Social Sciences Disciplines PDF

Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Lesson 1.2 Disciplines in the Social Sciences Contents Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 Explore 2 Discover 4...

Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Lesson 1.2 Disciplines in the Social Sciences Contents Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 Explore 2 Discover 4 Sociology 5 Demography 6 Anthropology 8 Biological Anthropology 9 Cultural Anthropology 9 Archaeology 9 Psychology 10 Geography 12 Human Geography 13 Physical Geography 14 Linguistics 14 History 16 Economics 17 Wrap-Up 23 Try This! 24 Challenge Yourself 27 Reflect on This 29 Photo Credit 29 Bibliography 29 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Lesson 1.2 Disciplines in the Social Sciences Introduction The same motivation that drives humans to explore the unending vastness of the universe has also driven us to survey life and society in a scientific manner. Human nature has been as complex a topic as planets and molecules. However, we now have objective and educated means to understand it better. This has become possible with the help of the social sciences. The success or failure of a society may be associated with how the social sciences are involved in decision-making and in trends in society. In the Philippines, social science remains a gradually evolving discipline. Along with this, there is an increasing call for government accountability, economic equality, and respect for different cultures. In this lesson, the different social sciences will be introduced. This will help in better understanding the role of the social sciences and in the betterment of individuals and society. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 1 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Learning Objectives DepEd Competencies At the end of this lesson, you should be In this lesson, you should be able to do the able to do the following: following: Compare and contrast the various social science disciplines and their Compare and contrast the fields, main areas of inquiry, and different disciplines of social methods (HUMSS_DIS11- IIIb-d-3). science. Trace the historical foundations and social contexts that led to the Explain the historical development of each discipline development and social context (HUMSS_DIS11- IIId-4). of each social science discipline. Identify the importance and practical applications of each social science discipline. Explain the interconnectivity among the different fields of social science. Explore The Effects of COVID-19 10 minutes Instructions Read the following news excerpt. Then, discuss your answers to the guide questions with a partner. Revitalizing the Social Sciences Madrileña de la Cerna, “Revitalizing the Social Sciences,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, May 08, 2011. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/1297/revitalizing-the-social-scie nces, last accessed on October 10, 2020. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 2 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Revitalizing the Social Sciences For quite a long time now, teachers of the social sciences have not been given a chance for faculty development while those in mathematics, natural sciences and languages (particularly English) have all the chances to go on scholarship and constant training. Colleges and universities do not seem to give importance to the social sciences. The 2011 Social Science Training Seminar held last May 3 and 4, 2011 at the University of the Philippines Cebu Conference Hall on the theme “Multidisciplinary Perspectives in the Social Sciences” was a most welcome in-service training for the 99 participants from Cebu, Leyte, Negros Oriental and Mindanao (Iligan, Zamboanga, Bukidnon, Dapitan). Organized by the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy in U.P. Diliman and the Social Sciences Division of U.P. Cebu, the training seminar is part of the extramural program of updating social science teachers on the theories, perspectives, issues and strategies in the fields of anthropology, history (Philippine, Asian, and Local), political science, sociology, political economy and globalization, psychology, and development studies. Dr. Michael Tan discussed “Theory and Practice of 21st Century Anthropology” encouraging the constant critiquing of 19th century anthropology which most schools are still espousing. He also added that there is a new trend of anthropology which is being considered by medical colleges, this is medical anthropology. Dr. Neil Santillan shared “Learnings and Strategies in Teaching Philippine History” which most history teachers never thought of. Asian History is the most arduous to teach according to Prof. Gil Gotiangco II in his “Perspectives and Insights in the Teaching of Asian History.” He pointed out that the poor performance of students in Asian history is the result of the way the subject is taught in the secondary level. He stressed that there is a need to study seriously Asian history since the 21st century is Asian century, specifically China century. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 3 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Guide Questions 1. According to the article, what disciplines were highlighted in the 2011 Social Science Training Seminar? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. In the Philippines, what issue(s) do social scientists and educators face? How can these problems be remedied? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the practical implications and benefits of taking the social sciences more seriously? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Discover The term social science is extensive and encompassing. It Words to Remember refers to various branches of knowledge that aim to examine, understand, and improve humanity. Each discipline — a academic discipline or subfield is a specialized study of a branch of knowledge particular aspect of human society. The scope of these or field of study disciplines is both profound and comprehensive. It specialization — a ranges from the pursuit to understand how the human specific area of study mind operates, to how a community functions, and even or expertise to how different societies resemble and vary from each other. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 4 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences How are the various disciplines of social science interconnected? Sociology Sociology is the study of society and the different aspects of human social relationships. It was founded by French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857), the father of sociology. He coined the term and helped develop sociology as a systematized discipline of social science. According to authors John Macionis and Linda Gerber, Comte introduced sociology some time after the French Revolution as a means to understand the drastic changes that society underwent at the time. Comte’s famous philosophical theory called positivism states that true knowledge can only be achieved through direct experience and participation in the natural and social world. This principle was later integrated in social research by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). Early philosophers such as Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592); John Locke (1632–1704); François-Marie d'Arouet, more commonly known as Voltaire (1694–1778); and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) are all prominent personalities that developed theories aiming to understand and improve the social aspects of life. Fig. 1. Philosophical works have an important role in the development of sociology. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 5 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Lewis H. Morgan (1818–1881), Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), and Edward Burnett Tylor (1832–1917) separately incorporated the sociological discipline with the biological differences among organisms. Their works became connected with Social Darwinism, which claims that certain groups in society are innately more powerful than others. According to Michael Hawkins, Social Darwinism was once criticized for being closely linked with racism and Nazism. These are phenomena in which certain groups of people found themselves superior to others. One of the more recent sociological theories is Neo-Marxism, which unites sociology with other disciplines such as existentialism and psychoanalysis. Other significant sociologists of the 19th and 20th centuries are Harriet Martineau (1802–1876), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Max Weber (1864–1920), and William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868–1963). They all used sociological principles to find out how to solve societal issues and promote social development and change. Over time, sociology has evolved into a tool to understand society and humankind. It evaluates the old ideas about society, offers new perspectives for social change and reform, and proposes rational and contextualized ways to address societal problems. Demography Demography is defined as the statistical analysis of populations. It aims to investigate the births, deaths, and migrations of people, which are three common reasons that influence the stability and change of a population in a given location and time. Demographers employ other social science disciplines in carrying out its methods. These other disciplines include economics, anthropology, and sociology, among others. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 6 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Some of the most important demographic terminologies are as follows: 1. Birth rate (or crude birth rate) — the number of live births in every 1000 humans of a given population per year 2. Death rate (crude death rate) — the number of deaths every in 1000 humans of a given population per year 3. Emigration — the act of departure from one’s country to settle permanently in another 4. Immigration — the act of entrance to a country for permanent residence 5. General fertility rate — the number of live births per 1000 women for each year 6. Growth rate — the percentage with which the population has increased naturally or through migration through a given period of time 7. Life expectancy — the average number of years that a person may be expected to live with all mortality and trends considered 8. Mortality — death, particularly on a general context or large scale Systematic demography traces its roots to the works of the English statistician John Graunt (1620–1674), the founder of demography. He analyzed death rates and classified them in relation to the causes of the deaths. He compared the birth rates between males and females. He also produced the “life table,” a system that provides the expected years that remain for a group of people under a specific age. The American polymath Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) examined population growth, the factors that affect it, and its limitations. He published one of the most notable works in demography, the essay Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, Etc. This work influenced the economist Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) to look into the effects of population increase on economic and social development. Nowadays, the most familiar strategy of demographic analysis is carried out using the census. This is a direct method where an official count of the human population is conducted by the national government every decade or so. Other methods of population analysis include migration models, rate construction, and population projection. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 7 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Anthropology Anthropology came from the Greek word anthropos, which means “human being.” It is considered as the “science of mankind.” It studies humans’ culture and evolution. It looks into our uniqueness and diversity as a people. These diverse patterns are analyzed as they developed through time and across different parts of the world. This field sometimes overlaps with other natural and social sciences. These include history, linguistics, genetics, physiology, and biology. Fig. 3. The Kaamulan Festival in Bukidnon celebrates the different ethnolinguistic groups in the province. Among the most well-known episodes in the development of anthropology as a distinctive social science are the publications of the On the Origin of Species in 1859 and of the Descent of Man in 1871 by the English biologist Charles Darwin (1809–1882). He claimed that life in all its diversity has emerged from a singular ancestry. Another highlight is the rise of the Out of Africa theory, which claims that the human species known as Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread across the world as time went on. Meanwhile, fossil records and other archaeological findings permit social scientists to visualize and analyze the social and economic organizations of peoples through time. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 8 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Biological Anthropology Biological anthropology is defined as the study of human evolution based on biological evidence. In this regard, this subfield deals with fossil analysis. It also involves the comparison of the physical features of human beings in connection with the environment they are in. Fig. 4. Biological anthropology employs scientific methods such as genetic analysis to understand how humans have evolved through time. Cultural Anthropology Cultural anthropology studies culture and its variations. Culture is the collection of values, knowledge, and traditions specific to a particular group or society. It relies on the ethnographic method of study, which includes participant observations and personal interviews. Through this, ethnographers can compare and contrast the behaviors and traditions of peoples across various societies. This can help them come up with a holistic view of culture. Archaeology Archaeology refers to the collection and examination of material culture to draw conclusions about the political and social systems of people in the past. Archaeologists analyze stone tools, religious relics, cave paintings, and the like. They analyze historical events recorded in these objects to piece together a complete picture of a culture to better understand man and his environment at that time. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 9 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Psychology Psychology is the branch of social science that examines different mental states and behaviors. Traces of this discipline may be found as early as in the ancient Greek civilization. However, psychology is considered as a relatively new science, not developing into a distinct social science discipline until the late 18th century. Fig. 5. Psychology studies the human mind and behavior. The German physiologist and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) is known as the father of experimental psychology. It is a collection of behavioral analysis methods that manipulate variables to better comprehend human behavior. Furthermore, the American psychologist and philosopher William James (1842–1910) led the philosophical school of pragmatism, which prioritizes the importance of knowledge in real-life situations. He also pioneered functionalism, a psychological principle that gives supreme significance to observation, experience, and rational thought. Together, Wundt and James spearheaded the acceptance of psychology as a formal social science discipline. This was then succeeded by Watsonian behaviorism, which was first proposed by the American psychologist John Watson (1878–1958). The approach emphasizes the more objective and scientific study of human behavior in connection to the environment. This also saw psychology become a more empirical social science. Behaviorism went through a change with contributions by B. F. Skinner (1904–1990). This change came in his introduction of operant conditioning. This is a concept and/or method that focuses on voluntary behavior either being rewarded or punished. The idea of operant conditioning 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 10 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences was based on classical conditioning, a concept introduced by physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), in which involuntary responses are predicted by external stimuli. Famed psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) is believed to have overturned the discipline of psychology with psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a theory and method of therapy whose main goal is to remedy mental disorders by examining the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Psychoanalysis has become influential in many other fields such as medicine, literature, and art. There have been objections against behaviorism and psychoanalysis. According to the University of Alberta, behaviorism has been criticized for failing to recognize how socialization and free will can affect learning. It has been criticized as well for not testing the theory on human subjects. Similarly, as pointed out by the University of California, Berkeley, other psychologists believed that psychoanalysis cannot be tested empirically. With various technological advancements in neuroscience, studying the mind and its processes has become more scientific. Cognitive psychology has helped with finding answers to questions about the human mind scientifically. Such questions include how a person’s stored knowledge gives rise to visual representations in the mind; how memory gets lost, regained, or organized; and how complex data processing occurs in the brain. Fig. 6. Neuroscience examines images of the brain to understand it better. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 11 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Check Your Progress How did sociology, demography, anthropology, and psychology develop through time? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Geography Geography, or the “science of place,” is the study of the earth’s physical properties and the distribution of human societies and other elements. It does not only consider the question “where” but also and more importantly, the “why of where.” Fig. 7. Mapmaking and the invention of the compass were the first breakthroughs in geographic development. The Greek geographer Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) introduced the term geographia, which means “writing about the earth.” The ancient Greeks first used the term in drawing and comprehending the world around them through maps and verbal accounts of places. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 12 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Eventually, maps were made and the geographical patterns of the earth were studied. These developments led to the monumental discoveries of the earth's spherical shape and its circumference. These also led to a deeper understanding of climate patterns and population distribution. Other notable events in early geography include mapmaking by early Islamic scholars, the use of the compass in navigation by the Chinese in the 10th century, and Marco Polo's journey across Asia during the 13th century. Improvements in geographical knowledge are accompanied by breakthroughs in communication and navigation. These have also played a great role in exploration and colonization throughout history. Other fields of social science also rely on geography. For example, economists map out the locations where trade is most successful. Political scientists have established the connections between geography and a nation’s political situation. Human Geography Human geography surveys how people and culture are distributed throughout the world. This also includes the analysis of the effects human activities have on the environment. This subfield also analyzes how various political and social systems are arranged across the globe. Human geographers also deal with how markets relate to the size of the consumer base in a given locality. They also find out how agricultural production is determined by the climatic 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 13 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences conditions of a region. In addition, they investigate how human health is affected by environmental hazards such as water pollution and earthquakes. Physical Geography Studying natural or environmental systems is the main focus of physical geography. Some of the subfields of physical geography include the following: 1. Geomorphology — studies land formations and how different factors such as wind, erosion, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes affect them 2. Pedology — deals with the creation, alteration, and classification of soil. Pedology is a useful field in farming and engineering. 3. Climatology — refers to the study of the climates of the earth and climatic phenomena (e.g., El Niño and La Niña) and their effects 4. Oceanography — studies the world’s oceanic environment and species, along with different phenomena such as tides and typhoon formation 5. Hydrology — defined as the study of the properties of the planet’s water 6. Biogeography — deals with the effects of the changes in the environment on plants and animals Linguistics Linguistics is referred to as the systematic study of language, including its structure and meanings. Linguistics also looks into how a language has changed and how it is used in various contexts. It relies on cultural, social, and historical considerations to determine why a language has developed in a particular manner. The study of language can take on many approaches. It can be synchronic or diachronic. It can be theoretical or applied. Microlinguistic or macrolinguistic approaches can also be used. Synchronic linguistics studies language at a given point in time. By nature, it is descriptive and determines how language or specific grammatical elements function together. On the other hand, a diachronic approach to studying language traces how it evolves over time. Theoretical linguistics develops an understanding of structures of a language. Theoretical linguists create systems known as frameworks that help in describing these structures. In 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 14 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences contrast, applied linguistics uses this knowledge to understand and solve problems related to language. Fig. 9. The use of language is studied in linguistics. Microlinguistics analyzes language independent from social context. Macrolinguistics is concerned with a much broader approach to understanding language. It considers both cultural and behavioral aspects related to the nature and development of language itself. The first systematic approaches to linguistics were diachronic in nature and began during the 19th century. A group of German scholars called Neogrammarians emerged during this period. They proposed that from existing languages, their possible parent language (or protolanguage) can be derived (or reconstructed). In the early 20th century, the Swiss philosopher and linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) became one of the main figures of structuralism in linguistics. In De Saussure’s particular version of structuralism, he presented three important concepts in language. These are the signifier, the signified, and the sign. According to Daniel Chandler of Princeton University, the signifier refers to the word that represents an idea; the signified is the idea itself; and the sign is the combination of the two. With the groundbreaking book Syntactic Structures, the American linguist Noam Chomsky (1928–present) eventually became known as the father of modern linguistics. He introduced 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 15 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences the idea of universal grammar, which claims that human beings are genetically wired to produce language and figure out its processes. However, some linguists believe that this is not the case. They argue that cultural and social factors chiefly affect how one learns language. It is still being debated as to whether or not universal grammar is the best way to explain how language is learned and produced. Check Your Progress How do geography and linguistics help in investigating aspects of society? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ History History, which is derived from the Greek word historia, meaning “inquiry or knowledge,” studies events as they have chronologically happened in the past. This discipline also attempts to provide an explanation of causes and effects of such events. The importance of truth underlies the very core of history. This makes history different from fictional accounts such as myths and legends. One of the primary obligations of historians is to describe people and events based on evidence. This evidence can take the forms of letters, scriptures, or the exposition of witnesses. One of the subfields of history is historiography, or the writing of history. Early civilizations’ pursuit for historiography can be seen in cuneiform, which is a form of writing that includes inscriptions on clay tablets in early Mesopotamia. This pursuit is also seen in an early writing system known as hieroglyphs in ancient Egypt. Herodotus (484 BC–circa 425 BCE) is known as the father of history. He is credited as the major source of historical data about ancient Greece, as well as Egypt and some parts of Asia during his time. Even with the advancement of technological methods to examine history, historical documentation remains a developing science. The study of the past 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 16 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences contributes to the improvement of the historical consciousness. It facilitates informed decisions, rational thought, and cultural awareness. Fig. 10. A picture of the Rosetta Stone, a well-known object containing ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs Economics The word economics comes from the Greek words oikos, meaning “household,” and nomos, meaning “management.” It generally aims to examine and discuss how wealth is produced, distributed, and consumed. Another famous definition of economics was given by the British economist Lionel Charles Robbins (1898–1984). He defined economics as the “science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” Economics was among the first disciplines that branched out as a specialized strand of social science. In the 18th century, some French scholars thought that the government should have no part in managing wealth. This phase in economics was led by the English economists David Ricardo (1772–1823) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). Ricardo is best known for introducing the idea of laissez-faire, or the autonomy of the economy from the government. On the other hand, Mill is known for his theory of utilitarianism. This is the principle that considers an action morally right when it benefits as many people as possible. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 17 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Fig. 11. Economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. Another milestone in the development of economics is the publication of The Wealth of Nations by 18th-century Scottish economist Adam Smith (1723–1790). According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the publication of this book may also have led to the emergence of economics as a distinct field. He is hailed as the father of modern economics. The book pioneered a great bulk of the ideas in economics. One of these is the idea of free markets, where businesses can compete without the government controlling them. Later on, Karl Marx (1818–1883) also became a central figure in the analysis of economy and society. He denounced capitalism and advocated an economic design anchored on collective ownership of wealth and production. Understanding economics is beneficial for both the individual and society. It can primarily help in deciding how to best distribute limited resources. Economic principles can therefore help in addressing the universal problem of scarcity. Solving this problem can then help people in determining what, how, and for whom to produce. This then ensures the overall economic welfare of society. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 18 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Fig. 12. Karl Marx advocated for collective ownership of wealth and property. Check Your Progress What roles do history and economics play in the development of individuals and societies? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ The following table outlines the foci, goals, and methods in each of the social sciences discussed. Table 1. Comparison of the different fields of social science Disciplines Foci Goals Methods Sociology society and to examine the social surveys, human structure and participant 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 19 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences relationships development of society observation, field and propose solutions researches, and social to its problems experiments Demography population (birth to statistically examine census, migration rate, mortality and describe human models, population rate, general populations projection, and rate fertility rate, etc.) construction models Anthropology human evolution to study the nature of participant man, including culture observation, and evolution interviews, and linguistic and archaeological analyses Psychology human mind to investigate, explain, psychoanalysis, case predict, and improve studies, naturalistic human behavior and laboratory observations Geography places and people to study the earth’s cartography in them physical properties and (mapmaking), physical the distribution of geography sampling, human societies and and spatial data other elements analysis Linguistics language to systematically study structural analysis and language, its structure contextual analysis and meanings, along with how it has changed and how it is used in different contexts 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 20 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences History past events to study events as they oral history, happened in the past historiography and to provide an (research, memoirs, explanation of their speeches) causes and effects Economics wealth and other to examine and discuss theoretical (using resources the means with which various economic wealth is produced, approaches) and distributed, and empirical (relies on consumed practical applications and causal analysis) methods 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 21 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences In Philippine Context Read the article found in the link and answer the guide questions that follow. You may also use the summary of the article as a guide. Social Sciences and the Pandemic Gideon Lasco, “Social sciences and the pandemic,” Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 23, 2020. https://opinion.inquirer.net/129144/social-sciences-and-the-pand emic, last accessed on October 10, 2020. This article recounts a webinar where social scientists from the Philippines examined and proposed solutions for the COVID-19 pandemic through the lenses of the different social sciences. The webinar was exclusively attended by anthropologists. However, it highlighted the importance of the contributions of prominent local social scientists such as Ambeth Ocampo, Francis Gealogo, and Jose Rizal in promoting “public health and nation-building,” which are most essential during these trying times. Guide Questions 1. According to the article, what issues studied in the social sciences are manifested in the pandemic? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Do you agree with the solutions presented during the webinar? Why or why not? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 22 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences 3. Do you believe that the social sciences are an effective means of understanding the pandemic and its impact? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Wrap-Up _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Each discipline or subfield of the social sciences is a specialized study of a particular aspect of human society. Sociology is concerned with the study of society and the different facets of human social relationships. Demography is defined as the statistical analysis of populations. Anthropology aims to study humans’ culture and evolution. Psychology is the branch of social science that examines different mental states and behaviors. Geography is the study of the earth’s physical properties and the distribution of human societies and other elements across it. Linguistics is referred to as the systematic study of language. History studies past events and their causes and effects. Economics looks into how wealth is produced, distributed, and consumed. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 23 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Try This! A. Matching Type. Match the descriptions in column A with the social science field or subfield in column B. Column A Column B _______ 1. The statistical analysis of populations A. Archaeology _______ 2. Examines different mental states and B. Anthropology behaviors _______ 3. The analysis of the conscious and unconscious C. History parts of the mind _______ 4. The study of society and human relationships D. Linguistics _______ 5. The study of the earth’s physical attributes and E. Psychology how human societies are distributed across the world _______ 6. Investigates events in the past and explains F. Psychoanalysis why they happened and how they can affect the future _______ 7. Studies the diverse cultures among societies G. Economics and how humans have evolved _______ 8. Looks into the distribution, consumption, and H. Sociology production of wealth _______ 9. The systematic study of language I. Geography _______ 10. The collection and examination of objects to J. Demography draw conclusions about the political and social systems of people in the past 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 24 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences B. Mapping. Draw a concept map that illustrates the different fields of social science, along with their specific foci and methods. Be guided by the rubric below. 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 25 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Suggested Rubric for Grading The rubric below is a suggested one. Your teacher may modify it based on your needs. Consult your teacher for the final rubric. Performance Levels 1 2 3 Suggested Criteria Score Beginning Proficient Advanced Weight Proficiency Proficiency Goals Three or more goals One or two goals All the goals were irrelevant or were irrelevant or presented under incorrect. incorrect. each discipline were ×2 relevant and accurate. Methods Three or more One or two methods All the methods methods were were irrelevant or presented under irrelevant or incorrect. each discipline were ×2 incorrect. relevant and accurate. Disciplines Three or more One or two disciplines All the eight disciplines of social of social science were disciplines of social ×1 science were missing. missing. science were correctly presented. Organization Three or more details One or two details The details in the were unclear, and/or were unclear, and/or concept map were and Clarity the concept map was the concept map was presented in a clear ×1 generally somewhat and organized disorganized. disorganized. manner. Total Possible Score 18 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 26 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Challenge Yourself Answer the following questions. 1. In what ways do social scientists use the fields discussed to lead a society to its progress? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the factors and events that led to the emergence of the different disciplines of social science? Cite at least two specific examples. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How are the different social science disciplines related? Cite at least two instances that show the interconnectivity of the various social sciences. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 27 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Suggested Rubric for Grading The rubric below is a suggested one. Your teacher may modify it based on your needs. Consult your teacher for the final rubric. Performance Levels 1 2 3 Suggested Criteria Score Beginning Proficient Advanced Weight Proficiency Proficiency Content There were key points Most of the key points All key points were missing from the were put in the put in the responses. ×3 responses. responses. Examples The responses were The responses The responses greatly lacking in contained some contained numerous relevant examples. relevant examples. relevant examples, x2 thus showing mastery of content. Organization The responses did not The responses mostly The responses show an organized showed an organized showed an excellent x1 flow of ideas. flow of ideas. flow of ideas. Total Possible Score 18 1.2. Disciplines in the Social Sciences 28 Unit 1: Emergence of the Social Sciences Reflect on This Cite a real-life experience where two or more disciplines of social science have aided in the solving of a social problem. Explain how these fields played a role in solving the issue(s) involved. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Photo Credit Kaamulan Festival 1 by Theglennpalacio is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. 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