Diving Handout (2).docx

Diving Handout By Ebuka Michael Nwobodo, William Pham & Emelia Akomah Koranteng The History of Competitive Diving At the beginning of the twentieth century, diving obtained growing acceptance in the international arena. In 1904 in St Louis, a platform diving event for men was added to the Olympi...

Diving Handout By Ebuka Michael Nwobodo, William Pham & Emelia Akomah Koranteng The History of Competitive Diving At the beginning of the twentieth century, diving obtained growing acceptance in the international arena. In 1904 in St Louis, a platform diving event for men was added to the Olympic programme for the first time. Dr G.E. Sheldon of the United States became the first Olympic diving champion. Springboard diving for men was introduced at the 1908 Olympic Games in London. Platform diving for women followed in 1912 at the Stockholm Olympic Games and women's springboard was added in 1920 at the Games in Antwerp. Synchronised diving made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, Australia. The History of FINA Although swimming was included in the Olympic programme from the very first Games of the modern era in 1896 in Athens, the Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA) was only founded a few years later, on 19 July 1908, on the occasion of the Olympic Games in London. Its main goal was to unify regulations for the aquatic sports of swimming, water polo and diving and to no longer allow the organising countries of the Games to impose their own rules. A Briton, George W. Hearn, at the time President of the Amateur Swimming Association, became the first person in charge with the title Honorary Secretary/Treasurer. His number one objective was to codify the Olympic aquatic sports of swimming, diving and water polo. Ever since then, FINA has endeavoured to promote international competitions with rules accepted by all. Rules of Competitive Diving Judges base their overall impression of a dive on the following elements: The starting position The approach The take-off The flight The entry into the water The rules state that the diving judge must not be influenced by any factor other than the technique and execution of the dive, and have no regard to the starting position, the difficulty of the dive, or movement beneath the surface of the water. A few other things judges have to consider are: A dive not performed from the position announced may earn an unsatisfactory rating. A dive only partly performed from the position announced may only earn up to 4 ½ points. A dive not performed in the straight, pike, tuck, or free position can be given a ½ to 2 points deduction. A dive may be given a zero if, at the discretion of the judge, the dive performed is of a *different number than the dive announced. *Dive types are assigned corresponding numbers. There are six types of dives, and every dive number begins with one of six numbers in order to determine the type of dive performed (Dive Numbers and The Written Description; by Woody Franklin; www.about.com). Starting Position A diver's starting position must be "free and unaffected" or it could result in a ½ to 2-point deduction. Types of Starting positions 1. Forward dive: The diver faces forward and rotates forward. 2. Back dives: For back dives, the diver faces backwards and rotates backwards. 3. Reverse dive: The diver faces forwards and rotates backwards towards the board or platform. 4. Inward dive: The diver faces backward and rotates forwards in the direction of the board or platform 5. Arm-stand dive: This is performed only from platforms and begin from a handstand. It can be performed forward or backwards, with forward, back or reverse rotation, and may include twists. 6. Twisting dive: this can be performed forwards, backwards, reverse or inwards. They involve a lateral twist. The Approach The running dive from the springboard or platform must be smooth, "aesthetically pleasing" and be in a forward direction with the last step being from one foot, or points may be deducted. If the final step is not from one foot, the referee may declare it a failed dive. The Take-off In forward or reverse dives, the take-off may be performed in a running or standing position. Take-offs for backward and inward dives must be performed standing. Take-offs from springboard dives must be done from both feet at the same time. The forward and reverse take-off from the platform may be done from one foot. In running and standing dives, the take-off must be "bold, high and confident" and be done from the end of the springboard or platform. In twisting dives, the twist must not "be manifestly done from the springboard or platform". The Flight Diver must not touch the springboard or platform, or dive off to the side, and the dive must be "aesthetically pleasing". The dive can be executed in the Straight, Pike, Tuck, or Free Positions. The Entry Entry into the water must be vertical, with the body straight and feet together. In head-first entries, the arms must extend beyond the head in line with the body, with hands close together. In feet-first entries, the arms must be straight and close to the body. Twists may not be 90 degrees greater or lesser than the one announced. Dives are completed when the whole body is completely underwater. Judging for diving A judge in a diving contest shall award from 0 to 10 points for a dive according to his or her overall impression using the following criteria: - 10: Excellent - 8 1/2 to 9 1/2: Very good - 7 to 8: Good - 5 to 6 1/2: Satisfactory - 2 1/2 to 4 1/2: Deficient - 1/2 to 2: Unsatisfactory- 0: Completely Failed When judging a dive, the judge must not be influenced by any factor other than the technique and execution of the dive. The dive must be considered without regard to the approach to the starting position, the difficulty of the dive, or any movement beneath the surface of the water. Synchronised diving: Men performed six dives, two of which have an assigned DD of 2.0. Women perform five dives, two of which have an assigned DD of 2.0. The remaining four dives for men and three dives for women are the team’s optional dives. 2. Less Optional Groups In synchro, four of the five groups of dives must be performed (forward, backward, inward, reverse, twister) In individual events all five groups are required. Springboard diving: All springboard diving in the Olympic Games is contested from a 3-meter springboard. Men must complete six dives. Women must complete five dives. There is no limit on the total degree of difficulty for these dives. At least one dive during the contest must come from each of five different categories: forward, back, reverse, inward, and twisting. Men may repeat one of the categories for their sixth dive, women may not. No dive can be repeated in a list of dives. The sixth optional dive for the men may be chosen from any of the categories. Platform diving: Men must complete six dives. Women must complete five dives. There is no limit on the total degree of difficulty for these dives. For the men, at least one dive during the contest must come from each of six different categories: forward, back, reverse, inward, twisting, and arm-stand. No category can be repeated in a list of dives. All dives must be performed from the 10-meter platform. Required Equipment Platform: This is used by men and women at the Olympics is a flat, rigid, non-slip surface elevated 10 meters (roughly 32 feet, 9 ½ inches) above the water. The height is comparable to that of a three-story building. The platform is at least 20 feet long and 6 ½ feet wide. Platform divers hit the water at speeds between 30 and 35 miles per hour. Repeating this impact too often can result in injury. Springboard: The flexible, non-slip springboard used by men and women at the Olympics sits 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) above and parallel to the water when stationary. From the pool’s edge, the springboard extends five feet out over the water. The springboard extends five feet out over the water. The springboard is 5 meters (1 foot, 1o inches) wide and at least 4.8 meters (15 feet, seven inches) long. The flexibility of the springboard is controlled by divers with a fulcrum. Located at the mid-point of the board, the fulcrum can be moved so as to decrease or increase the amount of flexibility at the board’s take-off end. Most Olympic-Caliber divers prefer to roll the fulcrum all the way back from the board’s take-off end to maximize the board’s flexibility allowing divers to launch themselves as high as possible. Hot tubs and showers: In the men’s and women’s diving venue, there are continually running showers and bubbling hot tubs in order for the divers to stay warm and loose between their dives. Shammy: This is a personal miniature towel that divers bring with them on the springboard or platform to make sure they are completely dry. Being dry aids divers’ grip while spinning in the air. Safety Concerns for Diving Diving involves jumping headfirst into a pool from a platform or springboard or into a body of water such as a lake or river. Acrobatic stunts such as twists, pikes, and tucks are often performed while diving. The sport has been a feature of the Summer Olympic games since 1904 and is governed locally by the BC Diving Association. While there is risk for physical injury in diving, there is evidence that these injuries can be prevented. Types of Common Injuries Hand or wrist injuries: They are common among competitive female divers. These injuries usually happen upon making contact with the water. Trunk injuries: The trunk is a common area of injury among female divers. Many injuries occur due to incorrect positioning of the body upon making contact with the water. Spinal cord injuries: In diving, they are primarily neck injuries resulting from the diver hitting bottom or an obstacle. Spinal cord injury occurs primarily during recreational or unstructured diving, rather than during supervised practice. Head or face injuries: These, including concussion, and can occur from making contact with the diving board, water, bottom or an obstacle. SOURCES All the information about the history of diving was sourced from the web page below. https://www.diving.org.au/about/history/#:~:text=The%20origins%20of%20modern%20diving,bridge%20into%20the%20 River%20 Sale All information about the rules of diving was sourced from the web page below. https://swimming.epicsports.com/diving-rules.html https://www.swimming.org/diving/platform-springboard-diving-positions/#2d0652cb76f426a9d545fa550d32abc9 https://www.swimoutlet.com/blogs/guides/explaining-synchronized-diving https://www.liveabout.com/olympic-diving-rules-requirements-and-judging-1100351 All the information about the safety concerns for diving was sourced from the webpage below. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/staying-healthy/diving-safety/#:~:text=Tips%20for%20Safe%20Diving,from%20which%20you're%20diving. All the information about the equipment required for diving was sourced from the web page bellow. https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/diving-101-equipment