cord injury. A lack of signage describing water depth or a lack of diving safety signage increases the risk of dangerous diving. Shoulder flexibility: Limited shoulder joint flexibility among male divers can increase the risk of lower back pain. This can occur when the athlete hyperextends the lower back to compensate for limited shoulder mobility. Water depth: Water less than 1.2 metres deep increases the risk of injury due to the diver hitting bottom. Many spinal cord injuries occur during the first dive in a pool that the individual has not previously visited. Diving board: The degree of control and amount of force when entering the water from a diving board can be affected by bouncing on the board or by leaning too far forward. When performing a reverse dive, where the diver rotates backwards toward the diving board, the diver is at risk of head injury from hitting the diving board. Alcohol: Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for spinal cord injury during diving. How can I prevent injury? Training and regular practice are expected of athletes, but how much is too much? Your risk of injury can increase if you train too much or improperly. Learn more about how to find your training load “sweet spot.” Some muscle soreness or joint pain is expected when increasing your level of physical activity. However, it is important to listen to your body for persistent or worsening pain, and to know when to rest. Injuries can be prevented through 4 sections: Participant & parent, coach & teacher, Official & administrator, and health professional. Learn more about how to prevent injuries in diving by watching Active & Safe - Training Load & Sport Injury Prevention video from website (https://vimeo.com/309160179) Participant & Parent Talk to your coach or organization, if applicable, about the prevention strategies below and how they might be incorporated into training and policies. Supervision: The presence of a lifeguard can reduce injury. Approximately 94% of spinal cord injuries in diving occur when there is no trained lifeguard present. Training: Learn proper diving techniques, safety protocols, and about training load. Risk of head and neck injury is reduced when the hands are held together, thumbs locked, and arms extended beyond the head. Diving with more air time (maximized flight distance), a low entry angle, and steering technique are important. Strength Training and Neuromuscular Training Program: Incorporate balance and strength conditioning to reduce your risk of injury. Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre Neuromuscular Training Adopt strength training exercises designed to prevent injuries to the shoulder and back. The Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre has developed exercises that specifically help reduce the risk of shoulder and back injuries. Get Set Neuromuscular Training The Get Set app contains exercises that can be done at home. Created by the Oslo Sports Trauma Centre, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, and Making Waves AS in 2014 for the International Olympic Committee, the app allows you to search by body part to view exercises that work to strengthen each area of the body, or search by sport to view a library of exercises that are specific to diving. Managing Concussion: Concussions are a common injury in diving, so it is important to be aware of concussion signs and symptoms and know what to do if concussion is suspected. The Concussion Awareness Training Tool (CATT) is an online resource for divers and their parents to learn more about how to recognize, prevent, and manage a concussion. CATT also includes resources on how to respond to a potential concussion situation, as well as detailed Return to School and Return to Sport protocol. Other Considerations (about this section) Education: Parachute Canada has two diving injury prevention programs: “Dive Smart” and “Sudden Impact.” These programs provide education on the importance of spinal cord injury prevention in and around water, and have been shown to change students’ opinions about checking the depth of swimming pools before diving. These resources include a Leader’s Guide and can be purchased on DVD or viewed on the Parachute Canada website. “Dive Smart” is targeted at an elementary school students age 6 to 12 years and in Grades 1 to 6.“Sudden Impact” is designed for high school students 12 years of age and older, and in Grades 7 to 12. Sleep, Vigilance and Sport Injury Prevention: Being successful in physical activity requires a high degree of alertness, also known as vigilance. Sufficient sleep helps your body to recover, allows you to achieve your goals, and reduces your risk of injury. Getting less than 8 hours of sleep can increase your rate of injury by up to 70%! Watch this video, https://vimeo.com/309160699, to learn more about how sleep and vigilance are connected. Sport-related Physicals: Competitive diving is physically demanding and some pre-existing conditions may increase the risk of injury. An annual sport-related physical evaluation ensuring fitness to participate can help to reduce risk of injury. KidsHealth provides information about what sports physicals are, why they may be appropriate and where you may go to get them. Coach & Teacher Talk to your organization or school about the prevention strategies below and how they might be incorporated into training and policies. Training: Educate divers on proper techniques, safety protocols, and training load. Risk of head and neck injury is reduced when the hands are held together, thumbs locked, and arms extended beyond the head. Diving with more air time (maximized flight distance), a low entry angle, and steering technique are important. Strength Training and Neuromuscular Training Program: Incorporate balance and strength conditioning into your training programs to reduce the risk of injury. Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre Neuromuscular Training. Adopt strength training exercises designed to prevent injuries to the shoulder and back. The Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre has developed exercises that specifically help reduce the risk of shoulder and back injuries. Get Set Neuromuscular Training. The Get Set app contains exercises that can be done at home. Created by the Oslo Sports Trauma Centre, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, and Making Waves AS in 2014 for the International Olympic Committee, the app allows you to search by body part to view exercises that work to strengthen each area of the body, or search by sport to view a library of exercises that are specific to diving. Supervision:The presence of a lifeguard can reduce injury. Approximately 94% of spinal cord injuries in diving occur when there is no trained lifeguard present. Managing Concussion: Concussions are a common injury in diving, so it is important to be aware of concussion signs and symptoms and know what to do if concussion is suspected. The Concussion Awareness Training Tool (CATT) is an online resource for coaches and teachers to learn more about how to recognize, prevent, and manage a concussion. CATT also includes resources on how to respond to a potential concussion situation, as well as detailed Return to School and Return to Sport protocol. Other Considerations (about this section) Education: Parachute Canada has two diving injury prevention programs: “Dive Smart” and “Sudden Impact.” These programs provide education on the importance of spinal cord injury prevention in and around water, and have been shown to change students’ opinions about checking the depth of swimming pools before diving. These resources include a Leader’s Guide and can be purchased on DVD or viewed on the Parachute Canada website. “Dive Smart” is targeted at an elementary school students age 6 to 12 years and in Grades 1 to 6.“Sudden Impact” is designed for high school students 12 years of age and older, and in Grades 7 to 12. Sport-related Physicals: Competitive diving is physically demanding and some pre-existing conditions may increase the risk of injury. An annual sport-related physical evaluation ensuring fitness to participate can help to reduce risk of injury. KidsHealth provides information about what sports physicals are, why they may be appropriate and where you may go to get them. Facilities: The American Red Cross Swimming and Diving guidelines require a minimum depth of 9 feet of water below the tip of the diving board in a standard public pool. Most diving-related spinal cord injuries occur in residential pools where the maximum depth is less than 9 feet. Adequate signage regarding water depth and restriction of dives in shallow water should be posted. The Ontario Physical Education Association (OPHEA) provides recommendations for implementing diving programs in secondary schools. Official & administrator Talk to your coaches, teachers, organization, or school about the prevention strategies below and how they might be incorporated into training and policies. Supervision: The presence of a lifeguard can reduce injury. Approximately 94% of spinal cord injuries in diving occur when there is no trained lifeguard present. Training: Encourage training on proper techniques, safety protocols, and training load. Risk of head and neck injury is reduced when the hands are held together, thumbs locked, and arms extended beyond the head. Diving with more air time (maximized flight distance), a low entry angle, and steering technique are important. Strength Training and Neuromuscular Training Program: Encourage coaches and teachers to incorporate balance and strength conditioning into your training programs to reduce the risk of injury. Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre Neuromuscular Training. The Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre has developed exercises that specifically help reduce the risk of shoulder and back injuries. This resource includes videos and PDFs for download. Get Set Neuromuscular Training. The Get Set app contains exercises that can be done at home. Created by the Oslo Sports Trauma Centre. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, and Making Waves AS in 2014 for the International Olympic Committee, the app allows you to search by body part to view exercises that work to strengthen each area of the body, or search by sport to view a library of exercises that are specific to diving. Managing Concussion: Concussions are a common injury in diving, so it is important to be aware of concussion signs and symptoms and know what to do if concussion is suspected. The Concussion Awareness Training Tool (CATT) is an online resource to learn more about how to recognize, prevent, and manage a concussion. CATT also includes resources on how to respond to a potential concussion situation, as well as detailed Return to School and Return to Sport protocol. Other Considerations (about this section) Facilities: The American Red Cross Swimming and Diving guidelines require a minimum depth of 9 feet of water below the tip of the diving board in a standard public pool. Most diving-related spinal cord injuries occur in residential pools where the maximum depth is less than 9 feet. Adequate signage regarding water depth and restriction of dives in shallow water should be posted. The Ontario Physical Education Association (OPHEA) provides recommendations for implementing diving programs in secondary schools. Education: Parachute Canada has two diving injury prevention programs: “Dive Smart” and “Sudden Impact.” These programs provide education on the importance of spinal cord injury prevention in and around water, and have been shown to change students’ opinions about checking the depth of swimming pools before diving. These resources include a Leader’s Guide and can be purchased on DVD or viewed on the Parachute Canada website. “Dive Smart” is targeted at an elementary school students age 6 to 12 years and in Grades 1 to 6. “Sudden Impact” is designed for high school students 12 years of age and older, and in Grades 7 to 12. Sport-related Physicals: Competitive diving is physically demanding and some pre-existing conditions may increase the risk of injury. An annual sport-related physical evaluation ensuring fitness to participate can help to reduce risk of injury. KidsHealth provides information about what sports physicals are, why they may be appropriate and where you may go to get them. Health professional The role of health professionals in preventing diving injuries has two main components: Providing ongoing education to divers, parents, and coaches on effective injury prevention programs such as balance and resistance training; and Ensuring that injured participants are completely healed and fit-to-perform before returning to diving to prevent re-injury or chronic injury. Strength Training and Neuromuscular Training Program: Encourage divers and coaches to incorporate balance and strength conditioning into their training programs to reduce the risk of injury. Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre Neuromuscular Training Adopt strength training exercises designed to prevent injuries to the shoulder and back. The Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre has developed exercises that specifically help reduce the risk of shoulder and back injuries. This resource includes videos and PDFs for download. Get Set Neuromuscular Training: The Get Set app contains exercises that can be done at home. Created by the Oslo Sports Trauma Centre, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, and Making Waves AS in 2014 for the International Olympic Committee, the app allows you to search by body part to view exercises that work to strengthen each area of the body, or search by sport to view a library of exercises that are specific to diving. Managing Concussion: Concussions are a common injury in diving, so it is important to be aware of concussion signs and symptoms and know what to do if concussion is suspected. The Concussion Awareness Training Tool (CATT) is an online resource to learn more about how to recognize, prevent, and manage a concussion. CATT also includes resources on how to respond to a potential concussion situation, as well as detailed Return to School and Return to Sport protocol. Other Considerations (about this section) Facilities: The American Red Cross Swimming and Diving guidelines require a minimum depth of 9 feet of water below the tip of the diving board in a standard public pool. Most diving-related spinal cord injuries occur in residential pools where the maximum depth is less than 9 feet. Adequate signage regarding water depth and restriction of dives in shallow water should be posted. The Ontario Physical Education Association (OPHEA) provides recommendations for implementing diving programs in secondary schools. Education: Parachute Canada has two diving injury prevention programs: “Dive Smart” and “Sudden Impact.” These programs provide education on the importance of spinal cord injury prevention in and around water, and have been shown to change students’ opinions about checking the depth of swimming pools before diving. These resources include a Leader’s Guide and can be purchased on DVD or viewed on the Parachute Canada website. “Dive Smart” is targeted at an elementary school students age 6 to 12 years and in Grades 1 to 6. “Sudden Impact” is designed for high school students 12 years of age and older, and in Grades 7 to 12. Sport-related Physicals: Competitive diving is physically demanding and some pre-existing conditions may increase the risk of injury. A sport-related physical evaluation at the beginning of each season ensuring fitness to participate can help to reduce risk of injury. The American Academy of Pediatrics provides information about preparticipation physical evaluation. Tips for Safe Diving To be safe when diving, keep in mind these important tips: Never dive into shallow water. Before diving, inspect the depth of the water to make sure it is deep enough for diving. If diving from a high point, make sure the bottom of the body of water is double the distance from which you're diving. For example, if you plan to dive from eight feet above the water, make sure the bottom of the body of water, or any rocks, boulders or other impediments are at least 16 feet under water. If you have any doubt about water depth, enter the water feet first. Never dive into above-ground pools. Never dive into water that is not clear, such as a lake or ocean, where sand bars or objects below the surface may be obstructed or not visible. Only one person at a time should stand on a diving board. Dive only off the end of the board and do not run on the board. Do not try to dive far out or bounce more than once. Swim away from the board immediately afterward to make room for the next diver. Do not drink alcohol before or during swimming, diving, or boating. Alcohol affects balance, coordination, and judgment. SOURCES All the information about the history of diving was sourced from the web page below. https://www.diving.org.au/about/history/#:~:text=The%20origins%20of%20modern%20diving,bridge%20into%20the%20 River%20 Sale All information about the rules of diving was sourced from the web page below. https://swimming.epicsports.com/diving-rules.html https://www.swimoutlet.com/blogs/guides/explaining-synchronized-diving https://www.liveabout.com/olympic-diving-rules-requirements-and-judging-1100351 All the information about the safety concerns for diving was sourced from the webpage below. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/staying-healthy/diving-safety/#:~:text=Tips%20for%20Safe%20Diving,from%20which%20you're%20diving. All the information about the equipment required for diving was sourced from the web page bellow. https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/diving-101-equipment
